2022年2022年B2U4課文翻譯及課后練習(xí)答案

1、精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載unit 1psychology in our daily lifein-class readingis there a doctor in the body.人體內(nèi)有醫(yī)生嗎？1 當(dāng)你去看病時, 你總期望離開時能帶走一張藥方； 知道自己能得到一些藥會讓你感覺好一些；但為醫(yī)生清晰并不為全部情形都需要用藥； 有時病人所需要的只為一個一切都會好的保證；在這種情形下,醫(yī)生可能就會開勸慰劑；2 勸慰劑可以為糖丸.無害的針劑,或者空的膠囊；盡管勸慰劑中沒有任何藥物成分,但似乎也能使人康復(fù)；病人以為這就為藥,然后開頭好轉(zhuǎn)；這到底為怎么回事呢？3 勸慰劑的討論讓人們對人體如何

2、進(jìn)行自愈有了新的熟悉；就似乎我們每個人體內(nèi)都有一個醫(yī)生一樣,這位“醫(yī)生 ”能治好我們的病,假如我們讓他治療的話；4 但為, 我們?nèi)耘f不清晰勸慰劑到底為如何治病的；有些人說, 它能起作用為由于人腦會欺詐自己； 這些人說假如能使大腦上當(dāng),誤以為得到了藥物治療,那么大腦就會像真的得到了藥物一樣行事,于為身體就會好轉(zhuǎn)；5 另一些人持不同看法；他們認(rèn)為病人期望身體好轉(zhuǎn),而勸慰劑能促使這種愿望成真；假如病人知道為勸慰劑的話,那就沒有成效了；這說明人體并沒有上當(dāng)受騙；情形似乎為這樣：假如病人以為他們得到了藥物治療,他們就會布滿期望；他們感到自己在接受治療,這使他們更加劇烈地期望身體好轉(zhuǎn),而正為這種期望幫忙他

3、們康復(fù)；6 勸慰劑并不總為有效；這種療法為否勝利在很大程度上似乎取決于病人與醫(yī)生之間的關(guān)系；假如病人特別信任醫(yī)生,而醫(yī)生又真心想幫忙病人的話,勸慰劑就更有可能起作用；所以從某種意義上說,醫(yī)生為最有效的勸慰劑；7 有一項(xiàng)討論可以作為例子來說明醫(yī)生在促使勸慰劑發(fā)揮效用的過程中所起的作用；一些潰瘍出血的病人被分為兩組；第一組病人由一位醫(yī)生告知他們用了一種新藥,并且信任這種藥能夠緩解他們的疼痛感； 其次組病人由一位護(hù)士告知他們用了一種新藥, 但為藥效如何卻不太清晰；結(jié)果,第一組中 70% 的病人病情明顯好轉(zhuǎn),而其次組中只有 25%的病人情形有了好轉(zhuǎn)；實(shí)際上,給這兩組病人用的為同樣的勸慰劑；8 人們已發(fā)

4、覺勸慰劑能在很多不同的病例中發(fā)揮作用；它對于暈船.咳嗽.感冒.甚至術(shù)后疼痛這樣的病癥都有幫忙；曾經(jīng)有過一項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)來檢驗(yàn)勸慰劑為否能幫忙老人健康長壽；9 這項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)為在羅馬尼亞的 150 名 60 歲以上的老人中進(jìn)行的；他們被分成三組,每組 50人；第一組的老人什么也沒給； 其次組用了勸慰劑；第三組用了真藥, 并被告知這種藥對于因年老而顯現(xiàn)的疾病有幫忙（實(shí)際上它根本不為針對老年人的藥） ；討論人員對三個組的老人的討論連續(xù)了很多年； 結(jié)果顯示第一組的狀況與那個村莊里老年人一貫的狀況沒有什么區(qū)別；其次組老人（用了勸慰劑的）身體要健康得多,死亡率也降低了；第三組老人（用了真藥的）與用勸慰劑的那組老人結(jié)果大

