國際貿(mào)易實務3TermsofCommodity

1、Chapter ThreeChapter ThreeTerms of CommodityTerms of Commodity 1Learning objectives lAfter reading this chapter you should be able toexplain the different ways of quality stipulationoutline the quantity measurement units and systems describe the approaches to weight calculationunderstand the functio

2、ns and features of different types of export packaging identify marking on the packing of goods for international sales compose quality, quantity and packing clauses properly 24.1 Name of commoditylSignificanceCISG Article 35: The seller must deliver goods which are of the quantity, quality and desc

3、ription required by the contract and which are contained or packaged in the manner required by the contractlIssues concerning stipulating name in sales contract:being clear, specific& precise(rice)being practical (pure cotton T-shirts)adopting the widely accepted name (coke HS Code)34.2 Qualityl

4、Definition:refers to the intrinsic elements of commodities including the internal properties or ingredients as well as the external appearance. 44.2 Quality: ways of quality stipulation54.2 Quality stipulation Sale by descriptionlSpecificationcomprise some important indicators such as composition, c

5、ontent, purity, length, size, etc. ExampleChina Sesame Seed lMoisture: 8% max.lAdmixture: 2% max.lOil content: 52% basis674.2 Quality stipulation Sale by descriptionlSale by gradebe indicated simply by stating its grade, as presumably the seller and the buyer are supposed to have reached a consensus

6、 on the classification implication of grades.to avoid misunderstanding and the subsequent disputes, however, it is recommended to lay down some major specifications894.2 Quality stipulation Sale by descriptionlsale by grade: example Fresh Hen Eggs, shell light brown and clean, even in sizeGrade AA:

7、60-65gm per eggGrade A: 55-60gm per eggGrade B: 50-55gm per eggGrade C: 45-50gm per egg 104.2 Quality stipulation Sale by descriptionlSale by standardwhen specifications or grades are laid down and proclaimed in a unified way, they become standards. ExamplelTetracycline HCL Tablets (Sugar Coated) 25

8、0mg. B. P. 1973 lChina Northeast Soybean 2006 New Crop, F. A. Q:Moisture 15% max. Admixture 1% max. 114.2 Quality stipulation Sale by descriptionlSale by standard: F.A.Q. & G.M.QF.A.Q.: lindicating that the quality of the a product offered is about equal to the average quality level of the same

9、crop within a certain period of time (e.g. a year.)lgenerally suitable for agricultural products. G.M.Q.: lthe quality of the goods offered are sufficiently good to satisfy the purposes for use or consumption which are mutually understood by the buyer and the sellerlused sometimes as the bottom-line

10、 of quality requirement. 124.2 Quality stipulation Sale by descriptionlSale by brand name or trade mark to define the quality of some products by simply referencing to their brand names or trademarks. ExampleslSony Televisionsl Haier RefrigeratorslTigerhead batteries lPanasonic Television, TH-42PV65

11、C 134.2 Quality stipulation Sale by descriptionlSale by originto use the name of the place of origin as the indication for quality (special local product )ExamplelWest-lake Longjing Tea, Grade 1, Zhejiang Origin 144.2 Quality Sale by descriptionlSale by descriptions or illustrations specific descrip

12、tions, sometimes with illustrationsExamplelPanasonic Television, TH-42PV65C, quality and technical data to be strictly in conformity with the instructions attached.lHaier Refrigerator, Model XXX ,quality and technical data to be strictly in conformity with the descriptions submitted by the seller. 1

13、54.2 Quality stipulation Sale by samplelSale by sampleDefinition: a sale when the seller and buyer agree that sample is used as the basis of quality and condition of the goods to be delivered.ExamplelTeddy Bear Size 15, Quality as per Sample X071118A164.2 Quality stipulation sale by sample lSale by

14、sellers samplemade on the basis of the sample provided by the sellerlSale by buyers samplemade on the basis of the sample provided by the buyerlSale by counter sampleCounter sample: a replica made by the seller of the sample provided, normally by the buyercounter sample used as the basis for quality

15、to remove the risk of the seller a good substitute to sale by buyers sample1718 1920 案例分析案例分析l此例是一宗既憑品質(zhì)規(guī)格交貨，又憑樣品買賣的此例是一宗既憑品質(zhì)規(guī)格交貨，又憑樣品買賣的交易。交易。l賣方成交前的寄樣行為及訂約后的賣方成交前的寄樣行為及訂約后的“電告電告”都是都是合同的組成部分。合同的組成部分。l根據(jù)商品特點正確選擇表示品質(zhì)的方法，能用一根據(jù)商品特點正確選擇表示品質(zhì)的方法，能用一種表示就不要用兩種，避免雙重標準。種表示就不要用兩種，避免雙重標準。l既憑規(guī)格，又憑樣品的交易，兩個條件都要滿足。既

