江蘇省屆高三英語(yǔ)閱讀理解精讀(2)

1、江蘇省2010屆高三英語(yǔ)閱讀理解精讀（2）Method of Scientific InquiryWhy the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical sci

2、ence has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times are questions which have interested the modern philosopher not less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant. Was

3、it the employment of a new method of research, or in the exercise of greater virtue in the use of the old methods, that this singular modern phenomenon had its origin? Was the long period one of arrested development, and is the modern era one of normal growth? Or should we ascribe the characteristic

4、s of both periods to so-called historical accidents-to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?The explanation which has become commonplace, that the ancients employed deduction chiefly in their sc

5、ientific inquiries, while the moderns employ induction, proves to be too narrow, and fails upon close examination to point with sufficient distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modern scientific doctrines and inquiries. For all knowledge is founded on observation, and proceed

6、s from this by analysis, by synthesis and analysis, by induction and deduction, and if possible by verification, or by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deduction by steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method; and the ancient sciences afford examples of every one of these

7、methods, or parts of one method, which have been generalized from the examples of science.A failure to employ or to employ adequately any one of these partial methods, an imperfection in the arts and resources of observation and experiment, carelessness in observation, neglect of relevant facts, by

8、appeal to experiment and observationthese are the faults which cause all failures to ascertain truth, whether among the ancients or the moderns; but this statement does not explain why the modern is possessed of a greater virtue, and by what means he attained his superiority. Much less does it expla

9、in the sudden growth of science in recent times.The attempt to discover the explanation of this phenomenon in the antithesis of“theories " or“facts ”arid th e ideaec”among the ancients of the former, and their too exclusive attention to the latter-proves also to be too narrow, as well as open t

10、o the charge of vagueness. For in the first place, the antithesis is not complete. Facts and theories are not coordinate species. Theories, if true, are facts-a particular class of facts indeed, generally complex, and if a logical connection subsists between their constituents, have all the positive

11、 attributes of theories.Nevertheless, this distinction, however inadequate it may be to explain the source of true method in science, is well founded, and connotes an important character in true method. A fact is a proposition of simple. A theory, on the other hand, if true has all the characteristi

12、cs of a fact, except that its verification is possible only by indirect, remote, and difficult means. To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact.1. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage isA. Philosop

13、hy of mathematics.B. The Recent Growth in Science.C. The Verification of Facts.C. Methods of Scientific Inquiry.2. According to the author, one possible reason for the growth of science during the days of the ancient Greeks and in modern times isA . the similarity between the two periods.B . that it

14、 was an act of God.C . that both tried to develop the inductive method.D . due to the decline of the deductive method.3. The difference between “fact ” and “theory ”A . is that the latter needs confirmation.B . rests on the simplicity of the former.C . is the difference between the modern scientists

15、 and the ancient Greeks.D . helps us to understand the deductive method.4. According to the author, mathematics isA. an inductive science.B. in need of simple verification.C. a deductive science.D. based on fact and theory.5. The statement "Theories are facts “ may be called.A. a metaphor.B. a

16、paradox.C . an appraisal of the inductive and deductive methods.D . a pun.Vocabulary1. inductiveinduction2. deductivededuction3. culmination4. conversant (with)5. exercisesingular6. conjunction7. omnipotence8. Providence9. commonplace10. inquiry11. doctrine12. correlative13. antithesis14. coordinate

17、15. subsist16. attribute17. connote歸納法n.歸納法演繹法n0演繹法到達(dá)頂/極點(diǎn)熟悉的，精通的運(yùn)用，實(shí)行，執(zhí)行儀式卓越的，非凡的，獨(dú)一無(wú)二的結(jié)合，同時(shí)發(fā)生全能，無(wú)限權(quán)/威力（大寫(xiě)）指上帝，天道，天令平凡的，陳腐的調(diào)查，探究（真理，知識(shí)等）教義，學(xué)說(shuō)，講義相互關(guān)聯(lián)的對(duì)立面，對(duì)偶（修辭學(xué)中），對(duì)句同等的，并列的生存，維持生活特征，屬性意味著，含蓄（指詞內(nèi)涵）難句譯注1. Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culminatio