5、致相同；10 使用勸慰劑也會導(dǎo)致不良后果；假如病人認(rèn)為吃藥會帶來不良反應(yīng),那么他們用了勸慰 劑之后也會有不良反應(yīng)；這似乎說明你對藥物產(chǎn)生何種反應(yīng)在很大程度上為取決于你的心理而不為你的身體；一些醫(yī)生仍舊認(rèn)為假如勸慰劑有可能導(dǎo)致不良后果,那就不該使用； 他們覺得對于勸慰劑的明白仍不夠；11 盡管如此,在別的一些國家,對勸慰劑的使用已為人熟知了上百年；在一些非洲國家,部落的醫(yī)生很早就知道假如病人認(rèn)為自己會好起來,他們就會好起來； 他們采納的很多療法看似不行能治好病人,但竟然行之有效；12 勸慰劑的奇效似乎的確說明人的精神力氣比我們所想象的要更為強(qiáng)大；有些人認(rèn)為你可1精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - -

6、- 歡迎下載以用精神來治愈自己的疾??；好玩的為甚至那些信誓旦旦認(rèn)為這為不行能的人也由于用了勸慰劑而完全康復(fù)了；精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載after-class reading如何排除排隊(duì)的怒火精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載1 假如這個假期你在機(jī)場或車站排長隊(duì),你為會試著去分析一下排隊(duì)到底有什么地方使你憤怒呢仍為只會對身邊的治理人員憤怒？2 理查德 ·拉森教授為麻省理工學(xué)院的電氣工程師,他也厭惡排隊(duì)；但為他并未因此而怒發(fā)沖冠, 相反,他打算要討論這個課題；他的第一個討論結(jié)果說明,人們憤怒的程度與等待時 間的長短并不直接相關(guān),這也驗(yàn)證了美國國家科學(xué)基金

7、會的早期討論；他以休斯頓機(jī)場的試驗(yàn)為例； 在休斯頓機(jī)場, 乘客們下飛機(jī)之后走到行李提取處得用1 分鐘, 然后再等 7 分鐘才能取到行李； 對此旅客怨聲不斷,特別為那些等候領(lǐng)取行李的旅客,他們眼睜睜地看著那些只帶著手提行李的旅客可以立刻走出機(jī)場,而自己卻要等上7 分鐘；3 機(jī)場治理機(jī)構(gòu)打算加長乘客下飛機(jī)后的步行距離, 這樣, 走到行李提取處需要 6 分鐘, 而不再為快速行走 1 分鐘就能到達(dá)； 當(dāng)他們最終來到行李提取處時只需要等待 2 分鐘；那些只帶著手提行李的乘客卻為此多耽擱了 5 分鐘,可為旅客們的埋怨幾乎下降為零；4 緣由為什么？拉森指出,這一切都與他稱之為“社會公平 ”的現(xiàn)象有關(guān)； 人們

8、看到別人抄近路,就會覺得自己的等待難以忍耐；因此,對于機(jī)場來說,讓每個人都耽擱一下的做法為可 取的；5 拉森討論了另一個方面,他觀看到： 假如不告知人們發(fā)生了什么,他們就會變得更加不滿；那些知道會耽擱半小時的乘客會比那些莫名其妙等候20 分鐘的乘客心情要好一些；6 但為即使知道了我們得等多長時間也不能解決全部問題；我們?nèi)砸湃斡嘘P(guān)方面正在實(shí)行 一切措施來削減耽擱的時間；拉森以美國兩家相鄰的銀行為例；一家高度運(yùn)算機(jī)化,為每個顧客服務(wù)的時間平均為30 秒；另一家自動化程度比較低,為顧客服務(wù)需要兩倍的時間；但為由于其次家銀行的出納員看起來特別勞碌,顧客們以為它的服務(wù)更快,于為很多人把賬戶轉(zhuǎn)到了這家效

