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1、常見的八種英語時態(tài)詳解時態(tài)(Tense)是表示行為、動作和狀態(tài)在各種時間條件下的動詞形式。因此,當(dāng)我們說時態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的時候,指的是相應(yīng)時態(tài)下的動詞形式。 英語時態(tài)分為16種一般時態(tài)進行時態(tài)完成時態(tài)完成進行時態(tài)現(xiàn)在do/does Am/is/are doingHave/has doneHave/has been doing過去didWas/were doingHad doneHad been doing將來Shall/will doShall/will be doing Shall/will have doneShall/will have been doing過去將來Should/would do
2、Should/would doingShould/would have doneShould/wouldhave been doing 1. 一般現(xiàn)在時 基本結(jié)構(gòu):be動詞am/is/are; 行為動詞原形或單數(shù)第三人稱。 否定形式: am is are _;此時態(tài)的謂語動詞若為行為動詞,則在 其前加_,如主語為第三人稱單數(shù),則用_,同時還原行為動詞。一般疑問句:把be動詞放于句首; 用助動詞 do提問,如主語為第三人稱單數(shù),用does,同時,還原行為動詞。提示詞:always , everyday , often , once a week (month , year , etc.) , s
3、ometimes , seldom , usually 1) 描述當(dāng)前時間內(nèi)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。She doesn't often write to her family, only once a month.It seldom rains here .這兒很少下雨。2)僅為了描述狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)、特征、能力等等。這里的目的是為了"描述現(xiàn)階段的動作或狀態(tài)",其重點"不是強調(diào)動作發(fā)生的時間、或進行的狀態(tài)"。例如:He can speak five foreign languages .Changjiang River is one of
4、 the longest rivers in the world. 3) 陳述客觀事實、客觀真理。The earth goes around the sun .地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。4) 根據(jù)英文語法規(guī)定,當(dāng)主句的謂語動詞是一般將來時,那么時間或條件狀語從句的謂語動詞只能用一般現(xiàn)在時來表示將來要發(fā)生的動作。例如:I'll tell him the news when he comes back. 他回來時,我將告訴他這個消息。If you take the job , they will talk with you in greater details.5)現(xiàn)在時的特殊用法:一般現(xiàn)在時表過去
5、1. 用于某些動詞(tell, say, hear, learn, gather等)表示不確定的過去時間。如:I hear that he got married last month. 我聽說他上個月結(jié)婚了。Mary says you told her to come over here. 瑪麗說是你讓她到這兒來的。2. 當(dāng)要陳述一個客觀事實時,有時即使有過去時間狀語也可用一般現(xiàn)在時。如:The story is set in the summer of 1937. 故事的背景是1937年夏天。The story begins in the year 1937. 故事開始于1937年。
6、60;練習(xí)1)He always _ ( get) up early.2)Mary often _(do) some shopping on Sundays3).Ill go with you as soon as I_(finish)my homework.4)If he _(come) here, I will tell you 5)The earth _( move) round the sun.6)Tom sometimes _(have) lunch at school.7)Lily usually _(fly) kites on weekends.8)They _(be) neve
7、r late for class.9)Light _(travel) faster than sound .10)_Jim _(speak) English ?2.一般過去時1.定義:表示過去某一點或某一段時間的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。 2.提示詞:yesterday, the day before yesterday,just now , last week/month/year, .ago, a moment ago , after three days,last term, in September, in 2000, 3.動詞過去式的構(gòu)成: 1)v+ed 2) e+ed 3)重讀閉音節(jié)雙寫最
8、后一個輔音字母再加ed。 planned, stopped, preferred, shopped 4)輔音加y結(jié)尾的把y改i再加ed。Study,copy ,carry,worry 5)不規(guī)則練習(xí)1)Tom _(watch) TV last night .He _(go) nowhere.2)She _(give) me a present last Christmas.3)The story _(happen) two years ago.4)It was very cold , so he _(put) on his coat.5)Who _(break) the windows jus
9、t now ?6)I _(get) a letter from my brother a moment ago.7)He _(try ) to help us when we were in trouble.8)The bed wast good , but I _(sleep) very well.9)When she _(hear) what I said , she _(become) angry.10)They _(enjoy) themselves last night .3.一般將來時1. 定義:表示在將來某個時間要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),常 與表示將來的時間狀語連用。2. 提示詞
10、:tomorrow , the day after tomorrow , next week /month/year ,later ,later on ,soon, in +一段時間3. 構(gòu)成:1)Shall 用于第一人稱, will適用任何人稱,但第一人稱疑問句一定用shall. 2)“be+不定式”:表示命令、安排、傾向或必須、義務(wù)等。如:She is to play Juliet. 她扮演朱麗葉。You are to make the necessary changes. 你要做出必要的改變。3)“be about to + 不定式”:表示即將發(fā)生的動作,有“即將”的意思,但不能和具體的
11、時間狀語連用。如:The package is about to come unwrapped. 那個包快散開了。4)“be going + 不定式”:表示按計劃或安排打算去做某事,或表示有跡象表明要發(fā)生某事。如:My sisters going to have a baby this summer. 我姐姐今年夏天要生孩子。5)用現(xiàn)在進行時表示將來:主要表示按規(guī)定或時間預(yù)計要發(fā)生的事。如:The students are leaving on Sunday. 學(xué)生們星期日出發(fā)。6)用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來:表示按規(guī)定或時間預(yù)計要發(fā)生的事。如:The train leaves at 10:04 t
