ASTME213-2014金屬管超聲檢驗(yàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作法

1、designation:e213-14standardpracticeforultrasonictestingof metalpipe and tubing1this standard is issued under the ?xed designation e213; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the caseof revision, the year of last revision. a number in parenthes

2、esindicates the year of last reapproval. asuperscript epsilon ( ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. scope*1.1 this practice2covers a procedure for detecting discon-tinuities in metal pipe and tubing during a volumetricexami-nation using ultrasonic methods. speci?

3、c techniques of theultrasonicmethodtowhichthispracticeappliesincludepulse-re?ection techniques, both contact and non-contact (forexample,as described in guidee1774),and angle beamimmersiontechniques.arti?cialre?ectorsconsistingoflongitudinal,and, when speci?ed by the using party or parties,transvers

4、e reference notches placed on the surfaces ofareference standard are employedas the primarymeans ofstandardizing the ultrasonic system.1.2 this practice is intended for use with tubular productshaving outside diameters approximately1?2in. (12.7 mm) andlarger, provided that the examination parameters

5、 comply withand satisfy the requirements of section 12. these procedureshave been successful with smaller sizes. these may be speci-?ed upon contractual agreement between the using parties.these procedures are intendedto ensure that proper beamangles and beam shapes are used to providefullvolumecove

6、rage of pipes and tubes, including those with low ratios ofoutsidediameter-to-wallthickness,and toavoidspurioussignal responses when examiningsmall-diameter,thin-walltubes.1.3 the procedure in annex a1 is applicable to pipe andtubing used in nuclear and other special and safety applica-tions. the pr

7、ocedure in annex a2 may be used to determinethe helical scan pitch.1.4 this practice does not establish acceptance criteria; theymust be speci?ed by the using party or parties.1.5 the values stated in inch-pound units areto be regardedas standard. the si equivalents are in parenthesesand may beappro

8、ximate.1.6 this standard does not purportto address all of thesafety concerns,ifany, associated withits use. itis theresponsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitationsprior to use.2. referenced d

9、ocuments2.1 astm standards:3e543 speci?cation for agencies performing nondestructivetestinge1065 practice for evaluating characteristics of ultrasonicsearch unitse1316 terminology for nondestructive examinationse1774 guideforelectromagneticacoustictransducers(emats)e1816 practice for ultrasonictesti

10、ng usingelectromag-netic acoustic transducer (emat)techniques2.2 asnt documents:recommendedpracticesnt-tc-1afornondestructivetesting personnel quali?cation and certi?cation4ansi/asntcp-189 standard for quali?cation and certi?-cation of nondestructive testing personnel42.3 iso standards:iso 9712 non-

11、destructive testing quali?cation and cer-ti?cation of ndt personnel52.4 aerospace industries association document:nas 410 certi?cationand quali?cation of nondestructivetesting personnel63. terminology3.1 de?nitions forde?nitionsoftermsused inthispractice, see terminology e1316.1this practice is unde

12、r the jurisdiction of astm committee e07 on nonde-structive testing and is the direct responsibilityofsubcommittee e07.06 onultrasonic method.current editionapproved june 1, 2014. published june 2014. originallyapproved in 1963. last previous edition approved in 2009 as e213 - 09. doi:10.1520/e0213-

13、14.2for asme boiler and pressurevessel code applications seerelated practicese-213 in the code.3for referenced astm standards,visit the astm website, , orcontact astm customer service at .for annual book of astmstandardsvolume information, refer tothe standard sdocument su

14、mmary pageonthe astm website.4available fromamerican society fornondestructive testing, inc., 1711arlingate lane, columbus, oh 43228.5available from international organization for standardization (iso), 1, ch. dela voie-creuse,cp 56, ch-1211 geneva 20, switzerland, .6available from

15、aerospaceindustriesassociation of america, inc., 1250eye st.nw, washington d.c. 20005.*a summaryof changes section appears at the end of this standardcopyright? astminternational,100 barr harbordrive,po box c700,westconshohocken,pa 19428-2959.unitedstates1copyright by astm intl (all rights reserved)

