產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量先期策劃與控制計(jì)劃(ppt 123頁)

1、w w w . t u v . c o m ) Advanced Product Quality Planning and Control Plan產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量先期策劃及控制計(jì)劃1w w w . t u v . c o m ) What is APQP? 什么是產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量先期策劃APQP？Product Quality Planning is a structured method of defining and establishing the steps necessary to assure that a product satisfies the customer.產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量先期策劃是：一種定

2、義并建立保證產(chǎn)品滿足顧客要求的步聚的結(jié)構(gòu)化方法What is the goal of APQP? 什么是APQP的目標(biāo)？The goal of product quality planning is to facilitate communication with everyone involved to assure that all required steps are completed on time.產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量先期策劃的目標(biāo)是：加強(qiáng)相關(guān)人員之間的溝通以確保所有要求的步聚按時(shí)完成。2w w w . t u v . c o m ) What is the benefits of Produ

3、ct Quality Planning?什么是產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量策劃的益處？To direct resources to satisfy the customer.向著使顧客滿意的方向引導(dǎo)資源To promote early identification of required changes.促進(jìn)及早識(shí)別需要進(jìn)行的更改To avoid late changes.避免事后更改To provide a quality product on time at the lowest cost.以最低的成本及時(shí)提供高質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品3w w w . t u v . c o m ) Product Quality Pla

4、nning Cycle產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量策劃循環(huán) 4w w w . t u v . c o m ) The purpose of the Product Quality Planning Cycle is to emphasize:產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量策劃循環(huán)的目的是強(qiáng)調(diào)： Up-front planning: The first three quarters of the cycle are devoted to up-front product quality planning through product/process validation. 策劃：前四分之三循環(huán)含蓋產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量策劃到產(chǎn)品/過程確認(rèn)The a

5、ct of implementation: The fourth quarter is the stage where the importance of evaluating the output serves two functions: to determine if customers are satisfied, and to support the pursuit of continual improvement.措施的實(shí)施：第四階段對(duì)結(jié)果進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)的重要性體現(xiàn)在兩方面：是否達(dá)到顧客滿意及對(duì)持續(xù)改進(jìn)的追求。5w w w . t u v . c o m ) Depicting prod

6、uct quality planning as a cycle illustrates the never-ending pursuit of continual improvement that can only be achieved by taking the experience in one program and applying that acquired knowledge to the next program.將產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量策劃描繪成一個(gè)循環(huán)說明：只有將從一個(gè)項(xiàng)目中獲取的經(jīng)驗(yàn)及知識(shí)應(yīng)用到下一個(gè)項(xiàng)目中才能實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)持續(xù)改進(jìn)的永無止境的追求6w w w . t u v . c o m

7、) Key to Effective Product Quality Planning有效的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量策劃其關(guān)鍵在于： Support from the top management for 來自于最高管理者的支持concluding each phase of product quality planning質(zhì)量策劃每一階段的總結(jié)Note: the team should inform top management about the current status of the project in order to keep up the interest and underpin top

8、management commitment and support. The information should be in written formsolving problem areas and concerns參與問題的解決7w w w . t u v . c o m ) final assessment of the product quality planning process (signing-off)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量策劃過程的最終評(píng)價(jià) (總結(jié)認(rèn)定 appendix F) Team and Communication Skill 團(tuán)隊(duì)技巧及溝通技巧Note: Team skill m

9、eans to work in a team rather than thinking “great, somebody else does it”. Communication skill means the ability to pass on information comprehensively and without loss of information.8w w w . t u v . c o m ) Responsibility Matrix職責(zé)矩陣DesignresponsibleManufacturingOnlyService SupplierDefine the scop

10、exxxPlan and DefinexProduct Design andDevelopmentxProcess design andDevelopmentxxxProduct and ProcessvalidationxxxFeedback,Assessment andCorrective ActionxxxControl PlanMethodologyxxx9w w w . t u v . c o m ) Product Quality Planning Timing Chart 10w w w . t u v . c o m ) The timing chart shows the i

11、deal procedure of product quality planning.The individual phases are shown as time bars and the respective starting points are shown as vertical lines (concept initiation/approval, program approval, prototype, pilot, launch) 11w w w . t u v . c o m ) Organization of APQP Reference ManualAPQP 手冊(cè)的組織結(jié)構(gòu)

