電大幼兒游戲與玩具形成性考核作業(yè)13答案資料小抄

1、電大幼兒游戲與玩具形成性考核作業(yè)1-3答案資料小抄作業(yè)一：一、名詞解釋1剩余精力說(shuō)：代表人物是席勒與斯賓塞。主要觀點(diǎn)是：生物都有維持自己生存的能 力，身體健康的兒童除了維持正常生活外，還有剩余精力，剩余精力需要發(fā)泄，而游戲就是 一種剩余精力的發(fā)泄方式。2松弛說(shuō)：代表人物是拉察魯斯和帕特里克。主要觀點(diǎn)是：游戲不是為了剩余精力的 發(fā)泄，而是為了精力的恢復(fù)，兒童需要用游戲來(lái)恢復(fù)精力。 3前練習(xí)說(shuō)：又稱生活預(yù)備說(shuō)。代表人物是格魯斯。主要觀點(diǎn)是：在童年時(shí)代就要游 戲，游戲提供了兒童準(zhǔn)備參加嚴(yán)肅生活的途徑，游戲是兒童未來(lái)生活最好的預(yù)備。4復(fù)演說(shuō)：代表人物是

2、霍爾。主要觀點(diǎn)是：游戲重演了人類進(jìn)化的過(guò)程，重現(xiàn)了人類 進(jìn)化過(guò)程中祖先的動(dòng)作和活動(dòng)，游戲是人類遺傳活動(dòng)的表現(xiàn)。5自主性體驗(yàn)：談及游戲，幼兒的心理狀態(tài)總是放松的，因?yàn)樗麄兪怯螒虻闹魅?，?#160;有這種“權(quán)利”所引起的體驗(yàn)就是自主性體驗(yàn)。6角色扮演：是一種特殊的游戲動(dòng)作，是指幼兒以自身或他物為媒介對(duì)他人或他物的 動(dòng)作、行為、態(tài)度進(jìn)行模仿的動(dòng)作，也可以說(shuō)是一種象征性動(dòng)作。7象征動(dòng)作：幼兒在游戲中的動(dòng)作和生活中的基本動(dòng)作不同，盡管在表現(xiàn)上類似，但 意義卻截然不同，比如游戲中幼兒模仿日?；顒?dòng)中拍球的動(dòng)作，不是真要玩球，而是為了符 合游戲的情景，配合游戲的需要。

3、這種動(dòng)作就是象征動(dòng)作，即“在表象作用支配下的想象性 虛構(gòu)性動(dòng)作” 。8感覺(jué)運(yùn)動(dòng)游戲：即機(jī)能性游戲、練習(xí)性游戲、實(shí)踐性游戲，是兒童最早出現(xiàn)的一種 形式， 一般存在于從兒童出生到 2 歲這一階段這類游戲主要由簡(jiǎn)單的重復(fù)動(dòng)作運(yùn)動(dòng)組成。 在 運(yùn)用過(guò)程中獲得快感，該游戲的主要表現(xiàn)形式為徒手游戲或重復(fù)的操作物體的游戲。9象征性游戲：是 2-7 歲學(xué)前兒童最典型的游戲形式。象征即用具體的事物表現(xiàn)某種 特殊意義，在這一時(shí)期，幼兒的象征游戲表現(xiàn)為運(yùn)用“替代物”，以假想的情景和行動(dòng)方式 將現(xiàn)實(shí)生

4、活和自己的愿望反映出來(lái)。情景轉(zhuǎn)變，以物代物，以人代人是象征性游戲的基本構(gòu) 成要素。10表演游戲：是根據(jù)故事、 童話、 舞蹈等文藝作品的內(nèi)容， 指導(dǎo)幼兒進(jìn)行扮演的游戲。 它需要背誦文學(xué)語(yǔ)言，在充分理解的基礎(chǔ)上，依據(jù)作品情節(jié)，分角色表達(dá)出人物性格。屬于 一種特殊的角色游戲，它是對(duì)童話或故事中成型角色的語(yǔ)方、動(dòng)作、表情等進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性扮演 的游戲 。二、簡(jiǎn)答題1游戲的覺(jué)悟?qū)嵺`的重要觀點(diǎn)有哪些？  答：游戲的覺(jué)醒理論又稱內(nèi)驅(qū)力理論。主要觀點(diǎn)是：    （1）環(huán)境刺激是

