人教版八下英語語法

1、. .jz*unit 1 what s the matter一、 詢問某人的安康問運(yùn)及遭到麻煩的表達(dá)方法(1)詢問某人患了何種疾病或遇到了何種麻煩時(shí)，常用以下幾種構(gòu)造來表達(dá)：what s the matter (with sb)某人怎么了？what s wrong (with sb)某人怎么了？what s the trouble (with sb)某人出什么事了？what happened (to sb )某人發(fā)生了什么事？are you ok你沒事吧？is there anything wrong with sb. ？某人有什么事嗎？(2)要表達(dá)身體疼痛或不舒服，可用以下構(gòu)造：某人 +ha

2、ve/has+病癥the twins have colds 雙胞胎感冒了。某人+have/has+a+headache/toothache/stomachache/backache/earache. she had a stomachache last night她昨晚肚子痛。某人 +have/has+a+sore+發(fā)病部位he has a sore throat 他喉嚨痛。某人 +hurt(s)+身體部位或反身代詞he hurt his leg. 他的腿受傷了。某部位 +hurt(s). my head hurts badly 我頭痛得厲害。某人 +have/has+a pain+in on

3、e s+身體部位，i have a pain in my chest 我胸口痛。 (there is)something wrong with one s+身體部位there is something wrong with my right eye我的右眼有毛病。. .jz*其他表達(dá)方式she has a heart trouble她有心臟病。he got hit on the head他頭部受到了撞擊。she cut her finger 她割破手指了。二 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 should的用法1should為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，意為“應(yīng)該；應(yīng)當(dāng)，否認(rèn)式為shouldn t ，其后接動(dòng)詞原形，無人稱和數(shù)的變化。

4、常用來表示征詢意見、建議、勸告、要求或義務(wù)等。 you should drink hot water with honey 你應(yīng)該喝加有蜂蜜的開水。he should put his head back 他應(yīng)該把頭后仰。we should try our best to help him. 我們應(yīng)當(dāng)盡力去幫助他。you shouldn t watch tv.你不應(yīng)該看電視。2should用于主語為第一人稱的疑問句，表示征詢意見。should i put some medicine on it我應(yīng)當(dāng)給它敷上藥嗎？should we tell her about it 我們應(yīng)該告訴她這件事嗎？【拓

5、展】在英語中，表示建議的說法有很多，而且都是中考考察的重點(diǎn)。主要構(gòu)造有： would you like (to do) sth？你想要愿意做某事嗎？would you like to play basketball with me 你想要和我一起打籃球嗎？ shall i/we do sth 我我們做, 好嗎？shall we go to the zoo tomorrow 明天我們?nèi)?dòng)物園，好嗎？ why not do sth 為什么不, 呢？why not join us為什么不參加到我們當(dāng)中來呢？. .jz* how/what about doing sth 做某事怎么樣？how abou

6、t going swimming 去游泳怎么樣？ let s do sth 讓我們做, 吧。 let s go home咱們回家吧。 you d better (not) do sth 你最好不要做某事。you d better not go there alone你最好不要一個(gè)人去那兒。unit 2 ill help clean up the city parks 動(dòng)詞不定式a. 作主語為防止句子的頭重腳輕，常用 it 作為形式主語， 而真正的主語動(dòng)詞不定式后置。常用句型：1 it +be+adj./n.+(for/of sb.) to do sth./it takes sb. some t

7、ime to do sth.b. 作賓語動(dòng)詞 want, decide, hope, ask, agree, choose, learn, plan, need, teach, prepare,常接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語。c. 作后置定語常用于“have/hassth.to do或“ enough 名to do“ it s time to do sth.等構(gòu)造中。d. 作賓語補(bǔ)足語 tell, ask, want, invite, teach, like, call等可接帶 to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，構(gòu)成tell/ask/want /call/invite sb. to do sth.構(gòu)造?！咀?/p>