12、 APQPPlan and Define Program Section 1.0Product Design and DevelopmentSection 2.0Process Design and Development Section 3.0Product and Process ValidationSection 4.0Feedback, Assessment and Corrective Action Section 5.0Control Plan Methodology Section 6.0Organize the teamDefine the scopeTeam-to -team

13、Training in development techniquesCustomer and supplier involvementSimultaneous EngineeringConcern resolutionMonitoring with timing plan systems12w w w . t u v . c o m ) Organizing the Team 組織小組The responsibility for product quality planning must be assigned to a cross-functional team.The team shoul

14、d comprise representatives of the functions Development, Production, Material Testing, Purchasing, Quality, Sales, Customer Service, as well as subcontractors and customers.Team-to-Team Co-operation 小組之間的合作The team must establish communication channels to other customer and supplier teams. This may

15、include regular meetings with other teams.13w w w . t u v . c o m ) Training in Development Techniques 開發(fā)技術(shù)的培訓(xùn)The success of the product control plan depends on an effective training program which will convey all defined requirements and development techniques necessary for the fulfillment of custom

16、er requirements and expectations.Customer and Supplier Involvement顧客及供方的參與If necessary, the customer and subcontractor must be involved in the planning process. The supplier shall request a cross-functional team from their subcontractors.14w w w . t u v . c o m ) Defining the Scope of the Team:給小組界定

17、范圍select a project team leader （it may be advantageous to rotate the team leader during the planning cycle)選一個(gè)小組長（輪流做樁較好）define the roles and responsibilities of each area represented定義各方代表的角色和職責(zé)identify the customers-internal and external明確誰是內(nèi)部的及外部的顧客defining customer requirements (use QFD, if appl

18、icable)定義顧客要求 (如適用，使用QFD)15w w w . t u v . c o m ) define the disciplines, individuals and/or subcontractors that must be added to the team, and those not required明確部門，各人及哪些供方必須加到小組中來，哪些不必understand customer expectations 搞清顧客的期望assess the feasibility, performance requirements, manufacturing process評(píng)

19、價(jià)可行性，性能要求，制造過程identification of costs involved, timing and constraints明確成本，時(shí)間及其他方面的限制determination of assistance required from the customer明確需顧客提供的邦助有哪些identification of documentation process or method明確報(bào)告/記錄的過程和方法16w w w . t u v . c o m ) Simultaneous Engineering 同步工程It is a process where cross fun

20、ctional teams strive for a common goal.各多功能小組為共同的目標(biāo)努力 It replace the sequential series of phases where results are transmitted to the next area for execution. 代替按階段排序The purpose is to expedite the introduction of quality products sooner. 其目的是加速高質(zhì)量產(chǎn)品的引入 Design for Manufacturability and Assembly is a

21、Simultaneous Engineering process designed to optimize the relationship between design function, manufacturability, and ease of assembly. 17w w w . t u v . c o m ) Concern Resolution 問題的解決During the planning process the team will hit on design and /or process related concerns. These concerns should b

22、e documented in a table with allocation of the responsibilities and deadlines for their resolution. In difficult situations selected methods for concern resolution must be employed. Analytical techniques listed in Appendix B of APQP manual:Assembly Build Variation Analysis; Benchmarking; Cause and E

23、ffect Diagram; Characteristics Matrix; Critical Path Method; Design of Experiments (DOE); Design for Manufacturability and Assembly; Design Verification Plan and Report (DVP&R); Dimensional Control Plan (DCP) or Dynamic Control Plan; Mistake Proofing (POKA-YOKE); Process Flow Charting; Quality F

24、unction Deployment (QFD); System Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (SFMEA) 18w w w . t u v . c o m ) Method for Concern-Resolution 解決問題的方法1. Recognize the problem, focus on it and describe it complains, defects, variations, scrap, audits, list of problems2. Collect datamultiple defect chart, quality

25、 control chart, data processing3. Evaluate dataHistogram, pareto, process FMEA4. Cause and effects analysisIshikawa diagram, problem analysis, value engineering, 8D report, DOE5. Work out problem resolution proposalsBrainstorming, DOE, flow diagram, visualizing problem on pin wall19w w w . t u v . c