5、覺(jué)醒的重要源泉    （2）機(jī)體具有維持體內(nèi)均衡的主動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制    （3）當(dāng)有新異刺激機(jī)會(huì)體采用探索的方法來(lái)下降覺(jué)醒程度    （4）當(dāng)缺少刺激時(shí)機(jī)體采取游戲的方式來(lái)進(jìn)步覺(jué)醒水平2經(jīng)典游戲理論有哪些貢獻(xiàn)？ 在人類歷史上第一次嚴(yán)肅地思考并解釋了兒童游戲的原因與意義； 從兒童生理的不 同側(cè)面對(duì)兒童游戲的原因與意義進(jìn)行解釋； 從人的一般本性和共性角度對(duì)兒童游戲的原因 與意義進(jìn)行解釋； 基本上肯定了游戲是兒童的一種重要活動(dòng)

6、， 是兒童心理發(fā)展的重要力量。  3簡(jiǎn)述幼兒游戲的虛構(gòu)性特征。  答：虛構(gòu)性。即幼兒游戲是在假想的情景中反映實(shí)在的活動(dòng),具備顯明的虛構(gòu)性。這是游戲的一個(gè)凸起的特點(diǎn)，幼兒的游戲是現(xiàn)實(shí)生活與想象活動(dòng)聯(lián)合的成果。游戲離不開想象，想象既不能完整脫離現(xiàn)實(shí)，也不能原底本本地復(fù)制現(xiàn)實(shí)。游戲中幼兒通過(guò)扮演角色（如扮演醫(yī)生看病、司機(jī)開車、售貨員賣貨），模擬成人的語(yǔ)言動(dòng)作，應(yīng)用各種象征性資料反映現(xiàn)實(shí)生活上的人和事以及彼此之間的關(guān)聯(lián)。 游戲的這種設(shè)想性特色，使幼兒不受詳細(xì)條件的限度，不受時(shí)光和地點(diǎn)的制約，把設(shè)想中的情節(jié)發(fā)展下去。 幼兒在游戲中,&

7、#160;內(nèi)在現(xiàn)實(shí)超出了外在現(xiàn)實(shí), 物體的日常意義被疏忽, 而代替以游戲中新的意義。通過(guò)象征與轉(zhuǎn)換, 幼兒在游戲中實(shí)現(xiàn)了從心理現(xiàn)實(shí)到社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的對(duì)接。4游戲性體驗(yàn)包括哪些主要成分。  （1）興趣性體驗(yàn)    （2）自主性休會(huì)    （3）勝率性體驗(yàn)    （4）風(fēng)趣感    （5）勁力愉快5玩具有哪些教育作用？ 玩具有利于培養(yǎng)幼兒科學(xué)探索的精神；玩具有利于培養(yǎng)幼兒審美能力和品德行

8、為； 玩具有利于幼兒認(rèn)知能力的發(fā)展。  6簡(jiǎn)述幼兒游戲的認(rèn)知分類。 感覺(jué)運(yùn)動(dòng)游戲；象征性游戲；結(jié)構(gòu)游戲；規(guī)則游戲。 三、論述題1論述社會(huì)文化歷史學(xué)派游戲理論的主要觀點(diǎn)、貢獻(xiàn)與局限性。 社會(huì)文化歷史學(xué)派也稱為維魯列學(xué)派，代表人物有維果斯基、艾里康寧等心理學(xué)家。 主要觀點(diǎn)： （1）游戲起源于社會(huì)生活； （2）游戲不是兒童的天賦本能活動(dòng)，而是發(fā)展 到一定階段才出現(xiàn)的活動(dòng)； （3）游戲活動(dòng)具有想象性和規(guī)則性； （4）游戲?qū)和兄薮蟮?#160;發(fā)展價(jià)值； （5）游戲促進(jìn)