18、n of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years are questions which have interested the modern philosopher not less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant.結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)析破折號(hào)后面的內(nèi)容（見(jiàn)難句譯注 2）先撇開(kāi)。這樣便于理解，整個(gè)句子是主謂表結(jié)構(gòu)，前面一個(gè)問(wèn)題句作主語(yǔ)，question后跟一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，和not less than連接的表語(yǔ)

19、。參考譯文為什么歸納發(fā)和數(shù)學(xué)科學(xué)，在希臘文明達(dá)到頂點(diǎn)時(shí)首先快速發(fā)展后，兩千年 內(nèi)進(jìn)展緩慢，現(xiàn)在哲學(xué)家對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題的興趣不亞于對(duì)這些科學(xué)很熟悉研究的對(duì)象。2. and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematicalscience has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of

20、 our own times 參考譯文問(wèn)什么在后來(lái)的二百年中自然科學(xué)數(shù)理科學(xué)積累起來(lái)，它們廣泛的超越了過(guò) 去已知的一切，所以就把這些科學(xué)視為我們時(shí)代的產(chǎn)品。3. arrested development停滯發(fā)展（被制止了的發(fā)展）。4. Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save

21、 in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?參考譯文或者我們是否應(yīng)當(dāng)把兩個(gè)階段的特點(diǎn)歸因于所謂的歷史的偶然性（意外事 件）一一歸因于客觀環(huán)境中相似（結(jié)合）的影響。這一點(diǎn)除非以指導(dǎo)一切的上帝的智慧和無(wú) 限權(quán)利來(lái)解釋，否則難以解說(shuō)清楚。寫(xiě)作方法與文章大意這是篇議論文，論及科學(xué)探索的方法，總體是因果寫(xiě)法，具體分析又是對(duì)比寫(xiě)法。作者 采用問(wèn)答方式探究為什么希臘文明頂峰之后兩千年，科技發(fā)展緩慢，而最近兩百年又迅速發(fā) 展超越前人，其原因在哪里？是采用新，舊方法所致，歷史之偶然性，還是上天安排。然后以現(xiàn)代用歸納法，古代用演繹法太狹隘說(shuō)明科學(xué)總

22、是在觀察，實(shí)驗(yàn)，檢驗(yàn)，證實(shí)中前進(jìn)。但事實(shí)難以解釋慢和快的現(xiàn)象。最后以 對(duì)立”-事實(shí)和理論對(duì)立古代重視事實(shí)來(lái)解 釋。然這兩者是對(duì)立的統(tǒng)一。真正的理論就是事實(shí)。事實(shí)，構(gòu)成之間具邏輯聯(lián)系，就具有理 論的一切正面特性。這種區(qū)分雖不足以解釋科學(xué)研究中真正方法，但奠定了良好的基礎(chǔ)，含 有真正方法中的重要特性。答案祥解1. D.科學(xué)研究/探索的方法。文章一開(kāi)始就提出問(wèn)題，為什么從希臘文化頂峰時(shí)期后兩 千年來(lái)歸納法和數(shù)學(xué)科學(xué)發(fā)展如此緩慢，而后的兩百年又超越了前人，是應(yīng)用新，舊方法關(guān) 系還是其它（見(jiàn)難句譯注1,2）。第二段講埃及古代在科學(xué)探索中運(yùn)用了演繹推理法，而現(xiàn) 在應(yīng)用了歸納法。這種解釋太狹隘，經(jīng)仔細(xì)審核，難以很清晰地點(diǎn)明古代和現(xiàn)代科學(xué)教義和 探究上明顯的差別。因?yàn)橐磺兄R(shí)都基于觀察，通過(guò)分析，綜合，或綜合分析，歸納演繹推 理，