26、 o m ) 6. Assess problem resolution proposalsDecision tree, cost-benefit-analysis, risk analysis, nominal group method7. Decision8. Inform those involved and implement solutionaction plan, definition of targets, determine measurables9. Check outcometrend diagram, pareto, audits10. RECOGNITION20w w w

27、 . t u v . c o m ) Monitoring with Timing Plan Systems 用時(shí)間計(jì)劃表來監(jiān)控The first order of APQP team following organizational activities should be the development of a Timing Plan.APQP小組的組織工作完成后的第一個(gè)任務(wù)應(yīng)該是制定一個(gè)時(shí)間計(jì)劃表。A well-organized timing chart should list tasks, assignments, other events and timing. (The Cri

28、tical Path Method may be appropriate)一個(gè)完善的時(shí)間表應(yīng)羅列出任務(wù)，負(fù)責(zé)人，和/或其他事件及時(shí)間。To facilitate status reporting, each event must have a “start” and a “completion” date with the actual point of progress recorded.為輔助對(duì)完成狀態(tài)進(jìn)行報(bào)告，每一事件必須有 “開始” 和 “完成” 日期并記錄實(shí)際進(jìn)展?fàn)顩r21w w w . t u v . c o m ) Attention Please 注意！Planning team

29、s must be prepared to modify product quality plans to meet customer expectations.策劃小組必須準(zhǔn)備好對(duì)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量計(jì)劃進(jìn)行修改以滿足顧客的期望The Product Quality Planning Team is responsible for assuring that timing meets or exceeds the customer timing plan.產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量先期策劃小組負(fù)責(zé)確保滿足或超出顧客時(shí)間計(jì)劃的要求。22w w w . t u v . c o m ) Section 1.0 Plan and

30、 Define Program階段階段1.0 定義及確定項(xiàng)目定義及確定項(xiàng)目Task of this section 此階段的任務(wù) :Determination of customer needs and expectationsFocussing all work on the customer (final user, consumer)Translating customer input requirements into output requirements(or briefing specification into offer specification)Defining deve

31、lopment, reliability and quality goals23w w w . t u v . c o m ) InputVoice of the customerMarket researchHistorical warranty and quality informationTeam experienceBusiness plan/customer marketing strategyProduct/process benchmark dataProduct/process assumptionsProduct reliability studiesCustomer inp

32、utsOutputDesign goalsReliability and quality goalsPreliminary bill of materialPreliminary process flow chartPreliminary listing of special product and process characteristicsProduct assurance plan (output requirements)Plan and Define ProgramSection 1.024w w w . t u v . c o m ) 階段階段1.0 定義及確定項(xiàng)目定義及確定項(xiàng)目

33、 輸入：輸入：l1顧客的呼聲111市場調(diào)研112保修記錄和質(zhì)量信息ll3小組經(jīng)驗(yàn)12業(yè)務(wù)計(jì)劃營銷策略13產(chǎn)品過程指標(biāo)l4產(chǎn)品過程設(shè)想15產(chǎn)品可靠性研究16顧客輸入 輸出：輸出：17設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)18可靠性和質(zhì)量目標(biāo)l9初始材料清單l10初始過程流程圖1 11初始特殊產(chǎn)品特性及特殊過程特性清單l12產(chǎn)品保證計(jì)劃l13管理者支持25w w w . t u v . c o m ) 26w w w . t u v . c o m ) 1.1 The Voice of the CustomerThe Voice of the Customer encompasses complaint, recommenda

34、tions, data and information obtained from internal and/or external customers.1.1.1 Market research:The following sources can assist in identifying customer concerns/wants and translating those concerns into product and process characteristics:Customer interviewsCustomer questionnaires and surveysMar

35、ket test and positioning reportsNew product quality and reliability studiesCompetitive product quality studiesThings Gone Right (TGR) reports27w w w . t u v . c o m ) l1顧客的呼聲 “顧客的呼聲”包括來自內(nèi)部和或外部顧客的抱怨、建議、資料和信息。以下各段提供了收集這種信息的一些方法。111市場調(diào)研 產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量策劃小組可能需要獲取反映顧客時(shí)聲的市場調(diào)研資料和信息。以下來源有助于識(shí)別顧客關(guān)注的事項(xiàng)需求，并將這些關(guān)注事項(xiàng)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楫a(chǎn)品和過程

