話語表達模式speech presentation

1、Speech presentation Xing XiaoheTypes of Speech Narrative Report of Speech Acts (NRSA) Indirect Speech (IS) Free Indirect Speech (FIS) Direct Speech (DS) Free Direct Speech (FDS) more indirect more directNRSA IS FIS DS FDS increase of narrators controlDirect Speech (DS) “寫作中敘述說話者實際所說的話的一種方式, 沒有引入任何語法

2、變化”(朗文語言教學及應用語言學詞典137)。Direct Speech (DS) 1 He said, “Ill come back here to see you again tomorrow.”2 Mary shouted, “But you promised to stay here with mother.” If one reports in direct speech he is claiming to report faithfully (a) what was stated and (b) the exact form of words which were used to

3、utter that statement.Three features: quotation marks introductory reporting clause reported clauseFunctions of DS Direct Vivid acoustic One evening he found himself sitting beside two ladies in the Rotunda. The house , thinly peopled and silent, gave distressing prophecy of failure. The lady who sat

4、 next him looked round at the deserted house once or twice and then said: “What a pity there is such a poor house tonight! Its so hard on people to have to sing to empty benches.” He took the remark as an invitation to talk. He was surprised that she seemed so little awkward. While they talked, he t

5、ried to fix her permanently in his memory A Painful Case/James JoyceIndirect Speech (IS)When one uses direct speech to report what someone has said, one quotes the words verbatim, whereas in indirect speech, one reports what was said in ones own words.DS: He said, Ill come back here to see you again

6、 tomorrow.IS: He said that he would return there to see her the following day.In the conversion, the following changes have taken place:() The quotation marks are removed.() The subordination of the reported clause to the reporting clause. (this is often made clear by the introduction of the conjunc

7、tion that) () Changes in person, tense，time and deictic terms.Functions of IS When IS is used to report speech, the person who is reporting the speech intervenes as an interpreter between the person he is talking to and the words of the person he is reporting, instead of merely quoting verbatim the

8、speech that occurred. What is reported can thus become fully integrated into the narrative.Free Direct Speech (FDS) Direct speech has two features which show evidence of the narrators presence, namely the quotation marks and the introductory reporting clause. Accordingly, it is possible to remove ei

9、ther or both of these features, and produce a freer form, which has been called FREE DIRECT SPEECH: one where the characters apparently speak to us more immediately without the narrator as an intermediary. DS: He said, Ill come back here to see you again tomorrow. FDS: 1 He said Ill come back here t

10、o see you again tomorrow. (quotation marks removed) 2 Ill come back here to see you again tomorrow. (the introductory reporting clause removed) 3 Ill come back here to see you again tomorrow. (both two features are removed)Functions of FDS direct; vivid; faster speedEg. Hes drunk now, he said. hes d

11、runk every night. what did he want to kill himself for? how should I know. how did he do it? he hung himself with a rope. who cut him down?Ernest Hemingway A Clean, Well-Lighted PlaceFree Indirect Speech (FIS)The form in between DS and IS is called Free Indirect Speech (FIS), so it is a kind of mixi

12、ng point between direct and indirect speech.As its name implies, FIS is normally thought of as a freer version of an ostensibly indirect form. Its most typical manifestation is one where, unlike IS, the reporting clause is omitted, but where the tense and person terms are those associated with IS. A

13、nd it keeps some characteristics of direct speech.DS: He said, Ill come back here to see you again tomorrow. IS: He said that he would return there to see her the following day.FIS: He would return there to see her again the following day. He would return there to see her again tomorrow . He would c

14、ome back there to see her again tomorrow. (share some of the features typically associated with DS)Fuctions of FIS1. Irony 2. Sympathy3. Semantic density Narrative Report of Speech Acts (NRSA) The possibility of a form which is more indirect than indirect speech is realized in sentences that merely

15、report that a speech act (or a number of speech acts) has occurred, but where the narrator does not have to commit himself entirely to giving the sense of what was said, let alone the form of words in which they were uttered.NRSA1 He said, Ill come back here to see you again tomorrow. (DS)He promise

16、d his return. He committed himself to another meeting. Where only a minimal account of the statementis given. We call this form the NARRATIVEREPORT OF SPEECH ACTS (NRSA)(NRSA)(NRSA) It is useful for summarizing relatively unimportant stretches of conversation, as can be seen from Joyces The Dead: Mr

17、 DArcy came from the pantry, fully swathed and buttoned, and in a repentant tone told them the history of his cold. Everyone gave him advice We are apparently seeing the event entirely from the writers perspectiveNRSAISFISDSFDSHe promised to return. (高度節(jié)儉)He said that he would return there to see her the following day. (節(jié)儉流暢)He wound co