9、了兒童對(duì)角色的認(rèn)識(shí) 貢獻(xiàn)：強(qiáng)調(diào)游戲的發(fā)展是兒童與成人相互作用的結(jié)果；賦予游戲以更為積極的重要價(jià) 值；對(duì)于學(xué)前教育實(shí)踐具有重要影響。 局限性：一些理論觀點(diǎn)需要進(jìn)一步探討和驗(yàn)證；過(guò)分夸大成人在兒童游戲中的作用。2舉例論述游戲?qū)τ變荷鐣?huì)性發(fā)展的促進(jìn)作用。 （一）游戲?yàn)橛變禾峁┝松鐣?huì)交往的機(jī)會(huì)，發(fā)展了幼兒社會(huì)交往的能力。（二）游戲有助于幼兒克服自我中心化，學(xué)會(huì)理解 他人。（三）游戲使幼兒學(xué)習(xí)社會(huì)角色，增強(qiáng)社會(huì)角色扮演的能力。（四）游戲有助于幼兒掌握社會(huì)行為規(guī)范，形成良好的道德品質(zhì)。（五）游戲有助于幼兒增強(qiáng)自制力。 （例子可參照教材 

10、P55-59） 3試論述如何在幼兒園中體現(xiàn)以游戲?yàn)榛净顒?dòng)。幼兒園以游戲?yàn)榛净顒?dòng)對(duì)教師提出了更高的要求,不僅要求教師科學(xué).合理地安排一日生活,給幼兒提供各種游戲的機(jī)會(huì),還要求教師具備發(fā)現(xiàn).分析指導(dǎo)幼兒游戲的意識(shí)和能力,變幼兒被動(dòng)的學(xué)習(xí)為主動(dòng)的需要.在幼兒園一日生活中,尊重幼兒的年齡特征,使各種活動(dòng)都帶有游戲的要素:1幼兒園生活活動(dòng)2幼兒園教學(xué)活動(dòng)3游戲活動(dòng),總之,實(shí)現(xiàn)幼兒園以游戲的形式開展教育活動(dòng),完成特定的教育教學(xué)活動(dòng),同時(shí),要注重開展幼兒自由的游戲活動(dòng),充分發(fā)揮游戲自主性特點(diǎn),激發(fā)幼兒內(nèi)在的活動(dòng)動(dòng)機(jī),產(chǎn)生積極體驗(yàn),獲得身心和諧發(fā)展。4.舉例說(shuō)明本體性游戲和工具性游戲在幼兒園教育

11、中具有什么作用？本體性游戲強(qiáng)調(diào)幼兒可以主動(dòng)支配行為和自由參加游戲,它反映幼兒發(fā)展的水平和興趣愛(ài)好,表演游戲和結(jié)構(gòu)游戲都屬于此類游戲,工具性游戲強(qiáng)調(diào)游戲外在的工具價(jià)值即教學(xué)價(jià)值,音樂(lè)游戲,體育游戲,智力游戲等都屬于此類游戲。 實(shí)際上，無(wú)論何種形式的游戲，其目的都指向幼兒的全面發(fā)展，有利于幼兒身心素質(zhì)的提高。作業(yè)三一、名詞解釋1軼事記錄法：是指簡(jiǎn)短地記錄幼兒的游戲或游戲中的偶發(fā)事件。這些記錄可反映幼兒 的游戲技能以及社會(huì)性、認(rèn)知、情感和身體等方面發(fā)展的狀況。2交叉式介入法：是指當(dāng)幼兒有教師參與的需要或教師認(rèn)為有指導(dǎo)的必要時(shí)，由幼兒邀 請(qǐng)教師作為游戲中的某一角色或教師自

12、己扮演一個(gè)角色進(jìn)入幼兒的游戲， 通過(guò)教師與幼兒角 色之間的互動(dòng)，起到指導(dǎo)幼兒游戲的作用。 3. 專門化玩具：亦稱成人玩具，是根據(jù)游戲的需要，專門設(shè)計(jì)制作的玩具，如各種交通 工具、炊具、娃娃等。它們可直接充當(dāng)游戲的成員或設(shè)備，有助于幼兒模仿成人的活動(dòng)，激 發(fā)幼兒游戲的興趣和愿望。 4. 結(jié)構(gòu)造型玩具：如各種積木、積塑、泥、沙、雪等。由于這類玩具的玩法沒(méi)有定型， 幼兒根據(jù)自己的想象，可以利用這種玩具建造各種建筑物或者立體形象，對(duì)挖掘兒童智能， 培養(yǎng)幼兒的創(chuàng)造力、想象力有著重要作用，此外還能提高幼兒動(dòng)