36、特性：對(duì)顧客的采訪；顧客意見征詢與調(diào)查；市場調(diào)查和預(yù)測(cè)報(bào)告；新產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和可靠性研究；競爭產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的研究；運(yùn)行情況良好（TGR）報(bào)告。28w w w . t u v . c o m ) 1.1.2 Historical warranty and quality information:The list of historical customer concerns/wants should be prepared t assess the potential for recurrence during the design, manufacture, installation and use o

37、f the product. Ascertaining customer concerns can be supported by:Things Gone Wrong (TGW) reportsWarranty reportsSupplier plant internal quality reportsCustomer plant returns and rejectionsField returns and product analysis29w w w . t u v . c o m ) 112保修記錄和質(zhì)量信息 為廠評(píng)定在產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)、制造、安裝和使用當(dāng)中再發(fā)生不合格的可能性，應(yīng)制定一份以

38、往顧客所關(guān)注問題儒要的清單，這些應(yīng)作為其它設(shè)計(jì)要求的擴(kuò)展來考慮并且應(yīng)包括在對(duì)顧客需要的分析中。 以下項(xiàng)目中的許多內(nèi)容有助于小組識(shí)別顧客關(guān)注問題需要，并優(yōu)選出適當(dāng)?shù)慕鉀Q方案：運(yùn)行情況不良（TGW）報(bào)告；保修報(bào)告；能力指數(shù)；供方工廠內(nèi)部質(zhì)量報(bào)告；問題解決報(bào)告；顧客工廠退貨和廢品；現(xiàn)場退貨產(chǎn)品分析。30w w w . t u v . c o m ) 1.1.3 Team Experience:Media commentary and analysisInput from past Quality Function Deployment projectsGovernment requirements

39、and regulationsRoad tripsManagement comments or direction. 31w w w . t u v . c o m ) ll3小組經(jīng)驗(yàn) 小組適當(dāng)時(shí)可利用包括如下內(nèi)容的任何信息來源：來自更高層體系或過去質(zhì)量功能開發(fā)（QFD）項(xiàng)目的輸入；媒介的評(píng)論和分析：雜志和報(bào)刊報(bào)告等；顧客的信件和建議；運(yùn)行情況良好（TGR）運(yùn)行情況不良（TGW）報(bào)告；銷售商意見；車隊(duì)負(fù)責(zé)人的意見；現(xiàn)場服務(wù)報(bào)告；利用指定的顧客代理所作的內(nèi)部評(píng)價(jià)；道路行駛體驗(yàn)；管理者的意見或指示；由內(nèi)部顧客報(bào)告的問題和議題；政府的要求和法規(guī)；合同評(píng)審。32w w w . t u v . c o

40、m ) 1.2 Business Plan/Customer Marketing StrategyThe customer business plan and marketing strategy will set the framework for the production quality plan. The business plan may place the following constraints on the team:TimingCostInvestmentProduct positioningResearch and development (R&D resour

41、ces)The marketing strategy will define the target customer, the key sales points, and key competitors.33w w w . t u v . c o m ) 12業(yè)務(wù)計(jì)劃營銷策略 顧客業(yè)務(wù)計(jì)劃和營銷策略將成為產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量計(jì)劃的設(shè)定框架。業(yè)務(wù)計(jì)劃可將限制性要求施加給小組（諸如進(jìn)度、成本、投資、產(chǎn)品定位、研究與開發(fā)（RD）資源）而影響其執(zhí)行方向。營銷策略將確定目標(biāo)顧客、主要的銷售網(wǎng)點(diǎn)和主要的競爭者。34w w w . t u v . c o m ) 1.3 Product/process Benchmar

42、k DataThe use of Benchmarking will provide input to establishing product/process performance targets. One method to successful benchmarking is:Identify the appropriate benchmarksUnderstand the reason for the gag between your current status and the benchmarkDevelop a plan to either close the gap, mat

43、ch the benchmark, or exceed the benchmark1.4 Product/process AssumptionsThere will be assumptions that the product has certain features, design, or process concepts. These include technical innovations, advance materials, reliability assessments, and new technology. All should be utilized as inputs.