8、意】動(dòng)詞不定式作使役動(dòng)詞和感官動(dòng)詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)應(yīng)省去to：“一感(feel) ，二聽 (listen to, hear) ，三讓 (let, make, have, ，四看 (look at, see, watch, notice)，半幫助 (help)。e. 動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語. .jz*主要用來修飾動(dòng)詞，表示目的，結(jié)果或原因。為了強(qiáng)調(diào)目的，有時(shí)可以把動(dòng)詞不定式放在句首，或在不定式前加 in order (to) 或 so as (to) “為了， 目的是。常用構(gòu)造有 too + adj./adv. + to do sth.等。f. 固定句式中動(dòng)詞不定式的用法常見的形式有：had bette

9、r (not) do sth./would you like to do sth./why not do sth./wouldyou please (not) do sth.等。unit 3 could you please clean your roomcould you please. 句型1請求別人時(shí)通常用此句型，也可以說：can you.please 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could或 can在這里均表示請求， 在意思上無區(qū)別， 但是用 could 在于其上顯得更委婉、客氣、誠懇。在日常生活中常使用could you/i.假設(shè)在句末加上 please ，那么顯得更禮貌。could you help

10、 me find my book,please 你能幫我找到我的書嗎？2對 could you/i. 的問句作出肯定答復(fù)，常用“sure/certainly/of course 等；如果作否認(rèn)答復(fù)，常用“sorry或 oh,please don t 。一般不用 no 開頭，用 no 顯得語氣生硬、不禮貌。3表示請求的句式：would you like to do. would you mind doing. let s do. shall i/we do.please do.(祈使句前加 please). .jz*提示：could you please. 與 could i please. 兩

11、種問句， 前者是請求別人幫助的句式，后者是有禮貌地向別人請求允許的交際用語。試比擬：could you please help me請你幫我一下好嗎？could i please invite my friends to my birthday party,mom 媽媽， 我能邀請我的朋友參加我的生日聚會(huì)嗎？unit 4 why dont you talk to your parents1.提建議向別人發(fā)出邀請，請求，建議，或征求某人的意見的其他表達(dá)方式：how /what about doing sth. about是個(gè)介詞，可跟名詞或動(dòng)名詞 “ , 怎么樣？you d better (no

12、t) do something.“你最好不做某事would you like sth ,:“你想要某物let? s do sth,what should i do , ( should表示請求、征詢對方意見)2.學(xué)會(huì)談?wù)搯栴}和學(xué)會(huì)用why dont you, 提建議向別人發(fā)出邀請，請求， 建議，或征求某人的意見的表達(dá)方式：why don? t you do something =why not do something 你為什么不做某事呢？來表示請求、征詢對方意見until, so that ,although引導(dǎo)的狀語從句：1)until：在帶有 till 或 until 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句

13、里，如果主句用肯定式，其含義是“一直到, 時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞只能用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如果主句用否認(rèn)式，其含義是“直到, 才 , , “在 , 以前不 , , 謂語動(dòng)詞可用瞬間動(dòng)詞。 don? t get off until the bus stops.2so that引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句為了，以便例如：he studies hard so that he could work better in the future. .jz*3although的用法意思相當(dāng)于though盡管，雖然，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。引導(dǎo)的從句不能與并列連詞but，and， so等連用，但可以和 yet， still 等詞連用。例如： al

14、though he was tired, he went on working.盡管他很累，但是他繼續(xù)工作。unit 5 what were you doing when the rainstorm came ？過去進(jìn)展時(shí)1. 根本概念：過去進(jìn)展時(shí)表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)展的第 2/6 頁動(dòng)作。這一特定的過去時(shí)間除有上下文暗示以外, 一般用時(shí)間狀語來表示。2. 構(gòu)造 was / were ( not ) + 動(dòng)詞-ing3. 句式肯定式：i/he/she/it was working. we/you/they/ were working.否認(rèn)式 :i/he/she/it was n

15、ot working.we/you/they/ were not working.疑問式和簡單答復(fù) :was i working yes, you were. no, you were not. were you working yes, iwas. no, i was not. was he/she/it working yes, he/she/it was. no, he/she/itwas not. were we/you/they working yes, you/we/they were. no, you/we/theywere not. 注：. .jz*1) was not ?？s略