13、作的協(xié)調(diào)性和準(zhǔn)確性，提高 幼兒游戲的興趣。 5. 智力玩具：是指用以發(fā)展幼兒智力的玩具，包括各種圖片、卡片和各種拼、插、套、 鑲嵌等材料。二、簡(jiǎn)答題1. 幼兒游戲場(chǎng)地環(huán)境創(chuàng)設(shè)的原則是什么？ 答：第一，促進(jìn)幼兒的發(fā)展；第二，符合幼兒特點(diǎn)；第三，保證幼兒的安全性。  2. 簡(jiǎn)答教師組織教學(xué)游戲時(shí)的主要環(huán)節(jié)。答： 準(zhǔn)備游戲經(jīng)驗(yàn)，投放材料；確定游戲活動(dòng)的規(guī)則和方法；觀察游戲；參與游戲，指 導(dǎo)游戲；評(píng)價(jià)游戲，分享游戲體驗(yàn)。 3. 如何保證游戲觀察的有效性？答： 觀察

14、面要廣；有深度；具備一定的靈敏性。 4.簡(jiǎn)述結(jié)構(gòu)游戲的年齡特征。答： 小班：開始時(shí)只是無(wú)目的的擺弄結(jié)構(gòu)材料，還不會(huì)搭。一般結(jié)構(gòu)游戲時(shí)間為 10 分鐘。 中班：目的比較明確，對(duì)搭建材料的動(dòng)作和過(guò)程感興趣，也關(guān)心游戲的成果。一般結(jié) 構(gòu)時(shí)間為 20 分鐘。 大班：基本掌握結(jié)構(gòu)的技能。能圍繞一個(gè)主題進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的結(jié)構(gòu)活動(dòng)，并出現(xiàn)多人參與 的集體結(jié)構(gòu)游戲。  5.幼兒表演游戲的特點(diǎn)和作用是什么？答： 特點(diǎn)：游戲性、表演性。 作用：培養(yǎng)幼兒良好的品質(zhì)；培養(yǎng)幼兒良好的行為

15、方式；有利于發(fā)展幼兒的語(yǔ)言能 力 ，激發(fā)幼兒對(duì)文學(xué)藝術(shù)的興趣。 6. 如何對(duì)班級(jí)的玩教具進(jìn)行管理？答： 建立玩教具使用的規(guī)范；合理放置，便于幼兒取放；定期清洗、檢修玩教具；根據(jù) 需要，及時(shí)增減玩具。三、論述題1聯(lián)系教育實(shí)際，論述如何評(píng)價(jià)在幼兒游戲過(guò)程中教師的指導(dǎo)行為。 參考答案： 教師介入的方式主要有平行式介入、交叉式介入和垂直介入。教師在進(jìn)行指導(dǎo)時(shí)，應(yīng)采取語(yǔ)言和非語(yǔ)言等混合的方法對(duì)游戲行為進(jìn)行指導(dǎo)。如教師的一個(gè)微笑、一聲贊美，能鼓起幼兒戰(zhàn)勝自我的信心和戰(zhàn)勝困難的勇氣。 在以下特殊情況下教師可適度的介入： （1）當(dāng)幼兒在游戲中因遇到困

16、難、挫折，難以實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的游戲愿望時(shí)；（2）當(dāng)幼兒在游戲中有不安全的傾向時(shí)；（3）當(dāng)幼兒主動(dòng)尋求幫助時(shí)；（4）當(dāng)幼兒出現(xiàn)過(guò)激行為時(shí)。 2結(jié)合你所觀察到的幼兒角色游戲，舉例論述幼兒喜歡扮演什么角色？表現(xiàn)出什么樣的行為？幼兒有怎樣的心理體驗(yàn)？ 參考答案： 游戲中幼兒喜歡扮演媽媽、教師、司機(jī)、醫(yī)生、警察等角色。 例如，他們會(huì)學(xué)著媽媽炒菜的樣子、學(xué)警察站立不動(dòng)或者指揮交通的樣子、學(xué)醫(yī)生給病人看病或打針的樣子。 角色游戲是幼兒建立積極情感、調(diào)整消極情感的途徑，也是表露或發(fā)泄情感的渠道。在游戲中幼兒體驗(yàn)各種情感，如快樂(lè)、對(duì)別人的關(guān)心和同情、成功的喜悅或恐懼等，又可以控制這些情感。角色游戲的一方提供消除情感的