44、35w w w . t u v . c o m ) 13產(chǎn)品過程指標(biāo) 基準(zhǔn)確定（參見附錄B）將成為建立產(chǎn)品過程能力目標(biāo)提供輸入。研究和開發(fā)也可提供基準(zhǔn)和概念。成功的基準(zhǔn)確定方法為；識(shí)別合適的基準(zhǔn)；了解你目前狀況和基準(zhǔn)之間產(chǎn)生差距的原因；制定一縮小差距、符合基準(zhǔn)或超過基準(zhǔn)的計(jì)劃。l4產(chǎn)品過程設(shè)想 設(shè)想產(chǎn)品具有某些特性、某種設(shè)計(jì)和工藝過程概念，它們包括技術(shù)革新、先進(jìn)的材料、可靠性評(píng)定和新技術(shù)。所有這些都應(yīng)用作輸入。36w w w . t u v . c o m ) 1.5 Product Reliability Studies.This type of data considers frequen

45、cy of repair of replacement of components within designated periods of time and the results of long term reliability/durability tests.1.6 Customer InputsThe end users of the product can provide viable information relating to their need and expectations. This input should be used by the customer and/

46、or supplier to develop agreed upon measures of customer satisfaction.1.7 Design GoalsDesign goals are a translation of the “Voice of the Customer” into tentative and measurable design objectives37w w w . t u v . c o m ) 15產(chǎn)品可靠性研究 這一類型的數(shù)據(jù)考慮了在一規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)零件修理和更換的頻率，以及長期可靠性耐久性試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果。16顧客輸入 產(chǎn)品的后續(xù)顧客可提供與他們的需要和期望

47、有關(guān)的有價(jià)值信息，此外，后續(xù)產(chǎn)品顧客可能已進(jìn)行部分或全部前面已提到的評(píng)審和研究。顧客和/或供方應(yīng)使用這些輸入以開發(fā)統(tǒng)一的衡量顧客滿意的方法。17設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo) 設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)就是將顧客的呼聲轉(zhuǎn)化為初步并具體的設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)。設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)的正確選擇確保顧客的呼聲不會(huì)消失在隨后的設(shè)計(jì)活動(dòng)中。38w w w . t u v . c o m ) 1.8 Reliability and Quality GoalsReliability goals are established based on customer wants and expectations, program objectives, and reliabil

48、ity benchmarks. Some examples:non safety related defects service friendlinessQuality goals are targets based on continual improvement. Some examples:ppm valuesdefect levelsreduction of scrap1.9 Preliminary Bill of MaterialThe team should establish a preliminary bill of material based on product/proc

49、ess assumptions and include an early subcontractor list.39w w w . t u v . c o m ) 18可靠性和質(zhì)量目標(biāo) 可靠性目標(biāo)是在顧客需要和期望、項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)及可靠性基準(zhǔn)的基礎(chǔ)上制定的。顧客需要和期望可以是無安全問題和可維修性。有些可靠性基準(zhǔn)可以是競爭者產(chǎn)品的可靠性、顧客的報(bào)告或在一設(shè)定時(shí)間內(nèi)修理的頻率。總的可靠性目標(biāo)可用概率和置信度表示。質(zhì)量目標(biāo)是基于持續(xù)改進(jìn)的目標(biāo)，諸如（PPM）零件百萬缺陷水平或廢品降低率。l9初始材料清單 小組在產(chǎn)品過程設(shè)想的基礎(chǔ)上應(yīng)制定一份初始材料清單，并包括早期分承包方名單。為了識(shí)別初始特定產(chǎn)品過程特

50、性，有必要事先選定合適的設(shè)計(jì)和制造過程。40w w w . t u v . c o m ) 1.10 Preliminary Process Flow ChartThe anticipated manufacturing process should be described using a process flow chart developed from the preliminary bill of material and product/process assumptions. 1.11 Preliminary Listing of Special Product and Proce

51、ss CharacteristicsSpecial product and process characteristics are identified by the customer in addition to those selected by the supplier through knowledge of the product and process. The team should assure that a preliminary list of special products and process characteristics resulting from the a

52、nalysis of the input pertaining to customer needs and expectations is developed. This listing can be developed from the following items:Product assumptions based on the analysis of customer needs and expectationsIdentification of reliability goals/requirements41w w w . t u v . c o m ) 18可靠性和質(zhì)量目標(biāo) 可靠性

