常見化學官能團（精編版）

1、含氧官能團不同的碳氧鍵會因其中原子程度的不同而有性質上的差異。sp2雜化的氧原子有，而sp3則有。分類官能團名稱化學式結構式英文前綴英文后綴例子鹵代甲?；鵵cox haloformyl- -oyl halide roh hydroxy- -ol rcor keto-, oxo- -one rcho aldo- -al rocoor alkyl carbonatercoo?carboxy- -oate rcooh carboxy- -oic acid ror alkoxy- alkyl alkyl etherrcoor alkyl alkanoaterooh hydroperoxy- alkyl

2、 hydroperoxideroor peroxy- alkyl peroxide含氮官能團分類官能團名稱化學式結構式英文前綴英文后綴例子rconr2carboxamido- -amide rnh2amino- -amine r2nh amino- -amine r3n amino- -amine r4n+ammonio- -ammonium rc(=nh)r imino- -imine rc(=nr )rimino- -imine rc(=nh)h imino- -imine rc(=nr)h imino- -imine rc(=o)nc(=o)r imido- -imide rn3azid

3、o- alkyl azidern2r azo- -diazene rocn cyanato- alkyl cyanaternc isocyano- alkyl isocyanidernco isocyanato- alkyl isocyanaterncs isothiocyanato- alkyl isothiocyanaterono2nitrooxy-, nitroxy- alkyl nitratercn cyano- alkane nitrilealkyl cyaniderono nitrosooxy- alkyl nitriterno2nitro- rno nitroso- 及衍生物rc

4、5h4n 4-pyridyl (pyridin-4-yl) 3-pyridyl (pyridin-3-yl) 2-pyridyl (pyridin-2-yl) -pyridine 含磷、硫官能團與同族的氮和氧相比，和中的雜原子傾向于成更多的鍵。分類官能團名稱化學式結構式英文前綴英文后綴例子r3p phosphino- -phosphane 甲基丙基膦hopo(or)2phosphoric acid di( substituent) ester di( substituent) hydrogenphosphate 亞磷酸酯rp(=o)(oh)2phosphono- substituentphos

5、phonic acid 亞磷酸芐酯磷酸酯 rop(=o)(oh)2phospho- 硫醚rsr di( substituent) sulfide 磺?；鵵so2r sulfonyl- di( substituent) sulfone 磺酸基rso3h sulfo- substituentsulfonic acid亞磺?；鵵sor sulfinyl- di( substituent) sulfoxide二苯基亞砜rsh mercapto-, sulfanyl- -thiol rscn thiocyanato- alkyl thiocyanaterssr alkyl alkyl disulfide

6、 烴基根據所含鍵的不同，不同的官能團具有不同的性質。注意：烷烴基（如甲基、亞甲基）不算官能團，而苯基是官能團。分類官能團名稱化學式結構式英文前綴英文后綴例子rh alkyl- -ane 烯基r2c=cr2alkenyl- -ene 炔基rc cralkynyl- -yne 及衍生物rc6h5rph phenyl- -benzene 及衍生物rch2c6h5rbn benzyl- 1-( substituent)toluene 含鹵素取代基鹵代烴中含有碳 -鍵，鍵能隨鹵素不同而有變化。一般除外，鹵代烴都可發(fā)生和。分類取代基名稱化學式結構式英文前綴英文后綴例子鹵代rx halo- alkyl halide氟代rf fluo