16、為 wasn t; were not ?？s略為 weren t 。2) 一般過去時(shí)與過去進(jìn)展時(shí)用法的比擬: 一般過去時(shí)表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生過的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài), 而過去進(jìn)展時(shí)那么表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)展的動(dòng)作。例如:david wrote a letter to his friend last night. 大衛(wèi)昨晚給他的朋友寫了封信。(信寫完了。 )david was writing a letter to his friend last night. 大衛(wèi)昨晚一直在給他的朋友寫信。 (信不一定寫完。 )4.過去進(jìn)展時(shí)中的 when和 whilewhen, while 區(qū)別：

17、1) 由 when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句， 主句用過去進(jìn)展時(shí)， 從句應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)；由 while 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，主句用一般過去時(shí)，從句應(yīng)用過去進(jìn)展時(shí)。when the teacher came in, we were talking.當(dāng)此句改變主從句的位置時(shí)，那么為：while we were talking, the teacher came in.2)如果從句和主句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，兩句都用過去進(jìn)展時(shí)的時(shí)候，多用while引導(dǎo)。如：they were singing while we were dancing.unit 6 an old man tried to move the mou

18、ntains1. unless引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句unless = if , not 除非，假設(shè)不. .jz*they will go tomorrow unless it rains.= they will go tomorrow if it doesn t rains.2. as soon as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句。 , 就he will e and see you as soon as he can.3. so.that 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句句型 1：主語 +謂語+so+形容詞 / 副詞+that 從句the wind was so strong that we could hardly move

19、forward.句型 2： so +形容詞 + a/an + 單數(shù)名詞+ that 從句it was so hot a day that they all went swimming.句型 3. so + many/ few + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ that 從句he has so few friends that he often feels lonely.句型 4： so +much/ little + 不可數(shù)名詞+ that 從句i had so little money that i couldn t buy a pen.unit 7 what s the highest mountain i

20、n the world形容詞副詞的原級(jí)、比擬級(jí)和最高級(jí)一原級(jí)句型：1. a is as+原級(jí)+ as+ b 表示 a 與 b 一樣 ,eg: he is as tall as me.2.a is not as/so +原級(jí)+ as b 表示 a 不如 b,eg:he is not as tall as me.3.只能修飾原級(jí)的詞， very，quite，so，too，so, enough, pretty等第 3/6 頁. .jz*例如， he is too tired to walk on.他太累了以至于不能再繼續(xù)走了。二比擬級(jí)句型可以修飾比擬級(jí)的詞， much，a lot，far， , 的多

21、a little，a bit， , 一點(diǎn)兒 even甚至， still 仍然eg. lesson one is much easier than lesson two.第一課比第二課容易得多。tom looks even younger than before.湯姆甚至比以前更年輕。1.當(dāng)句中有 than 時(shí)那么用比擬級(jí)。eg: he is fatter than me.2當(dāng)句子中的比擬對象為兩者時(shí)用比擬級(jí)：“特殊疑問詞+be+形容詞比擬級(jí)，a or b？eg: which is bigger ，the earth or the moon？哪一個(gè)大，地球還是月球？3. “比擬級(jí) +and+比擬

22、級(jí)表示“越來越, 。eg.the flowers are more and more beautiful.花兒越來越漂亮。加 more構(gòu)成比擬級(jí)的形容詞那么用more and more +形容詞表示越來越,eg: english is more and more important.4. “ the+ 比擬級(jí)， the+比擬級(jí)表示“越, ，越 , 。eg. the more careful you are， the fewer mistakes you ll make.5. “ a+be+the+ 形容詞比擬級(jí)+of the two+,表示“a 是兩者中較, 的。eg.look at the

23、two boys. my brother is the taller of the two.6.a+be+形容詞比擬級(jí) +than+any other+單數(shù)名詞 (+介詞短語 ) 表示“a比同一 x 圍的任何一個(gè)人 / 物都 , ，含義是“a 最 , 。. .jz*eg. the yangtze river is longer than any other river in china.=the yangtze river is the longest river in china.三最高級(jí)常用句型構(gòu)造1 “主語 +be+the+形容詞最高級(jí) +單數(shù)名詞 +in/of 短語表示“ , 是 ,

24、中最, 的。eg ：tom is the tallest in his class./of all the students.this apple is the biggest of the five.2“主語 +be+one of the+形容詞最高級(jí) +復(fù)數(shù)名詞 +in/of 短語表示“,是 , 中最 , 之一。eg：beijing is one of the largest cities in china.3“特殊疑問詞 +be+the+ 最高級(jí)+a，b，or c？用于三者以上eg which is the biggest the moon,the sun or ths earth4.