53、目標(biāo)是在顧客需要和期望、項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)及可靠性基準(zhǔn)的基礎(chǔ)上制定的。顧客需要和期望可以是無安全問題和可維修性。有些可靠性基準(zhǔn)可以是競爭者產(chǎn)品的可靠性、顧客的報(bào)告或在一設(shè)定時(shí)間內(nèi)修理的頻率?？偟目煽啃阅繕?biāo)可用概率和置信度表示。質(zhì)量目標(biāo)是基于持續(xù)改進(jìn)的目標(biāo)，諸如（PPM）零件百萬缺陷水平或廢品降低率。l9初始材料清單 除了由供方根據(jù)產(chǎn)品和過程經(jīng)驗(yàn)中選擇外，特殊的產(chǎn)品和過程特性均由顧客確定。在這一階段，小組應(yīng)確保制定出通過對(duì)有關(guān)顧客需要和期望的輸入的分析而得出的特殊產(chǎn)品和過程特性的初始明細(xì)表。這一明細(xì)表的制定基于（但不限于）以下方面：基于顧客需要和期望分析的產(chǎn)品設(shè)想；可靠性目標(biāo)要求的確定；從預(yù)期的制造過程中

54、確定的特殊過程特性；類似零件的失效模式及后果分析（FMFA）。42w w w . t u v . c o m ) Identification of special process characteristics from the anticipated manufacturing processSimilar part FMEAsNote:Special characteristic can affect the safe functioning of the vehicle and compliance with government regulations such as flammab

55、ility, occupant protection, steering control, braking, emissions, noise, EMC etc. During the product design and development phase, the list should be refined, reviewed, and consensus reached. The output is required to be documented in the prototype control plan. During process design and development

56、, the list should be converted into a matrix which displays the relationship between the process parameters and the manufacturing stations and this documented in the production control plan.1.12 Product Assurance PlanThe Product Assurance Plan translates design goals into design requirements. The am

57、ount of effort devoted to the Product Assurance43w w w . t u v . c o m ) Plan by the team depends on customer needs, expectations, and requirements. The Product Assurance Plan can be developed in any format and should include, but is not limited, to the following actions: Outlining of program requir

58、ementsIdentification of reliability, durability, apportionment/allocation goals and/or requirementsAssessment of new technology, materials, application, environment, packaging, service, and manufacturing requirements or any other factor that may place the program at riskDevelopment of Failure Mode A

59、nalysisDevelopment of preliminary engineering standards requirementsThe Product Ass. Plan is an important part of the Product Quality Plan.1.13 Management Support44w w w . t u v . c o m ) l12產(chǎn)品保證計(jì)劃 產(chǎn)品保證計(jì)劃將設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)轉(zhuǎn)化為設(shè)計(jì)要求。產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量策劃小組在產(chǎn)品保證計(jì)劃上所作的努力的程度取決于顧客的需要、期望和要求。本手冊(cè)對(duì)制定產(chǎn)品保證計(jì)劃的方法不作規(guī)定，產(chǎn)品保證計(jì)劃可采用任何清晰易懂的格式，它可包括（

60、但不限于）以下措施：概述項(xiàng)目要求；可靠性、耐久性和分配目標(biāo)和或要求的確定；新技術(shù)、復(fù)雜性、材料、應(yīng)用、環(huán)境、包裝、服務(wù)和制造要求或其它任何會(huì)給項(xiàng)目帶來風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的因素的評(píng)定；進(jìn)行失效模式分析（FMA）（參見附錄 H）；制定初始工程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求。 產(chǎn)品保證計(jì)劃是產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量計(jì)劃的重要組成部分。l13管理者支持 產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量策劃小組成功的關(guān)鍵之一是高層管理者對(duì)此工作的興趣、承諾和支持，小組在每一產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量策劃階段結(jié)束時(shí)應(yīng)將新情況報(bào)告給管理者以保持其興趣，并進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)他們的承諾和支持。在小組的要求下，可以更頻繁地報(bào)告新情況和或要求幫助，這種新情況報(bào)告是正式的，留有提問和解答的機(jī)會(huì)。45w w w . t u v . c o m )