12、his evening. 火車今晚10:04分開。 練習(xí)1)She _(go) to the cinema with her classmates tomorrow evening .2)We _(visit) our teacher next Sunday.3)John _(come) soon .4)The rain _(stop) later on .5)My father _(have ) a meeting in a few days .6)What _we _(do) next?7)_I _(wash) the clothes tomorrow ?8)There _(be
13、 ) a party tomorrow evening .9)I_(not go ) there if it rains tomorrow.10)They _(see) us as soon as they reach here.4.現(xiàn)在進行時1)“說話、寫文章的當(dāng)刻”正在發(fā)生的動作。例如:They are having a football match .他們正在賽足球。She is writing her term paper. 她正在寫學(xué)期論文。2)“現(xiàn)階段”一直在進行的動作。這種情況并不是說某個動作在說話的那會兒正在發(fā)生,而是說某個動作在當(dāng)前一段時間內(nèi)一直在進行著,或是重復(fù)地發(fā)生著。例
14、如:He is preparing for CET Band Six. 他在為大學(xué)英語六級考試作準備。How are you getting along with your new job? 你那份新工作干得怎么樣?3)表示說話人的情感,如:贊許、批評;喜歡、厭惡等。這時的動作并不是正在發(fā)生或進行,而是表示經(jīng)常性,相當(dāng)于“一般現(xiàn)在時”所描述的情況。例如:He is always thinking of others , not of himself . (表示贊許)One of my roommates is constantly leaving things about.(表示不滿)Some
15、 sellers are often knocking at our door and promoting their products to us .4)表示在近期按計劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作,用于這種情況僅限于少量的動詞,如:go , come , leave ,arrive , see , have , lunch( 吃午飯 ) , return, dine ( 進餐,尤指晚餐 ) , work , sleep , stay , play , do , wear( 穿,戴 ) 等。例如:I'm dinning out with my friends this evening. 今晚我
16、將和朋友在外面吃飯。Are you staying here till next week? 你要在這兒呆到下星期嗎? 現(xiàn)在進行時與一般現(xiàn)在時均可表示將來,區(qū)別是:用現(xiàn)在進行時表示將來,其計劃性較強,并往往暗示一種意圖;而一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來,則其客觀性較強,即通常被視為客觀事實,多指按時刻表或規(guī)定要發(fā)生的情況:Im not going out this evening. 今晚我不準備出去。What time does the train leave? 火車什么時候開? 練習(xí)1)Look! LiLei _(help) Jim with his Chinese.2)Dont m
17、ake any noise .Grandma_(sleep)3 )Listen! She_(sing) in the room .4)Be quiet ,they _(have ) classes.5) “What are you doing here ?” “I_(wait) for Tim.”6)Look! The boys _(swim) in the river .7)Mrs Brown _always _(help) others .8)Dont go out ,boy. It_(rain) now5.過去進行時主要表示在過去的某個時間點上正在發(fā)生、進行的動作。由于它的定義是表示在過
18、去的某個時間點上正在發(fā)生、進行的動作,所以,句子常帶有一個表示“過去某個時間點”的狀語。這個狀語可能是短語,詞組,或是一個從句。也可能是通過上下文來表達這層意思1)表示在過去某時刻正在進行的動作,例如:At this moment yesterday, I was packing for camp.What were you doing at eight last night ? 昨晚八點鐘你在做什么?2)用于故事的開頭,交代故事發(fā)生的背景情況。過去進行時所描述的動作是“正在進行”,所以,在這種情景中用“過去進行時”可以給讀者一種“動感”,從而能使文章更加生動活潑。例如:One night,
19、he was typing in his study . Suddenly , a man broke into his house and cut off the electricity 3)(僅限少數(shù)動詞)表示在過去的未來時間要發(fā)生的動作。例如:She told me that she was going to Hainan for her holidayWe left there when it's getting dark. 練習(xí)1)He _(do) his homework at two oclock yesterday afternoon.2)They_(have)a me
20、eting from 8 to 10 last night.3)Mary_(wash) her clothes when we came in.4)At that time the boy _(play) football 。5)While we _(talk) with Mr.Wang in English , a foreigner came up .6.過去完成時一、過去完成時的概念與結(jié)構(gòu)特點概念:過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作,即"過去的過去( past-in-the-past )"。-|- |-|->那時以前
21、0; 那時 現(xiàn)在構(gòu)成:過去完成時由"助動詞 had + 過去分詞"構(gòu)成,其中 had 通用于各種人稱。They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.She had finished writing the composition by 10 :0
22、0 this morning.二、過去完成時的判斷依據(jù)1. 由時間狀語來判定一般說來,各種時態(tài)都有特定的時間狀語。與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有:( 1 ) by + 過去的時間點。如: I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. ( 2 ) by the end of + 過去的時間點。如: We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.( 3 ) before + 過去的時間點。如: They had
23、planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.2. 由"過去的過去"來判定。過去完成時表示"過去的過去",是指過去某一動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作,即動作有先后關(guān)系,動作在前的用過去完成時,在后的用一般過去時。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在:( 1 )賓語從句中當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時,且從句的動作先于主句的動作時,從句要用過去完成時。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。如:She said that she had seen the film before.
