【精選】語言學(xué)第2章習(xí)題

1、Chapter 2：PhonologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1.Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2.If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they aresaid to be in co

2、mplementary distribution.3.A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4.English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5.In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6.In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of informationconveyed

3、.7.Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speakerissues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouthand the chest.9.Vibration of the

4、 vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised thehighest.11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified

5、 are stops,fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness ofthe mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close v

6、owels, semi-close vowels, semi-openvowels and open vowels.14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.17. A basic way to determine the phonemes o

7、f a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in achange of meaning.18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the sameplace in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19. The rules governing the

8、 phonological patterning are language specific.20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemicsegments.35Of all the speech organs, theis/ are the most flexible.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter

9、given:21A _ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22A_ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech soundsand how they differ.23The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_ sounds.24Of all the spee

10、ch organs, the t _ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation thanany other.25English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_ ofarticulation.26When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech soun

11、d producedwith the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s_ .27S_ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. Theyinclude stress, tone, intonation, etc.28The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are c

12、alled s_ rules.29The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while thetranscription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_ transcription.30When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolati

13、on, they arecollectively known as i_ .31P_ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and howsounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.32The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the phar

14、yngealcavity, the o_ cavity and the nasal cavity.33T_ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cordsand which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.34Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress

15、 ands_ stress.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete thestatement:A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords36The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are _ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal37_is a voice

16、d alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/ D./b/38The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by“copying”a feature of a sethus making the two phones _ .A. identical B. same C. exactly alikeD. similar39Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distingu

17、ishmeaning, they are said to be _ .A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair40The sound /f/ is _ .A. voiced palatal affricate B. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A _ vowel is one that is produced with

18、the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. front D. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemicfeatures that occur above the level of the segments are called _ .A. phonetic componentsB. imme

19、diate constituentsC. suprasegmental features D. semantic features43. A(n) _ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phoneticfeatures.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme44The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic en

20、vironments are called the _ ofSuggested answers to supplementary exercisesI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l.T 2.F 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.F 9.T 10.F11.F 12.T 13.F 14.F 15.F 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which beg

21、ins with the letter given:21. Aspiration 22.Articulatory 23. bilabial 24. tongue 25. place26. stop 27. Suprasegmental 28. sequential 29. narrow 30. intonation31. Phonology 32. oral 33. Tone 34. sentenceIII. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best

22、complete thestatement:35.C 36.A 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.D 41.C 42.C 43.D 44.DV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?58. What are the criteria that a li

23、nguist uses in classifying vowels?59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?that phoneme.A. phonesC. phonemesB. soundsD. allophone

24、sIV. Define the terms below:45. phonology46. phoneme48. international phonetic alphabet49. intonation50. phonetics52. acoustic phonetics 53. phone minimalpair47.allophone51. auditory phonetics54. phonemic contrast 55. tone56.Suggested answers to supplementary exercisesIV. Define the terms below:45.

25、phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speechsounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.46. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinc

26、tive value. But it is an abstract unit. Tobe exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.47. allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called theallophones of that phoneme.48. international phonetic a

27、lphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.49. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they arecollectively known as intonation.50. phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic