形容詞、副詞、連詞與介詞的用法

1、形容詞與副詞，連詞與介詞的用法一 . 語法小結(jié)：形容詞的用法：（一）形容詞在句中的用法：1. 定語： I have to look after the sick boy.2. 表語： Don t feel bad . Everything will be all right.以 a 開頭的形容詞asleep , alone , alive , awake , afraid , alike , ashamed , aware，以及content , unable , sure , sorry 等常用作表語， ill , well 等表示身體健康狀況時(shí)， 只作表語。 作定語時(shí)要用 sick 與 h

2、ealthy.3. 賓補(bǔ)： Who left the door open ?I found him asleep.4. 狀語： He spent seven days in the wind and snow , cold and hungry. （表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的情況或方式）Crusoe stared at the footprint , full of fear.（表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的原因）5. 作獨(dú)立成分： Strange to say , he did pass the exam after all. 說也奇怪，他到底還是通過考試了。（二）形容詞修飾名詞的順序：1. 多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞的順序：

3、當(dāng)幾個(gè)表示不同種類的形容詞同時(shí)修飾一個(gè)名詞時(shí)，它的順序是：限定詞冠詞 +代詞 /名詞所有格 /序數(shù)詞 /基數(shù)詞 +類別+名詞中心詞描繪 /大小 /新舊 /顏色 /類別表示限定的詞：（ 1）放在冠詞前的形容詞有： all , both , such（ 2）冠詞、指示代詞、 物主代詞、 不定代詞有： a , the , this , that , my , his , some , every ,each , etc.（ 3）序數(shù)詞放在基數(shù)詞的前面： the first one （第一）， the second half（下半場）表示類別的詞：表示內(nèi)在性質(zhì)的詞要放在表示狀態(tài)的詞前。（ 1）性質(zhì)（描

4、繪性形容詞）： nice , clever , fine , beautiful , interesting（ 2）狀態(tài)（大小、新舊等形容詞）：large , big , old , hot , red , new , young , little（ 3）專用的形容詞（國籍等）： Chinese , English（ 4）生產(chǎn)原料： wooden , plastic , cotton例： It is a useless , old , big , yellow English car.這是一輛沒有用的、舊的、黃色的英國大轎車。She was a hungry , tired , sleepy

5、little match girl.她是一個(gè)又餓又累又想睡的賣火柴的小女孩。1All of the first five gifted American scientists were greatly honoured.前五位杰出的美國科學(xué)家全都受到了表彰。2. 形容詞作后置定語的兩種情況：（ 1）由 all- , some- , no- , any - 與 every-+thing 等構(gòu)成的不定代詞（象something ,everything , nothing 等），被形容詞所修飾時(shí)，形容詞后置。 Is there anything interesting in today s news

6、paper ?He found there s nothing new in what she said at the meeting.（ 2）下列形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)，也要后置。present（出席的），available （可利用的），responsible（負(fù)責(zé)的），alive （活著的）Do all the people present agree with him ?He is regarded as the greatest man alive in the world.3. 形容詞與定冠詞 the 連用：有些形容詞與定冠詞 the 連用，表示一類人或事物，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞，作主語時(shí)，動(dòng)

7、詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，這些形容詞可以說是名詞化了的形容詞。The young are fond of pop music.Take care of the dead and the dying.在某些習(xí)語或詞組中，這種用法也不少：from bad to worse , at large , at the best , at the most , for good , at the latest , do one in general , etc（三）形容詞的比較級與最高級的用法：1. 同級比較的句型（ 1） as+原級 as被比較的對象例： He is as diligent as the monit

8、or.diligent ?dilid? nt adj. 勤奮的； 勤勉的； 用功的； 費(fèi)盡心血的他與班長一樣勤奮用功。（ 2）主語謂語 no形容詞的比較級 than+ 被比較的對象例： He is no more careful than you are.他不比你更仔細(xì)。2. 比較級的句型（ 1）主語謂語形容詞比較級 than被比較的對象例： Do you know why winter is colder than summer ?你知道冬天為什么比夏天冷嗎？This room is less beautiful than that one.這間房不如那間漂亮。（ 2）主語謂語 not so

9、 （ as） +形容詞原級 as + 被比較的對象例： Tom is not so busy as Dick.湯姆不如狄克忙。（ 3）主語謂語 the形容詞比較級 of （兩者比較）例： He is the taller of the two brothers.他是兩兄弟中個(gè)頭較高的那個(gè)。2（ 4） no more than （ only , not any more than ）僅僅，只有例： His entire school education added up to no more than one year.他全部接受教育的時(shí)間加起來也只有一年。（ 5） not more than

10、（ at most）至多，不超過例： He has not more than twenty yuan in his pocket.他口袋里的錢不超過20 元。形容詞的比較級還可用在某些句型中：（ 1） the morethe more 越是 就越 The busier he is , the happier he is.（ 2） more and more 越來越It s becoming more and more difficult to find a job.（ 3） all the more因而更加As a result , the rich became all the riche

11、r.That will make the work all the more difficult.（ 4） more or less 大體上，或多或少The question is more or less settled.（ 5） more （ less） than 不止，不到She can t be more than 40.He is more than a friend to me.The lightest weighs less than 50 kilograms.（ 6） so much the better （ worse）就更好，就更糟If he ll help us , so

12、 mush the better . If he doesn t work , so much the worse for him.此外，還有any more , not any longer , no longer , had better等句型。3. 最高級的句型（ 1）形容詞最高級（名詞）表示范圍的狀語例： She is the most active student in our class.她是我們班最活躍的學(xué)生。（ 2） one of + 形容詞最高級例： Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in our country.上海是我國最大城市之

13、一。（ 3）序數(shù)詞最高級例： Africa is the second largest continent in the world.continent ?k?ntin ?nt n. 大陸，陸地；歐洲大陸； <美 >北美洲大陸adj.自制的，克制的；節(jié)欲的；貞潔的；禁欲的非洲是世界第二大大陸。（ 4）否定詞形容詞比較級例： No one can be more careful than he is.沒有人比他更加仔細(xì)。（ 5）形容詞比較級 than any other + 名詞例： He is busier than any other worker in his workshop

14、.他比車間里任何一個(gè)工人都忙。3注意： “ most +形容詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)可以表示非常高的程度，沒有比較的意思，這種結(jié)構(gòu)用作定語時(shí)，可以不用冠詞或用不定冠詞。例： What you have said is most interesting.你說的很有趣。He wrote me a most interesting letter.他給我寫了一封很有趣的信。4. 注意表示 倍數(shù)的比較級 的幾種句式（ 1）倍數(shù)（或份數(shù)） as + 形容詞 as被比較的對象例： This room is about two thirds as large as that one.這個(gè)房間大約是那個(gè)房間的三分之二。Asi

15、a is four times as large as Europe.亞洲面積有歐洲4 倍之大。（ 2）倍數(shù)（或分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)）形容詞比較級than +被比較的對象例： Our school is three times bigger than yours.我們學(xué)校比你們學(xué)校大3 倍。（ 3）倍數(shù)（或分?jǐn)?shù)） the size of +被比較的對象例： The new factory is five times the size of the old one.新廠的規(guī)模是舊廠的5 倍。注意： 除了以上一些比較句型外，還有其它一些表示比較的方法。例： He is twice my age.他的年齡比

16、我大一倍。There is only one year between us.我們之間只差一歲。5. 易錯(cuò)形容詞與名詞的搭配名詞p o p u l a t（i人o口n）s a l a（ry工 資 ）p r i c（e價(jià)格）s p e e（d速度）a m o u（n數(shù)t量）q u a n t （it數(shù)y量） s i z（e尺寸） c o s（t開支）可用的修飾語b i g,s m a l lb i g,s m a l lh i g h, l o wh i g h,l o w ,b i g,s m a l lb i g,s m a l lb i g,s m a l lb i g,s m a l l

17、不可用的修飾語m a n y,af e wh i g h,l o wc h e a p , e x p e n s i g r e f a s t , s l o wm a n y,m u c hm a n y,m u c hm a n y,m u c hm a n y,m u c h注意：對于這類名詞常用what 提問。例： What s the population of Beijing ?北京的人口是多少？4副詞的用法：（一）副詞在句中的作用：副詞在句中主要用作狀語，它可以用來修飾 動(dòng)詞（ a），形容詞（ b），副詞（ c），有時(shí)用來修飾整個(gè)句子（ d） .a. Don t drive

18、too fast .The visitors were warmly welcomed by the hosts.b. You don t knowhow grateful we are to you.Her eyes were wide open.c. I can t speaksofluently as he does.d. Frankly I don t agree with him.fluent?flu:?nt adj.流暢的；流利的；液態(tài)的（二）副詞在句中的位置：1. 大多數(shù)副詞可以放在動(dòng)詞后面，Everything goes smoothly.I remember having s

19、een him somewhere.2. 頻率副詞通常放在動(dòng)詞前面或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，助動(dòng)詞，be 動(dòng)詞后面。She often does this.You must always remember this.She is seldom ill.He has never been late.還有一些副詞也放在這個(gè)位置上，如：already , yet , once , nearly , almost , just , really ,suddenly , certainly , still , soon , surely , etcI almost forgot about the whole thi

20、ng.You must really be careful.上面所談副詞中也有少數(shù)可以放在動(dòng)詞后面。I remember having seen him once.Such things do happen sometimes.3. 一些形容整個(gè)句子的副詞通常放在句子的開頭。Actually , obviously , generally speaking , fortunately , unfortunately , strangely , hopefully , first of all , at first , perhaps , certainly , originally , bas

21、icallyLuckily Peter was there.4. 程度副詞一般都放在它所修飾的詞前面。I m terribly sorry about it.We meet fairly often.This book is definitely more suitable for children to read than that one.I don t quite agree with you.（三）副詞的修飾作用：5表示程度的修飾語在運(yùn)用中應(yīng)注意習(xí)慣，還應(yīng)注意程度的比較。1.表示“輕微”程度 （ a little , a bit , a little bit ）例： I felt a

22、little tired. 我覺得有一點(diǎn)累。The clock is a bit slow.這個(gè)鬧鐘慢了一點(diǎn)。2.表示“一定”程度 （ quite , fairly ）例： The book is quite good .這本書相當(dāng)好。3.表示“強(qiáng)調(diào)”程度 （ very , very much , sothat , tooto , much ）。例： The novel is very interesting.那部小說很有趣。George was very （ much , very much ） delighted to see his aunt.4. much too + 形容詞是一種表示

23、“強(qiáng)調(diào)”程度的結(jié)構(gòu)。例： You are here much too late.你來這里太遲了。下面的過去分詞是形容詞，可用much 來修飾：frightened , excited , disappointed , pleased , satisfied , interested , surprised 等。5. 在英語中能用來修飾比較級結(jié)構(gòu)的詞有： a bit , a little , rather , much , many , far , by far , a lot , a great deal , any , still , even 等。例： The film was far b

24、etter than I had expected.這部電影比我預(yù)料的要好得多。Houses are much （ far , a lot ） more expensive these days.最近房價(jià)比以前要貴得多。用 many 與 much 來修飾比較級時(shí)，要注意后面是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞；名詞是可數(shù)名詞，要用many more；名詞是不可數(shù)名詞要用much more。比較：I spend much more time on English than I did.我現(xiàn)在花比以前更多的時(shí)間學(xué)英語。I spend many more hours a day on English than

25、I did.與以前相比，每天我多花了幾個(gè)小時(shí)學(xué)英語。此外，倍數(shù)詞、數(shù)量詞短語，也可作比較級結(jié)構(gòu)的修飾語，any 修飾比較級形容詞時(shí)，多用于否定句或疑問句中。下列詞語可用來修飾形容詞或副詞的最高級。far , by far , much , nearly , almost常用的修飾最高級的程度副詞一般常用的有almost , altogether , by far , far , nearly , practically , quite , the very等。區(qū)別： far 總是放在比較級或最高級之前。by far 可以放在比較級或最高級前或后。例： This is far the best