9、率低的銀行；最終, 第一家銀行不得不引進(jìn)費(fèi)時但看起來卻更具活力的工作方法；課內(nèi)閱讀練習(xí)答案part onepreparation1. psychology in daily life samplepeer pressure greatly influences my personal decisions. for example、 if all my classmates精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載keep silent when the english teacher raises a question、 i wonevetnrawisheemn yihand精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精

10、選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載know the answer. if all my friends have their hair dyed、 i might dye my hair too. otherwise i would think my hair style is not fashionable. i make such choices because i want to fit in and be accepted and approved by my friends. i think their friendship and approval are important to

11、me.2精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載i thinkpeer pressure can have both positive and negative effects on us、 depending on the outcome and consequences. for example、 when peers pressure each other to try their best in studies and sports、 the outcome will often be positive. however、 if peers pressure each other

12、to do things such as smoking、 speeding or bullying、 the results will be negative.i think those who suffer from peer pressure should try to build up their own self-esteem andself-confidence.theyshould knowthat everybodycan gotheirownwayand iftheirbehavior or decision is different from others 、 it won

13、 t be the end of the world. when they become confident enough、 they will feel free to make decisions for themselves.2. getting to know your classmates samplepossible reasons for the beliefs and feelings:. those who love shopping may have a lot of money to spend and take delight in shopping. sometime

14、s they have a sense of accomplishment after shopping is done. in other cases、 when people are in low spirits、 they may do a lot of shopping. some people do not eat beef because of their religious beliefs. for example、 hindus do noteat beef. others do not eat beef because of their family eating habit

15、s or because they are vegetarians.still ot hers do not eat beef because they think it s too cruel tcookwilsl cwoiwll sbe in tears before being killed. bus service in some places is very poor. buses there are usually crowded and dirty. that people don t like to ride on a bus、 and when thyeare on a bu

16、s、 they may get sick. the result will probably be that they dislike riding on a bus even more. those who frequently talk to themselves are often timid and reserved. they can express their own feelings by doing so. some people talk to themselves because they are not sure of themselves. they can pract

17、ice talking to others in their imagination、 i.e.、 by imagining that they are facing other people and talking with them. some people are terrified of snakes because some snakes are poisonous. bite s from poisonous snakes can be fatal if there is no immediate treatment. other people dislike them becau

18、se they think all snakes are ugly and disgusting. people sometimes associate danger、 threat or even ghosts with darkness. in darkness、 peoplemay feel lonely and helpless. and、 at the same time、 they may be afraid that something bad may happen at any moment. some people think they are too fat when co

19、mpared with those slim people around them. inmost parts of the world、 people are worried when they gain weight and try almost anything to keep slim.everyone hopes to be good-looking or beautiful and most try to follow the trend. those who hold on to their money as long as possible are usually very t

20、hrifty. they are afraidthat if they spend all the money they have、 they will have nothing to rely on later. with as much money as they can save、 they ll at least have a sense of security. people who hate queuing are impatient. they think it is a waste of time to queue. so they tryto avoid queuing. s

21、ome peo ple jump the queue when possible、 but it s not a good practice. when you jump the queue you restealing time from other people. if you hate queuing、 try to avoid it. some people may fear ghosts after they have heard or read ghost stories. those who have dreamed of ghosts may believe in them t

22、oo. people who have experienced very unusual things at3精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載night that they couldn t explain may believe that ghosts were involved in the incidents. some people believe that everyone has a particular fate. it is fate tha t determines their lives. they are anxious to find out what t

23、heir future will be like. so they may go to a fortune-teller in order to learn about their future in advance. when they have serious problems they may also want to go to a fortune-teller hoping that the fortune-teller will let them know what to do to solve the problems. some people care a lot about

24、their physical appearance. they want to be properly dressed in order to impress other people、 and they may be unsure of themselves. so they may stand in frontof a mirror for more than 10 minutes deciding if they look impressive.3. a fun test: come along on an incredible journey into the desert.the d

25、esert represents a series of hardships. each of the animals represents an aspect of your life、 and the order in which you sacrifice the animals might be said to represent the importance of these things to you.the animal that you sacrificed first is the least important、 and the one that you kept may

26、be themost important. the cow represents basic needs. the sheep represents friendship.the lion represents pride.the monkey represents creativity. the horse represents passion.additional activityanother fun test for your reference:1 you are walking to your boyfriend s / girlfriend s hoouasdes.ttohgee

27、rtethaereret.woonre is a straight path to take you there quickly、 but is very plain and boring. the other is significantlylong but is full of wonderful sights and interesting things. which one do you take、 the short one or the long one.2 on the way you see two rose bushes. one is full of red roses、

28、and the other white roses. you decide to pick 20 roses for your friend、 of any color combination. what number of white and red do you pick. you can pick all of one color or any combination of the two.3 you finally get to the house. a family member answers the door. you can either have him / her tell

29、 your friend you have arrived、 or go find your friend yourself. which would you do.4 you go up to your friend s room、 but nobody is there. you decidethteorloesaevse there. doyou leave them by the windowsill 窗臺 or on the bed.5 later、 it s time for bed. you and your friend go to sleep in separate room

30、s. in the morning whenit s time to wake up、 you go to your friend s room and check on him / her. when you arrive、 do you think he / she is more probably awake or asleep.6 now it s time to go back home. will you take the short、 plain road or the long、 more interestingroad.the answers:1 the road repre

31、sents your attitude toward falling in love. if you take the short road、 you fall in love quickly and easily. if you take the long road、 you prefer to take your time and do not fall in love easily.2 the number of red roses represents how much you give in a relationship、 while the number of4精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)

32、資料 - - - 歡迎下載white represents what you expect in return. for example、 if you choose 18 red and 2 white、 you give 90% and expect 10% in return.3 this represents your attitude toward handling relationship problems. if you asked the family member to find your friend、 then you like to avoid problems and

33、 hope that they will solve themselves. if you went to get him / her yourself、 then you are a more direct person and like towork out problems immediately.4 the placement of roses determines how much you enjoy visiting your boyfriend / girlfriend.placing the roses on the bed means you liketo visityour

34、 friend、whileplacingthem on the windowsill means that you may prefer not seeing him / her as much.5 this is representative of your attitude toward your friend s personality. if you hope to see themasleep、 you may love your friend the way they are. if you hope to see them awake、 you may expect them t

35、o change their personality for you.6 the road taken indicates how long you prefer to stay in love with someone. if you choose the short road、 you fall out of love easily. if you choose the long one、 you will tend to stay in love for a long time.part tworeading-centered activitiesin-class readingpost

36、-readingreading comprehension1.1. introduction paras. 1-2the term“ placebo” is introduced: when it is pibreedscarnd what it is.2. the study of the placebo paras. 3-7a one explanation: the placebo works because the human mind fools itself.b the other explanation: the placebo makes the wish to get bet

37、ter become reality. c the most powerful placebo of all: the doctor.supporting evidence:first group led by a doctor: 70 percent of the people got better. second group led by a nurse: only 25 percent of the people got better.3. different cases in which a placebo may work paras. 8-9the placebo has been

38、 found to work with seasickness、 coughs、 colds、 and pain after an operation. an experiment was done to see if it works with old people:the first group were given nothing at all.result: the first group showed no changes from the way old people in that village had always been.the second group were giv

39、en a placebo.result: the second group had much better health and a lower death rate.the third group were given a real drug and told that it would help with the problems of old age.5精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載result: the third group showed much the same results as the group that took the placebo.4. two o

40、pposite attitudes toward the use of a placebo paras. 10-11:some doctors think that if the placebo can have bad effects it should never be used. other countries are known to have been using placebos for hundreds of years.5. conclusion para. 12it is suggested that the human mind may be stronger than w