16、憑規(guī)格，又憑樣品的交易，兩個條件都要滿足。l樣品的管理要嚴格。如樣品的管理要嚴格。如“復樣復樣”、“留樣留樣”或或“封樣封樣”的妥善保管，是日后解決糾紛的主要依的妥善保管，是日后解決糾紛的主要依據(jù)。據(jù)。 21Exercise布匹布匹樣品樣品大豆大豆醫(yī)藥醫(yī)藥標準標準規(guī)格規(guī)格茶葉茶葉日用化妝品日用化妝品電器電器家具家具榨菜榨菜等級等級說明書說明書品牌品牌貨號貨號產(chǎn)地產(chǎn)地224.2 QualitylIssues concerning quality clause in sales contract:adopting the right wayavoiding double standardbeing

17、 clear, practical and reasonablemaking use of Quality Latitude or Tolerance making price adjustment when necessary inserting sellers protecting clause when necessary 234.2 QualitylQuality latitude: definitionthe permissible range within which the quality of the goods delivered by the seller may be f

18、lexibly controlled lQuality tolerance: definitionthe quality deviation recognized in the trade, which allows the quality of the goods delivered by the seller to have certain differences within a range 244.2 QualitylHow to stipulate quality latitude/toleranceto stipulate a certain scope, e.g. the wid

19、th of the cotton cloth is 47/48 inches.(規(guī)定范圍）to stipulate “max” or “min” （規(guī)定極限） e.g. Moisture: 8% max. Admixture: 2% max.to stipulate more or less （規(guī)定上下差異） e.g. ducks down content 18%1% 254.2 QualitylStipulating quality latitude: examples“Quality shall be about equal to the sample”“Quality is nearly

20、 the same as the sample” “The quality of the goods shipped to be about equal to the sample”“Shipment shall be similar to the sample.” 26 274.3 QuantitylUnits of quantity calculation Weight: metric ton, tonne, kilogramme, long ton, short tonNumber: piece, dozen, set Length: meter, kilometer, yard, fo

21、ot, inch) Area: km2, yd2 , ft2 Volume: km3, yd3, ft3 Capacity: liter, gallon, quart, pint, bushel 284.3 QuantitylMeasurement systemsthe Metric Systemthe U.S. Systemthe British System the International System of Units (S.I.)29case130 度量衡度量衡 重量單位重量單位公斤公斤市斤市斤磅磅公制公制公噸公噸100020002204.6英制英制長噸長噸1016.0472032

22、.094 2240美制美制短噸短噸907. 21814.42000314.3 QuantitylWays to stipulate weight gross weightnet weightgross for netconditioned weight324.3 Quantitygross weightgross weight = net weight + Tare lnet weightNet weight = Gross weight Tare If not stipulated, considered to be net weight ltare calculation actual/r

23、eal tare average tare,customary tarecomputed tare lgross for netGoods priced by their gross weight instead of the net 334.3 QuantitylConditioned weightConditioned weight: equals to the dry weight of a commodity plus the standard moisture content Conditioned weight = Dried net weight x (1 + Standard

24、regain rate)344.3 QuantitylTheoretical weightTheoretical weight = Unit weight x QuantitylLegal weightLegal weight = Net weight + Tare (immediate packing)354.3 Quantity Issues concerning quantity clause in sales contract:clear, specific and avoid ambiguity quantity latitude (more or less clause)llati

25、tude: how much more or less?ldecision: at whose option? lpricing: contract rate or market price?364.3 QuantitylExamples of more or less clause:800 metric tons, 5% more or less at sellers option20,000 metric pairs, the sellers are allowed to load 5% more or less, the price shall be calculated accordi

26、ng to the unit price in the contract1,000 metric tons 5% more or less, at Buyers option with more or less portion priced at the market price at the time of shipment. 373839 404.4 Packing & MarkingFunctions of PackingProtecting GoodsFacilitating DeliveryReducing CostPromoting sales 414.4 Packing

27、& MarkinglFactors determining packingNature Properties of Cargo Mode of the TransportCustoms or Statutory Requirements General Fragility of CargoWeatherEase of Handling and StowageInsuranceTransportation Cost 424.4 Packing & MarkinglTypes of packingSales packing Transport Packing lunit packi

28、ng: drums, cases, bags, boxes .lcollective packing: pallet, flexible container 43444.4 Packing & MarkinglTypes of marking Shipping marksIndicative marksWarning marksSupplementary marks 454.4 Packing & MarkinglExample of shipping mark46SALES CONFIRMATIONS/C No. 21SSG-017Date: AUG. 8 2001The S

29、eller: Shanghai Textiles I/E Corp.Address: 27. ZHONGSHAN ROAD E.I SHANGHAI CHINAThe Buyer: CRYSTAL KOBE LTD.Address: 1410. BROADWAY, ROOM 300NY, NY10018 USACommodity and Specifications: Ladles 55% acrylic 45% cotton knitted blouseQuantity: 500 dozenPacking: In 120 cartonsPort of loading & destin

30、ation: Shipment from Shanghai to NY, USA47C.K21SSG-017NEW YORK USAC/No. 1-120484.4 Packing & MarkinglIndicative marksto draw attention for proper handlingExamplesFRAGILEKEEP DRY494.4 Packing & MarkinglWarning marksto indicate dangerous cargoesSuitable for dangerous goods such as explosive, inflammable, corrosive and radioactive cargosExamplesEX