26、of all.這是所有當(dāng)中最好的。6In our class he is the tallest by far.在我們班他是個(gè)子最高的。He is by far the taller of the two brothers.他是兩兄弟當(dāng)中個(gè)子高的那個(gè)。（四）兩種形式相似，但意義不同的副詞辨析：hard（艱苦地）， hardly（幾乎不）， fair （公正）， fairly （相當(dāng)）， high （高）， highly （高度的）， firm （穩(wěn)定）， firmly （完全地）， most（非常）， mostly （主要地）， clear （清晰地）， clearly （顯然）， near（

27、接近）， nearly（幾乎）例：H e w o r kesr yv h ar他d努.力工作。H e h a r de lvye rw o. r他k幾s乎不工作。T h eb o dayn ks d e ne tpo i t h ea. 尸se體已沉入深海。I am deeply grateful for the advice you gave me.我非常感激你給我的勸告。Y o uw i el l j ub s t el wy ar r d e dryf o u r o er tf sf .因?yàn)槟愕呐?，你將會受到公正的?jiǎng)賞。M a r yj luesftt .瑪莉剛剛離開。T h ep

28、l af ln eewh i gn ht h e . s k y飛機(jī)在高空飛行。C o n c e i pteedo p l en tkh ih i g oh lf y t h e mvese. l自高自大的人常常自吹自擂。T h ew i n dwo awsw iopend. 窗戶大開著。Computers are now widely used in our daily life.計(jì)算機(jī)現(xiàn)在被廣泛用于我們的日常生活之中。T h e p r et s we no r l tdu as it i o nmioss t fraavbol e tf ho er p e o. p l e 當(dāng)今世界形

29、勢對人民非常有利。T h em e dn iec wi a s tml oy ss u ga na rdw a t e r .這種藥主要成分是糖和水。C o m en ae na drl i s t eo nm e .靠近一點(diǎn)聽我說。I ti snl ey a fr i v ec l o 'c k .快要 5點(diǎn)了。T h i s m ra t ct oe n c e yrnosuv en reay r l y .這件事與你關(guān)系密切。（五）常用副詞辨析：1. a bit , a little辨析： a little與 a bit 都有“一點(diǎn)兒，有點(diǎn)兒”的意思，可以修飾形容詞、副詞等，意7

30、思相近。在修飾名詞時(shí)，a little 后面可直接接不可數(shù)名詞，而a bit 后面須加上of，再接不可數(shù)名詞。另外， not a little相當(dāng)于 much ，而 not a bit 則相當(dāng)于not at all （一點(diǎn)也不）。例： It s a little / a bit cold here 這.兒有點(diǎn)冷。That s a bit / a little much to pay.那筆要付的錢多了一些。There is a little milk in the glass.或 There is a bit of milk in the glass.玻璃杯里有點(diǎn)兒牛奶。I m not a li

31、ttle tired.我很累。I m not a bit tired.我一點(diǎn)不累。2. almost , nearly辨析： almost 與 nearly 作“幾乎，差一點(diǎn)，差不多，將近”解。只是nearly 表示的程度與差距比almost 大。（ 1）兩者都可以修飾 all , every , always 等詞，都可用于否定句中。（ 2）在 very , pretty , not 后面用 nearly , 不用 almost。（ 3）在 any , no , never 前用 almost，不用 nearly 。（ 4）與 not 連用，多用 nearly。 not nearly 表示“

32、遠(yuǎn)沒有 ”之義。例： We are almost home.我們就要到家了。（比較： We are nearly home. 我們快要到家了。）Almost no one（ = Hardly anyone）believed the stranger.幾乎沒有一個(gè)人相信這位陌生人。It isn t nearly so easy as you think.這遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不如你所想像的那么容易。fairly ,辨析： fairly意思為“相當(dāng)?shù)?，適度地，說得過去地”，一般用來表示積極的含義，主要用于“好”的一方面。fairly與普通副詞相同，即冠詞a / an 不能置其后，必須置其前。rather 一般用來

33、表示消極的含意。（ 1）可與 too 連用。（ 2）可與形容詞或副詞比較級連用。（ 3）可與動(dòng)詞連用。quite 通常側(cè)重主觀看法，意為“完全地，幾乎”，用于某些動(dòng)詞之前。This test is rather too difficult for me and rather too easy for you.這次考試對我來說相當(dāng)難，而對你來說相當(dāng)容易。The weather was rather worse than I had expected.天氣比我所預(yù)料的更糟糕。I rather want to see this film.我很想去看電影。I don t quite agree wit

34、h you.我并不完全同意你的意見。對比： This is a fairly easy book.這是一本相當(dāng)淺顯的書。（指容易而適當(dāng)。）This is a rather easy book.8這本書過于淺顯。（指過分容易而不適當(dāng)。）前者表示肯定或贊許，后者表示否定或不以為然。習(xí)慣用語： would ratherthan （寧愿 而不 ），would rather not （寧愿不 ）連詞的用法：（一）連詞的分類：連詞主要分為兩類：并列連詞與從屬連詞。并列連詞用來連接平行的詞，詞組，或分句。從屬連詞是用來引起從句的。（二）連詞的用法：并列連詞：1. 表示意思轉(zhuǎn)折的：but , yet , ho

35、wever , nevertheless ,It was raining hard . However , he went on with his work .She had failed many times , nevertheless she didn t give up.2. 表示因果關(guān)系的：for , therefore,He broke the law ; therefore he was put in prison.3. 其他的并列連詞： and , or , either or , neither nor , not only but also , both and , as

36、well as從屬連詞1. 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間，原因，條件，讓步，比較，目的，結(jié)果等狀語從句的從屬連詞when , while , as , after , before , since , until , as soon as , once , / because , as , since , now that , seeing that / if , even if , unless , in case , as long as , on condition that / though , although , / than , as as , not as（so） as / so that , i

37、n order that / so that , such that /2. 引導(dǎo)主語，賓語，表語從句的從屬連詞that , whether , if9介詞的用法：介詞是英語中搭配最強(qiáng)，也是最活躍的詞類之一，應(yīng)重點(diǎn)掌握。完形填空、短文改錯(cuò)均有考查。（一）常用介詞的基本用法及搭配：常用介詞有 at , in , for , of , from , with , by , behind , outside , above , before , after , below , over , under , between , among 等。at daybreak / at dawn （在破曉） ,

38、，at this time （ moment）（此刻）， at one time （同時(shí)，過去有個(gè)時(shí)期） ，at the beginning （ of）（在 之初），at the end of （在 之末），at noon （在正午）， at night （在夜晚） ，at first （起先）， at last （最后）， at once （馬上）at the post office , at the airport , at home , at the weekend ,at the age of 25 , at the end of ,at sunset , at Christmas ,

39、 at sea , at once , at first , at last , at least , at work , at all , at the same time , at birth , at present , at sight of , at any time , at the most , at the bottom , at the head of , at a time , at times , at the base , at the time of , at the speed of , at a height of , at the top , at colleg

40、e , at breakfast , at the latestsunset ?s?nset n. 日落（時(shí)），薄暮；晚霞；黃昏adj. 定期廢止的dawn d?:n n.黎明，拂曉；開端；醒悟vi. 破曉，（天）剛亮； 開始出現(xiàn)； 變得明朗vt. （開始）被理解，被領(lǐng)悟；被看清，被想到daybreak ?de?bre?k n.拂曉，黎明；天亮；旦；天明birth b ?: n. 出生；分娩；起源；出身born b ?:n vt. bear 的過去分詞；支撐，支持；親自攜帶，運(yùn)輸vi. 結(jié)果，生產(chǎn)； 與 有關(guān)adj. 出生的，出身于 的；天生的，天賦的in the world , in Chi

41、na ,in the evening , in （ the） future , in the snow（ rain , storm ） , in1997 , in March , in ink , in English ,in the newspaper（ book , magazine） , in those days , inthe past , in all , in fact , in a hurry , in short , in public , in return , in turn , in a word , in detail , in time , in the end ,

42、 in order to , in danger , in this way , in that case , in a short while , in search of , in place of , in the air , in case , in common , in the hope of , in need of , in other words , in praiseof , in si lence , in space , in the past , in one s opinion , in modern times , in surprise , in a minut

43、e ,in the centre of , in the heart of , in the open air , in bedon Monday , on Sundays , on the phone , on foot , on the blackboard , on（in ）the street , onpaper , on the head （ shoulder , door ）, on your right （ left）, on business , on Tuesday evening ,on my birthday , on the other hand , on fire ,

44、 on business , on duty , on time , on sale , on TV , on top of , on holiday , on the radio , on show , on earth , on the earth , on board , on the air , on fire ,on average , on one s own , and so onby ship （ sea , water） , by plane （air）, by bus（ bike） , by himself, by chance , by hand ,10by heart

45、, by mail , by mistake , by phone , by lorry , by law , by accident , by force , by road , year by year , side by side , stone by stone , by now （ then）for that reason , for example , for two years , for ever , for the time being , for sale , for free , for one thing , for oneself , for nothing , fo

46、r a while , for long（ be） of much use , die of ,be made of( 可以看出原料) , a map of China , a cup of tea（coffee ）, a piece of bread , rob sb. of sth ., be fond of , make fun of （嘲弄， 取笑； 開玩笑） ,be tired of , of one s own , of course , because of , insteadrunoutof of,to the door , to one s surprise（ joy , a

47、stonishment , satisfaction ） , to the east （north ）of , key （ answer , entrance） to , come up to , add up to , speak to , talk to , be open to the public , to the point , thanks to.（二）容易錯(cuò)、?？嫉慕樵~及搭配1. be made of （物理變化） 由 而制成） ，be made from （化學(xué)變化） 由 而制成） ，make A into B （把 A 制成 B）， be made in （由某地）生產(chǎn)）2.

48、 call on = visit （拜訪） ，call for sb. （邀約某人） go and pick sb. up / call at a place（拜訪某地）3. on business（出差） /strike （罷工） /duty（值日） / holiday（度假） / fire（失火） /vacation （度假） /watch （警戒） /sale（出售） /leave（請假） /guard（警戒）4. have some trouble / difficulty （ in ）doing sth. （在做 方面有困難） ，have a habit （習(xí)慣） /idea（想法）

49、 /plan（計(jì)劃） of doing sth.5. A is pleased to B , B is pleased with A（對 感到高興）6. get tired of （ 感到厭煩）7. with the help of , under the leadership of （在 的幫助領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下）8. by means of （通過）， by way of （經(jīng)由）， by heart（記?。?， by the way（順便說一下）9. out of question（毫無疑問），out of the question（毫無可能）10. prevent / stop / keep sb.

50、 from doing sth . （阻止某人做某事）11. be thankful to sb. for sth. （為某事感激某人）12. steal sth . from sb.rob sb. of sth.13. insist on doing sth . （堅(jiān)持做 ） ，persist in doing sth. （堅(jiān)持做 ） ，stick to （堅(jiān)持）， go on doing sth. （堅(jiān)持做 ）1114. set about doing sth .,set out to do sth. （著手開始做 ）set about 開始做（某事）；攻擊；抨擊（某人）；<非正 &

51、gt;散布（謠言）15. 注意表身體部位的某些名詞前要加定冠詞。look sb. in the face ,hit sb. on the face ,lead the cow by the nose16. do a favour for sb. = do sb. a favour（幫某人一個(gè)忙）17. reply / depend on sb. （依靠某人）， live on（以 為主食）18. tell A form B（區(qū)分 A 與 B ）tell tel vt.告訴，說；辨別；吩咐；講述vt.& vi.分辨，辨別；告訴，吩咐；泄漏；保證vi. 泄密，告發(fā)；（顏色、聲音等）顯示；識別