17、出路，減少情感上的失調(diào)，戰(zhàn)勝情感上的障礙；另一方面以活動(dòng)成功的滿足，增強(qiáng)控制環(huán)境的能力，增長(zhǎng)信心。 3以“丟手絹”游戲?yàn)槔撌鼋處煈?yīng)如何指導(dǎo)幼兒規(guī)則游戲。 參考答案： （1）選擇和編制適合幼兒年齡階段的規(guī)則游戲； （2）教會(huì)幼兒游戲的玩法。 開始前，準(zhǔn)備幾塊手絹，然后大家推選一個(gè)丟手絹的人，其余的人圍成一個(gè)大圓圈蹲下。游戲開始，被推選為丟手絹的人沿著圓圈外行走。丟手絹的人要不知不覺(jué)地將手絹丟在其中一人的身后。被丟了手絹的人要迅速發(fā)現(xiàn)自己身后的手絹，然后迅速起身追逐丟手絹的人，丟手絹的人沿著圓圈奔跑，跑到被丟手絹人的位置時(shí)蹲下，如被抓住，則要表演一個(gè)節(jié)目，可表演跳舞、歌謠、講故事。四、案例分析

18、：案例：大班游戲：“飛機(jī)場(chǎng)”文章略，分析如下：原因1：教師指導(dǎo)時(shí)機(jī)把握欠佳，對(duì)游戲進(jìn)程引導(dǎo)不力。表現(xiàn)為由于區(qū)域布置的不合理，游戲開始就出現(xiàn)混亂，而教師此時(shí)沒(méi)有及時(shí)介入給予指導(dǎo)；“飛機(jī)場(chǎng)”的游戲多少有些超出孩子們的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)，故游戲過(guò)程中對(duì)“機(jī)長(zhǎng)”的指導(dǎo)應(yīng)該是重點(diǎn)，在游戲開始前就該有適當(dāng)指導(dǎo)，以確保游戲進(jìn)程順利，但教師卻是在登機(jī)后出現(xiàn)情況才介入；“機(jī)長(zhǎng)”關(guān)于飛機(jī)將爆炸的說(shuō)法影響了孩子們愉快的游戲心理，教師此時(shí)卻沒(méi)有任何反應(yīng)；第一個(gè)航班“降落”后，第二個(gè)航班起飛時(shí)，孩子們已有經(jīng)驗(yàn)，教師此時(shí)卻完全介入甚至取代了孩子。 原因2：教師的指導(dǎo)語(yǔ)言和行為有待改進(jìn)。表現(xiàn)為：以乘客身份介入后，沒(méi)有用激勵(lì)

19、性語(yǔ)言來(lái)干預(yù)當(dāng)時(shí)的混亂情景，反而給“播音員”以更大壓力；在指導(dǎo)“機(jī)長(zhǎng)”通知起飛時(shí)，一字一句地教給幼兒沒(méi)有體現(xiàn)出教師與幼兒的良好互動(dòng)，不利于幼兒的思維和認(rèn)知主動(dòng)發(fā)展；在第二個(gè)航班開始起飛時(shí)，教師完全取代幼兒自行指揮，則犯了強(qiáng)行控制游戲進(jìn)程的大忌，達(dá)不到幼兒在創(chuàng)造和發(fā)現(xiàn)中主動(dòng)發(fā)展的目的。 原因3：兩次航班在同一區(qū)域起飛，體現(xiàn)出環(huán)境創(chuàng)設(shè)的不合理。請(qǐng)您務(wù)必刪除一下內(nèi)容，O(_)O萬(wàn)分謝謝！2015年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過(guò)小抄Indonesia has emerged as a top vacation destination for Chinese

20、this summer, along with Thailand's Phuket island and the Maldives archipelago. Encouraged by growth in Chinese travelers to Indonesia, the government in Jakarta has recently relaxed its visa policy. Since June 10, Chinese tourists can enter Indonesia through nine appointed locations, including t

21、he Soekarno Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, the Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali and the Kuala Namu International Airport in Medan, by just getting their passports stamped on arrival. Officially, it is called the "free-visa" scheme. The new policy also means Chinese tourist