24、60;( 2 )狀語從句中 在時間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中,主、從句的動作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系,動作在前的,要用過去完成時,動作在后的要用一般過去時。如:When I got to the station, the train had already left.After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.注意: before, after 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表達了動作的先后關(guān)系,若主、從句表示的動作緊密相連,則主、從句都用一般過去時。如:Where did you study be
25、fore you came here?After he closed the door, he left the classroom.( 3 )表示意向的動詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過去完成時表示"原本,未能"We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.3. 根據(jù)上、下文來判定。I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he
26、 went to Beijing.三、過去完成時的主要用法1. 過去完成時表示一個動作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束,即發(fā)生在"過去的過去"。如:When I woke up, it had stopped raining.我醒來時,雨已經(jīng)停了。(主句的動作發(fā)生在"過去的過去")2. 過去完成時是一個相對的時態(tài),表示的是"過去的過去",只有和過去某一時間或某一動作相比較時才使用它。如:He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 發(fā)生在 told 之前 )
27、3. 過去完成時需要與一個表示過去的時間狀語連用,它不能離開過去時間而獨立存在。此時多與 already , yet , still , just , before , never 等時間副詞及 by , before , until 等引導(dǎo)的短語或從句連用。如:Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.4. 過去
28、完成時表示某一動作或狀態(tài)在過去某時之前已經(jīng)開始,一直延續(xù)到這一過去時間,而且動作尚未結(jié)束,仍然有繼續(xù)下去的可能。如: By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. ( had worked 已有了 20 年,還有繼續(xù)進行下去的可能)四、過去完成時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時表示的動作發(fā)生在過去,但側(cè)重對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響,與現(xiàn)在有關(guān),其結(jié)構(gòu)為"助動詞 have (has) + 過去分詞";過去完成時則是一個相對
29、的時態(tài),它所表示的動作不僅發(fā)生在過去,更強調(diào)"過去的過去",只有和過去某時或某動作相比較時,才用到它。試比較:I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會了 1000 個英語單詞。I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那時為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會了 1000 個英語單詞。- I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 對不起,讓你久等了。- Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.沒什么,
30、我只等了幾分鐘。("等"的動作從過去某一時間點持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在)- John returned home yesterday. 約翰昨天回到家的。- Where had he been?他去哪兒了?(答語中使用過去完成時是指約翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方,即"過去的過去")五、過去完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別雖然這兩種時態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),但在使用時應(yīng)注意以下幾點:1. 時間狀語不同:過去完成時在時間上強調(diào)"過去的過去";而一般過去時只強調(diào)過去某一特定的時間。試比較:They had arrived at
31、the station by ten yesterday.They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.2. 在沒有明確的過去時間狀語作標志時,謂語動詞動作發(fā)生的時間先后須依據(jù)上下文來判斷:先發(fā)生的用過去完成時,后發(fā)生的則用一般過去時。如:She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.3. 當(dāng)兩個或兩個以上接連發(fā)生的動
32、作用 and 或 but 連接時,按時間順序,只需用一般過去時來代替過去完成時;另外,在 before , after , as soon as 引導(dǎo)的從句中,由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時間的先后,因此也可以用過去時來代替過去完成時。如:He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.I (had) called her before I left the office.練習(xí):1) By the end of last term ,we _( learn) 2000 words.2)When I got ho
33、me , my mother _(go) to bed .3)He told me he _(meet) her before .4)He _(leave ) his office when I arrived there 5)She _(visit) the city three times before she died in 1997.7.現(xiàn)在完成時定義:1)表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一個動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。如:I have just post a letter .2)表示過去已經(jīng)開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(也許還會繼續(xù)下去)的動作或狀態(tài)。常和表示一段時間狀語連用。如:She has ta
34、ught English for twenty years .You have been in this school for ten years .2一些瞬間動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時不能和表示一段時間狀語連用. come go leave arrive leave borrow buy 不能與 for 或 since 連用3提示詞:yet , for , just , before ,since , once ,never, twice , ever , already , in the last/past five years , so far4 has(have) been to / has(have) gone to在意義上的區(qū)別。5 Have/has +過去分詞8.過去將來時表示過去的某時以后將要發(fā)生的動作。但這個"將來"時間絕不會延伸到“
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