Perception（英文版）

1、Class 3.Perception I.Definition and importance A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment What one perceives can be substantially different from objective reality, Peoples behavior is based on their perception of what

2、 reality is,not reality itself.II.Factors Influencing Perception The perceiver,object,context The perceivers personal characteristics interpretation-attitudes,motives, attentive focus-preoccupied problem, interests, past experience(novice,keen) Distortion-expectation Characteristics in the target at

3、tractiveness of the shape-motion,sounds,size background,similarity,physical or time proximity The Situation-T,location,light,heat,settingIII.Attribution Theory Nonliving objects are subject to the law of nature with no beliefs,motives or intentions. Perception of a persons action influenced by the a

4、ssumptions we make about the persons internal state When individuals observe behavior,they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. 3 factors Internally caused behaviors(external causation) : under the personal control of the individual;III.Attribution Theory Distinctivene

5、ss:whether an individual displays different behaviors in different situation.(unusual) Consensus:if everyone faced with a similar setting responds in the same way.(high-E) Consistency:does the person respond the same way over time. .(high-I) Fundamental attribution error:the tendency to underestimat

6、e the influence of external factors-when making judgement about others Self-serving bias:IV.Shortcuts in judging others Make accurate perception rapidly,risk Selective perception:people selectively interpret what they see based on their interests,background, experience,and attitudes. Study take the

7、stimuli in bits and piece,risk Halo effect:Drawing a general impression about an individual based on a single characteristic. -traits are ambiguous in behavioral,moral overtone,limited experience IV.Shortcuts in judging others Contrast effects:Evaluations of a persons characteristics that are affect

8、ed by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristic. Projection:Attributing ones own characteristics to other people. (take homogenuity for granted) Stereotyping:Judging someone on the basis of ones perception of the group to which that person

9、 belongs 1st impression, recentV.Applications in Organizations Employment interview-Make inaccurate perceptual judgements; Early expression-1st 4-5 minutes carry greater weight; Absence of unfavor- Performance expectations Self-fulfilling prophecy:when one inaccurately perceives the 2nd & the re

10、sulting expectations cause the 2nd person to behave in ways consistent with the original perceptionV.Applications in Organizations Performance evaluation: Objective measure; subjective appraisal,perception Employee effort:Usually an individuals future is not dependent on performance alone, sometimes

11、 the lever of effort is given high importance. Subjective judgement. Employee loyalty or commitment: openly disparaging,looking for outside opportunities, whistle-blowersSection 2 The link between perception and Individual Decision MakingDecision:The making of choices from among 2 or more alternativ

12、es An important part of OB,empowering. The way & quality of choices-perception Problem:A discrepancy between some current state of affairs & desired state. Awareness; information(data) screening,processingI.The Optimizing D-M Model That describes how individuals should behave to maximize som

13、e outcome Steps:1.Ascertain the need for decision-disparity 2. Identify the decision criteria 3.Allocate weight to the criteria 4.5.Develop,evaluate the alternatives 6.Select the bestI.The Optimizing D-M Model Assumption of the Optimizing Model Simple,well-structured Rationality:Choices that are con

14、sistent & value-maximizing. Fully objective & logical Goal oriented(compatible), criteria set,All options are known, Preferences are clear,constant,solution can be found (final choice) Prediction from the model-Stable over timeII.Alternative D-M Model 1.The Satisficing Model Complexity,high

15、uncertainty A D-M model where a decision maker chooses the 1st solution that is “good enough”,that is satisfactory & sufficient Bounded rationality:Individuals make decisions by constructing simplified model that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity

16、.II.Alternative D-M Model 2.The Implicit Favorite Model A D-M model where the decision maker implicitly selects a preferred alternative early in the decision process & biases the evaluation of all other choicesII.Alternative D-M Model 3.The Intuitive Model An unconscious process created out of distilled experience Intuition:a form of extrasensory power, 6 sense; personality trait inherent; chess player Condition:1.high level of uncertainty,2.little precedent,