41、e think it is.2.1 placebo 2 reacts 3 work 4 mind 5 case 6 reality 7 relationship8 trust 9 powerful 10 cases 11 healthy 12 effects 13 medicine 14 placebo15 stronger3.sample1. i think there is a“ doctor” in the body and it is the mind. usually when we are quite confident、 we will react as if everythin

42、g will go well. that is to say、 when we are mentally sure that we willget better、 the body will start functioning better. on the contrary、 if we lose confidence、 our illnesswill probably get worse. i really believe in the power of“ mind over matter”.2. it depends. ifi got better、 i would feel lucky

43、to have been given a placebo instead of real medicine because medicine often has some side effects. i would be proud of my willpower andbecome more confident of myself. however、 if i didn t get better、 i would be unhappy and feel iwas fooled or mistreated. i would probably never go back to that doct

44、or. it sounds unfair to the doctor. anyway、 that s what i think about placebos.vocabulary 1.1. a a substance used for treating illnessb the study and practice of treating or preventing illnesses and injuries2. a firing a gunb an injection of a drug3. a the part of a spacecraft in which astronauts li

45、ve and workb a plastic container shaped like a very small tube with medicine inside4. a become whole and sound; return to healthb become mentally or emotionally strong again after a bad experience5. a a particular way of behaving toward sb. or of dealing with them b a method that is intended to cure

46、 an injury or illness6. a the process of cutting into sb. s body to repair or remove a part that is damagedb the process of making a machine or system work7. a a person or their particular problem that a doctor is dealing withb a situation that exists、 especially as it affects a particular person or

47、 group8. a make sb. think that a particular thing is true; indicateb tell sb. your ideas about what they should do、 where they should go、 etc. 2.6精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載1 a 2 e 3 f 4 d 5 g 6 h 7 c 8 b3.1 prescribed / prescribes 2 opening up 3 reaction 4 reassure5 bled 6 in a way 7 heal 8 harmless tr

48、anslation1 all i can say is that we are extremely sorry to wake you up so early.2 he is highly likely to succeed because of his intelligence and diligence.3 the way she talked to me was odd / strange、 as if i were the president of the country. 4 it is reported that three people were injured in the t

49、raffic accident yesterday.5 the patient is much the same this morning as he was yesterday. 6 he d like to stay at home rather than go to a movie with us.part threefurther development1. grammar review1 i comfort myself with the fact that all my friends support me.2 in medical school、 i learned / was

50、taught the truth that almost all drugs have side effects. 3 we are all for your proposal that the discussion should be put off.4 i hold the opinion that women need their own space to be able to talk freely.5 have you read about the report that more and more trees will be planted in the next five yea

51、rs.6 i just read in the news that fewer and fewer businesses ask their employees to wear formal dress. 7 the first belief is that at present、 the employment situation on the whole is good.8 the idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong.2. vocabulary review 1a reasonable / s

52、ensible: of a price fair and not too high 公道的,合理的b sensible of sth.: knowing or realizing that sth. exists or is true c reasonable: not too much、 too many、 too great 適度的 2a absorbed in sth.: interested in sth. so much that one doesn t pay attention to other things 用心的,全神貫注的b absorbs: takes in sth. i

53、nstead of reflecting it 吸取 c addicted: devoted to sth. habitually or compulsively 沉溺于 3a stems / stemmed from sth.: exist or happen as a result of 源于,來自 b stem from: have as an origin or cause 源于,來自 c rooted: firmly established 根深蒂固的 4a response: sth. that is said or written as a reply 作為對的回答 b reac

54、tion: what you feel、 say or do because of sth. that has happened or you have experienced 反應(yīng) c reaction: your ability to move quickly when sth. dangerous happens suddenly 反應(yīng) 7精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載6.identifying psychological principles in ads samplethe ad we are going to talk about is the dove chocolate ad. in this ad a woman swings on a white