22、s can save $35 on visa fees, which will likely make trips to Indonesia more alluring. While such an arrangement allows Chinese visitors to stay up to 30 days for the purpose of traveling, those seeking extensions will need to get paid visas from that country's missions inBeijing, Shanghai,&

23、#160;Guangzhou or Hong Kong, according to an official at the Indonesia embassy in Beijing. Santo Darmosumarto, head of the embassy's information, social and cultural section, says the new policy is aimed at strengthening people-to-people contacts between the two countries. Dai Yu, mark

24、eting director of Ctrip, a major Chinese online travel agency, says: "We've seen a nearly 50 percent growth over the previous month in the number of Chinese tourists to Bali since the policy was announced." During his trip to China in March, Indonesian President Joko Widodo proposed th

25、at his country and China aim to increase two-way visits to a maximum of 10 million people in the next few years. The Indonesian government has set their sights on greeting 2 million Chinese tourists by the end of this year, according to the official. "The Indonesian government hopes that Indone

26、sian nationals would also be given preferential treatment while visiting China," says Darmosumarto. In 2013, the number of Chinese tourists who visited Indonesia stood around 807,000. Last year, it increased to 959,000, he adds. Bali remains the most popular site among Chinese tourists. In Febr

27、uary, more than 92,200 Chinese tourists made trips to Bali, ranking first among overseas visitors, the Bali Times reported. Last year, the island witnessed more than 586,000 arrivals from China, an increase of 51 percent over 2013. "Bali isn't just for sightseeing, but also for weddings, ho

28、neymoons, golf and many outdoor activities," says Fan Wenqing, a marketing executive at Garuda, Indonesia's national airliner. Garuda offers three nonstop flights between Beijing and Bali, and four each week between Beijing and Jakarta. There are daily flights from Guangzhou, in Guangd

29、ong province, and Shanghai to Jakarta as well. It takes from six to eight hours on a nonstop flight to reach Indonesia from China. Indonesia is home to more than 17,000 islands. Tourists can tour Yogyakarta to see Prambanam and Borobudur, two historical and religious sites, and explore the loca

30、l handicraft markets. The base of a volcano, Bandung, which is also known as the "Paris of Java", is ideal for adventure-seekers. Many ecotourism destinations, such as Toba Lake in Sumatra, Tanjung Puting National Park in Kalimantan and Bunaken in Manado, are places the embassy official re

31、commends for tourists. Indonesia boasts world-class surfing facilities along the shores of Sumatra down to Nusa Tenggara Islands. Recently, Lombok, a sister island east of Bali has gotten so much attention from Chinese travelers that some travel agencies are offering twin packages for Bali and Lombo

32、k. The best time to visit Bali is from May to October, when it doesn't rain much and the weather is cool. At press time, a weeklong package from Shanghai or Guangzhou to Bali was a little more than 3,000 yuan ($480) on Ctrip's website. Chinese tourists have taken a shine to rafting

33、 in Ubud, sightseeing in Tanah Lot, and surfing and diving in Nusa Lembongan, says Dai. Civet coffee, essential oil and woodcarvings are among the most popular products for Chinese tourists in Indonesia, she says. Indonesian food is also something that visitors shouldn't miss. Local cuisines fea

34、ture many spices, including peppers and cloves, and coconut pulp. Fried rice, "dirty duck" and roast suckling pig are recommended. Children's illustration books first appeared in the 1600s in Europe. Their passage to China, however, took much longer, roughly 300 years. In China, childr

35、en's illustration books have a history of just 100 years and their development can be divided into four stages. From early 1900s to mid 1900s, a large number of books and magazines with illustrations appeared with the fast development of the modern publishing industry. The illustration arts

36、 at that time were a mixed genre of Chinese traditional paintings and the western style, and most of the stories originate from the fundamental changes that China experienced after the collapse of Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), the warlord struggles and the war against the Japanese invasion. Th

37、e second stage was from mid 1900s to late 1970s, when the "cultural revolution" (1966-76) ended. The fast development of some special publishing houses for children gave birth to a large number of illustration-story books, which made a good use of folk art techniques, such as wood board ca

38、rving, frescoes, and ink and wash painting, etc. Many of the popular stories are from Chinese history and wars after 1900s. The third stage is from early 1980s to late 1990s, a golden period for the development of children's illustration books. The reform and opening-up brought in new concepts a