16、; mon jul 28 02:04:11 edt 2014downloaded4. summaryof practice4.1 a pulsed ultrasonicangle beam by means of non-contact, surface contact or immersion method shall be used.fig. 1 illustrates the characteristic ultrasonic angle beam entryinto the wall of a pipe or tube in the circumferentialdirectionto

17、 detect longitudinal discontinuities using asingle search unit.fig. 2 illustrates the characteristic angle beam ultrasound entryinto the wall of a pipe or tube in the axial direction to searchfor transverse discontinuities using a single search unit.note1the immersion method may include tanks,wheel

18、searchunits,or systems that usestreams or columns of liquid to couple the ultrasonicenergy from the search unit to the material.4.2 to ensure detection of discontinuitiesthat maynotprovide a favorable response from one side, scanning shall beperformed in both circumferentialdirections for longitudin

19、aldiscontinuities andwhen an axial scanis speci?ed by the usingparty or parties, in both axial directions for transverse discon-tinuities.4.3 for efficient examination of large quantities of material,multiple search units and instruments may be used simultane-ously to perform scanning in the require

20、d directions. multiplesearch units may be employed for “ interlaced”scanning ineachrequired direction to enable higher examination rates to beachieved through higher allowable scan index or “ pitch.”5. signi?canceand use5.1 the purpose of this practice is to outline a procedure fordetecting and loca

21、ting signi?cant discontinuitiessuch as pits,voids, inclusions, cracks, splits, etc., by the ultrasonic pulse-re?ection method.6. basis of application6.1 the followingare items that must be decided upon bythe using party or parties.6.1.1 size and type of pipe or tubing to be examined,6.1.2 additional

22、scanning for transverse discontinuities,6.1.3 items that affect examinationcoverage may also bespeci?ed such as scan overlap, pulse density and maximumsearch unit size.6.1.4 the stage(s) in the manufacturing processat which thematerial will be examined,6.1.5 surface condition,6.1.6 maximumtime inter

23、val between equipment standard-ization checks, if different from that described in 13.2 and thetolerance to be applied to a standardization check,6.1.7 type, dimensions, location, method of manufacture,and number of arti?cial re?ectors to be placed on the referencestandard,6.1.8 method(s) for measur

24、ing dimensions of arti?cialre-?ectors and tolerancelimitsifdifferentthan speci?ed insection 11,6.1.9 criteria for reportable and rejectable indications (ac-ceptance criteria),6.1.10 reexaminationof repaired/reworkeditems, ifre-quiredor permitted,shallbe speci?ed inthe contractualagreement.6.1.11 req

25、uirements for permanent records of the responsefrom each tube, if applicable,6.1.12 contents of examination report,6.1.13 operator quali?cations and certi?cation, if required,fig. 1circumferentialpropagationof soundin a pipeor tubewalle213 - 142copyright by astm intl (all rights reserved); mon jul 2

26、8 02:04:11 edt 2014downloaded6.1.14 quali?cationof nondestructive agencies. if speci-?ed in the contractualagreement, ndtagencies shall bequali?ed and evaluated as described in practice e543. theapplicable edition of practice e543 shall be speci?ed in thecontractual agreement.6.1.15 level of personn

27、el quali?cation.(see 7.1)7. personnel quali?cation7.1 ifspeci?ed in the contractualagreement, personnelperforming examinations to this standard shall be quali?ed inaccordance with a nationally recognized ndt personnel quali-?cationpractice or standard such as ansi/asnt-cp-189,snt-tc-1a,iso 9712, nas

28、-410, or a similar document andcerti?ed by the employer or certifyingagency, as applicable.the practice or standard used and its applicable revision shallbe identi?ed in the contractual agreement between the usingparties.8. surface condition8.1 all surfaces shall beclean andfree of scale, dirt, grea

29、se,paint,orother foreignmaterialthat couldinterferewithinterpretationof examinationresults. the methods used forcleaning and preparing the surfaces for ultrasonic examinationshall not be detrimental to the base metal or the surface ?nish.excessive surface roughness or scratches can produce signalsth

30、at interfere with the examination.9. apparatus9.1 instruments shall be of the pulse echo type and shall becapable of detecting the reference notches of the types de-scribed in section 11 to the extent required in the standardiza-tion procedure described in section 12. an independent chan-nel (or cha

31、nnels) of instrumentationshall be employed toindividuallymonitor the responses from the longitudinaland,when required, transverseoriented searchunits. the instrumentpulse repetition rate shall be capable of being adjusted to asufficiently high value to ensure notch detection at the scanningrate empl

32、oyed. the instrument shall be capable of this pulserepetition rate without false indications due to spurious re?ec-tions or interference from other instruments and search unitsbeing usedfor simultaneous examinations in other directions oralong other scan paths.9.1.1 the frequency and bandwidth of th

33、e instrument andsearch unit shall be capable of being selected to produce asatisfactory signal-to-noiseratio for the detection of the re-quired notches as compared to background “ noise ”responsefrom irregularities such asgrain boundaries andsurface rough-ness.9.2 search unit frequency shall be sele

34、cted to produce adesirable “ signal-to-noise”ratio (s/n), from the material to beexamined, at the speci?ed sensitivity. a s/n value of at least 3to 1 is usually considered to be minimum. a higher minimumvalue is desirable and may be speci?ed by the contractingagency.9.2.1 select a search unit size,

35、frequency and refracted angle(or corresponding parameters for non-contact techniques) toproduce an approximate 45 degrees beam-center shear wave inthe tube or pipe wall. for material with an outside diameter-to-thicknessratioless than 7, a lowerrefractedangle (orcorresponding parameters for non-cont

36、act techniques) must beused to ensure intersection with the inside surface. this doesnot ensure detection of midwall discontinuities (seereference5).9.3 the positions of all conveyorand drive mechanismsmust be set to support and feed the material to be examined ina stable manner and at the desired s

37、can “ pitch”(helix). forsmall tubes, support mechanisms must be used in the exami-nation station to prevent any transverse motion with respect tothe search unit beam during scanning. if larger material that isnot straight is to be examined the search units may have to besupported in a “ follower”mec

38、hanism to compensate for this.10. couplant10.1 for piezoelectric-based search units (non-contact tech-niques do not require couplant), a couplant such as water, oil,or glycerin,capable of conductingultrasonic vibrations be-tween the searchunit and the pipe or tube being examined shallfig. 2 axialpro

39、pagationof soundin a pipeor tubewalle213 - 143copyright by astm intl (all rights reserved); mon jul 28 02:04:11 edt 2014downloadedbe used. rust inhibitors, softeners, and wetting agents may beadded tothe couplant.thecouplantliquidwithalltheadditives should not to be detrimental to the surface condit

40、ionof the pipe or tube, and shall wet the surface of the material toprovideadequate couplingefficiency.to preventspurioussignals or loss of sensitivity,or both, care must be taken toavoid the presence of air bubbles in the couplant.note2inthe contact method,some couplantsresultinbetterultrasonic tra

41、nsmission when the tubing is precoated several hours beforethe examination.11. reference standards11.1 a reference standard of a convenient length shall beprepared from a length of pipe or tube of the same nominaldiameter, wall thickness, material, surface ?nish, and acousti-cal properties as the ma

42、terial to be examined. the referencepipe or tube shall be free of discontinuities or other conditionsproducing indications that can interfere with detection of thereference notches.11.2 longitudinaland, when required by the contractingagency, transverse reference notches shall be placed on boththe o

43、utside and inside surfaces of the reference standard toensure satisfactory examination sensitivitynear each of theseboundaries.11.3 reference notches shall be separated sufficiently (cir-cumferentiallyor axially, or both) to preclude interference andinterpretation difficulties.11.4 allupset metal, b

44、urrs, etc., adjacent to the referencenotches shall be removed.11.5 the notch dimensions, whichare length, depth, andwidth (and for v-notches, the included angle) must be decidedupon by the using partyor parties. fig. 3 illustratesthecommon notch con?gurations and the dimensions to be mea-sured (note

45、 3). re?ection amplitudes from v-, square-, andu-shaped notches of comparable dimensions may vary widelydepending on the angle, frequency, and vibrational mode of theinterrogating sound beam.note3in fig. 3 (a), ( b), and (d), the sharp corners are for easeofillustration.it is recognized that in norm

46、al machining practice, a radiuswill be generated.11.5.1 the notch depth shall be an average measured fromthe circulartubing surface to the maximumand minimumpenetrationof the notch.measurements may be made byoptical, replicating,or other agreed upon techniques. unlessspeci?ed otherwise by the using

47、party or parties, the notchdepth shall be within 6 0.0005 in. (0.013 mm) of the speci?edvalue for notches 0.005 in. (0.13 mm) or less in depth, andwithin + 10, - 15 % of the speci?ed value for notches over0.005 in.indepth. atthe optionofthe testingagency,shallower notches may be used to provide a mo

48、re stringentexamination.note4foras-rolledor scaly pipe or tube surfaces, it may benecessary tomodify11.5.1. two acceptable modi?cationsare listedbelow. modi?cation(a) is preferred; however, modi?cation (b) may beused unless otherwise speci?ed.(a)the circularpipe or tube surface may be smoothedor pre

49、paredin thenotch area, or(b)the notch depth shall be within 0.001in. (0.025 mm), or + 10, - 15 %of the speci?ed depth, whicheveris greater.11.5.2 when notch tolerances are speci?ed by the usingparty or parties, tolerances may often include only negativevalues with zero positive deviation allowed so

50、that sensitivityis never reduced below a speci?ed minimum value. the use ofsmaller notches by the examinationagency is permissible,providedthat concurrence is obtained fromthe contractingagency.note5the amplitude of indications obtained from reference notchesmay not be linearly proportionalto notch

51、depth. this depends upon theintercepting beam width to notch length.11.5.3 the widthofthe notches shallbe as smallaspractical, but should not exceed twice the depth.fig. 3commonnotchshapese213 - 144copyright by astm intl (all rights reserved); mon jul 28 02:04:11 edt 2014downloaded11.6 other types a

52、nd orientationsof reference re?ectorsmay be speci?ed by the using party or parties.12. standardizationof apparatus12.1 static standardizationusing the reference standardspeci?ed in section 11, adjust the equipment to produce clearlyidenti?able indications from both the inner and outer surfacenotches

53、. the responsefrom the inner and outer surface notchesshould be as nearly equal as possible. use the lesser of the tworesponsesto establish the rejection level. on large diameter orheavy wall pipe and tubing, if the inner and outer surface notchamplitude cannot be made equal becauseof material sound

54、pathdistance and inside diameter curvature, a separate rejectionlevelmay be established forthe innerand outer surfacenotches.note6 distance-amplitude correction a method of compensatingfor the reduction in ultrasonic signal amplitude as a function of materialsound-path distance may be employed. deta

55、ils of the procedures used toestablish and apply the distance-amplitude correction (dac) curve shallbe established by the using party or parties.12.2 dynamic standardizationstandardize the equipmentunder dynamic conditions that simulate the production exami-nation. the pipe or tubing to be examined

56、and the search unitassembly shall have a rotating translating motion relative toeachother such that a helical scanpath will bedescribed on theouter surface of the pipe or tube. maintain the speedof rotationand translation constant within6 10 %. axialscanning withcircumferentialindexing may be used t

57、o provide equivalentcoverage.12.3 the pitch of the feed helix shall be small enough toensureat least 100 % coverage at the examination distance andsensitivityestablished during standardization. coverage shallbe based upon the maximum effective size of the search unit,the pulse density for each instr

58、ument channel and the helix.13. procedure13.1 examine the pipe or tubing with the ultrasound trans-mitted in both circumferentialdirections for longitudinaldis-continuities and, when speci?ed, in both axial directions fortransverse discontinuities, under identical conditions used forequipment standa

59、rdization (see note 7).note7identical conditions include all instrument settings, mechani-cal motions, searchunit position and alignment relative to the pipe or tube,liquid couplant, and any other factors that affect the performance of theexamination.note8if a requirement exists for both longitudina

60、land transversenotches the following three options are available:(a) each pipe or tube is passedthrough a single-channel examinationstation four times, twice in each direction,(b) each pipe or tube is passed through a two-channel examinationstation twice, once in each direction, or(c) each pipe or t