25、“ the +序數(shù)詞 +最高級(jí) +單數(shù)名詞 +x 圍。表示, 是第幾大, eg: the yellow river is the second longest river in china .【注意】形容詞最高級(jí)之前要加the，但當(dāng)最高級(jí)之前有形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格時(shí)那么不用加theeg: he is the best student in my class. he is my best friend.四形容詞副詞的規(guī)那么與不規(guī)那么變化. .jz*規(guī)那么變化1.一般在詞尾直接加er或 est ，例如， tall-taller-tallest ，long-longer-longest2.以

26、不發(fā)音的字母 e 結(jié)尾的單詞在詞尾直接加r 或 st，例如， nice-nicer-nicest3.以輔音字母 +y 結(jié)尾的詞，把 y變?yōu)?i，再加 er或 est ，例如，heavy-heavier-heaviest4.重讀閉音節(jié)，末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，雙寫這個(gè)輔音字母，再加er 或 est，eg. big-bigger-biggest5.局部雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞分別在原級(jí)前加more構(gòu)成比擬級(jí)和 most 構(gòu)成最高級(jí)，例如，slowly-more slowly-most slowly；beautiful- more beautiful-most beautiful不規(guī)那么變化第 4/6 頁u

27、nit 8 have you read treasure island yetunit 9 have you ever been to a museum 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(present perfect tense)1表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。. .jz* it s so dark. 太黑了。someone has turned off the light. 有人把燈關(guān)上了。2表示從過去某一時(shí)間開場并一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。常與 since+過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)， for+一段時(shí)間， since+時(shí)間段 +ego, so far等時(shí)間狀語連用。eg. i have lived

28、here for ten years. 我已經(jīng)住在這里 10年了。從 10年前開場，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在還住這兒eg. i have lived here since 2003. 自從 2003年我就住在這兒。 從 2003年開場，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在還住這兒3 根本構(gòu)造及句型轉(zhuǎn)換：主語+have/has+過去分詞 (done) (當(dāng)主語是第三人稱單數(shù) has, 其余人稱用 have 。 ) 肯定句：主語 +have/has+過去分詞 +其他 i have finished my homework. (肯定句 )否認(rèn)句：主語 +have/has+not+過去分詞 +其他 i have not finished m

29、y homework. 否認(rèn)句一般疑問句： have/has+主語+過去分詞 +其他have you finished your homework yes, i have. / no, i haven t, 一般疑問句及肯定、否認(rèn)答復(fù)4has gone (to), has been (to), has been (in) 的區(qū)別have/has gone(to) :去了(現(xiàn)在不在說話現(xiàn)場 )eg. -where is your father？. .jz*-he has gone to shanghai.have/has been (to) :去過已不在去過的地方eg. my father ha

30、s been to shanghai.have/has been in：呆了多久還在所呆的地方eg. my father has been in shanghai for two months. =my father has been in shanghai since two months ago.5現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志：常與 just, already, yet, ever, never, before, so far 等連用，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成，不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)。have you ever been to japan i have just finished my homework. for +

31、 時(shí)間段；since + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)； since + 段時(shí)間 ago ；since + 一般過去時(shí)的句子。they have known each other for five years. since he was a child, he has lived in england.6動(dòng)詞過去式和過去分詞的變化規(guī)那么變化：1. 一般在動(dòng)詞詞尾直接加ed。如：pick picked picked; wish wished wished; stay stayed stayed2. 以不發(fā)音的 e 結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后面加 d。如： like liked liked; hope hoped hoped; phone phoned phoned. .jz*3. 以輔音字母+ y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，變 y 為 i，再加 -ed。如：study studied studied; hurry hurried hurried; reply repli