39、nd ideas from the West to China, a country that had been closed to the West for nearly three decades. Fast development of economy, society and culture provided the writers and painters with a lot of inspiration to create new literature works and draw illustrations. China also imported large amounts

40、of children's illustration books from the West and Japan. Many young parents in China have a strong nostalgia about children's illustration books they read in the 1980s and 1990s. This is also the last era in China's artistic innovation before the advent of the Internet period. The fourt

41、h stage is featured with the spread of the Internet and the other computerized means of art innovation. The hand-drawn children's illustration books are gradually replaced by cartoons drawn and copied by software and machines, and shown on tablets, computers, television and smart phones, instead

42、 of books. Hainan Tropical Wildlife Park and Botanical Garden is nature's haven, with no less than 4,000 rare birds and animals representing 200 species. With tropical forest covering over 90 percent of its area, the garden offers beautiful views of a wide range of tropical plants, flowers and f

43、ruit trees. The scenic spot about 25 kilometers from the center of Haikou offers a drive-thru safari tour where you can get up close with elephants, lions and bears. The "Safari on Foot" area features walking trails where visitors can see the rest of the animals, including hippos and monke

44、ys, and feed them for a small fee. Visitors also can see what happens when you breed a lion and a tiger. Two unique attractions are rare hybrids: a liger, the offspring of a mallion and a female tiger and a tigon, which is created by a female lion and a male tiger. As a teaching center of the N

45、ational Popular Science Education program, the park also serves as a second classroom for students to learn about wildlife and plants. Since it was established in 1995, it has received more than one million student visitors. At a crucial moment when pessimism has brought the Greek crisis to such a h

46、ead that the country is closer to a default on its debt repayments than ever, Li offered a spark of enthusiasm to restart the stalled talks by calling on Greece and its creditors to reach a last-minute deal that will allow Greece to remain in the eurozone. Given the escalation of the country's c

47、risis over the weekend sent a shock wave through the global stock markets on Monday, there are ample reasons to worry about the uncertainties surrounding the events in Greece and the effect a default would have on Europe, relations between China and the EU, global financial stability and the nascent

48、 global economic recovery. Greece has announced that it will hold a referendum on a bailout plan proposed last week by the country's creditors. In response, Greece's eurozone partners have refused to extend the country's bailout program and the European Central Bank capped its emergency

49、support for the country's banks. A real danger now looms of Greece exiting the euro, which might derail the global economic recovery and damage the long-term viability of the euro as a currency. However, such a tragedy is neither certain nor unavoidable. The EU should shoulder its responsibility

50、 to prevent the Greek crisis from overshadowing the fragile global recovery. As a major customer and supplier of the 28-nation EU, and a responsible long-term holder of Eurobonds, China's confidence in and commitment to a strong eurozone offers EU leaders the necessary support to look at the Gre

51、ek crisis from a broader and longer perspective. When Li said that China will not only consider a China-EU investment platform to back European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker's plan to revive the European economy, but also buy more bonds issued by the European Investment Bank, EU leade

52、rs should be clear that China wants to see the EU maintain its integrity and a forward trajectory. Such a confidence-building effort is particularly valuable, especially from such a large country as China which already has a huge stake and seeks to further expand it in a strong eurozone. It will be

53、a tragedy to allow inaction over the Greek crisis to stand in the way of growth-boosting Sino-EU cooperation.請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容，O(_)O謝謝！2016年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過(guò)小抄Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. It

54、is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. The enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow mov

55、ement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). Acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. When a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the ne

56、rve terminal and the effector cell which the nerve activates. This may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. Thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and non-nerve cells. This process is termed che

57、mical neurotransmission and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the German pharmacologist Loewi in 1921. Chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as cholinergic. Acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscu

58、lar junctions. At this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the so-called motor end plate. On release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endpl

59、ate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. This is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a command is required. The action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds; an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choli

60、ne and an acetate ion. The choline is then available for re-uptake into the nerve terminal. These same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. In the autonomic nervous system these include nerve-to-nerv

61、e synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on non-voluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells; in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in

62、the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. Acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nerve-to-nerve synapses. To understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. In post-synaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and