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1、介詞分類:一、表示地點(diǎn)位置的介詞(1) at, in, on, to, forat表示在小地方;表示“在附近,旁邊”。in表示在大地方;表示"在范圍之內(nèi)”。on表示毗鄰,接壤,“在上面”。to表示在范圍外,不強(qiáng)調(diào)是否接壤;或“到”。(2) above, over, on 在上above指在上方,不強(qiáng)調(diào)是否垂直,與below相對;over指垂直的上方,與under相對,但over與物體有一定的空間,不直接接觸。on表示某物體上面并與之接觸。例:The bird is flying above my head.小鳥在我的頭上飛。There is a bridge over the riv

2、er. 在河上有一座橋。He put his watch on the desk. 他把他的表放在了桌子上。(3) below, under 在下面under 表示在正下方below 表示在下,不一定在正下方例:There is a cat under the table.桌子底下有一只貓。Please write your name below the line.請?jiān)跈M線下寫上你的名字。(4) beside, behind beside 表示在旁邊behind 表示在后面二、表示時(shí)間的介詞(1) in, on , at 在時(shí)A、in表示較長時(shí)間,如世紀(jì)、朝代、時(shí)代、年、季節(jié)、月及一般(非特指

3、)的早、中、晚等。如:inthe1950s, in1989, insummer, inJanuary, inthemorning 等。B、on表示具體某一天及其早、中、晚。如:on May 1st, on Monday, onNew Year ' s Day, on a cold night in January, on a fine morning, on Sunday afternoon 等。C、at表示某一時(shí)刻或較短暫的時(shí)間,或泛指圣誕節(jié),復(fù)活節(jié)等。如:at 3:20, at this time of year, at the beginning of, at the end o

4、f, at the age of, at Christmas, at night, at noon, at this moment 等。(2) after在之后"after+ 一段時(shí)間”表示過去的一段時(shí)間以后;“after+將來的時(shí)間點(diǎn)”表示將來的某一時(shí)刻以后。三、其它常用介詞(1) about關(guān)于,附近,大約,周圍,隨身.I have bought a book about Shakespearean.我買了本有關(guān)莎士比亞的書。There are about fifteen trees in the picture.大約有十五棵樹在圖片里。(2) across橫過,對面,交叉,在的

5、對面Can you swim across the river?你能游過河嗎?我們住在街的對面。We live across the street.(3) along 沿著,順著.They are walking along the river.他們沿著河行走。(4) by被,在的近旁,在之前,不遲于,以為手段。The class room was cleaned by the students.教室由學(xué)生們打掃干凈了。Miss Lucy came to China by air.露西小姐是乘飛機(jī)來中國的。(5) for為,因?yàn)?,至于。He works for this company. 他為

6、這家公司工作。She came back to the classroom for she had lef the books in the class room.她返回至 U教室是因?yàn)榘褧粼诹四抢铩?6) from從,來自,因?yàn)閃here are you from? 你是哪里人?He diedf rom an accident.他死于一場事故。(7) of的,屬于This is a map of China.這是一張中國地圖。(8) with使用、和在一起We write with a pen.我們用筆寫字。Can you go to the park with me?你能和我一起去公園嗎

7、?注意:在 last, next, this, that, some, every等詞之前律不用介詞。如: We meet every day.小學(xué)常見介詞:1.on (1)在- 上面 The book is on the desk.(哪一天 / 星期)What do you do on Wednesday?在2. in|(月、日)My birthday is on August 2nd.(1) 在 里面 The pens are in the pencil-box.在(哪一年 /月)His birthday is in October.He worked here in 1992.(3 )

8、在 (地方)He works in Dongguan.(4 )在 之內(nèi) What are you going to do in 20 years?(5 )在-(早上、下午、晚上)I do morning exercises in the morning every day.I usually play basketball in the afternoon.I often do my homework in the evening.3. under在 底下 There is a ball under the bed.4. near在 附近 There is a book shop near o

9、ur school.5. in front of在 前面 A boy is standing in front of the house.6. beside在 旁邊 A football is beside the door.7. next to緊挨著 There is a bus station next to No. 13 Middle School.8. over在 正上方 A bridge is over the river.9. on the left在 左邊 The bookstore is on the left.10. on the right在 右邊 The hospital

10、 is on the right.11. before在之前 Mike sits before me.12. after在 以后 He went home after school.13. in the middle在 中間 The road is in the middle.14. at(1) 在 (小地方)I am at school today. I was at home yesterday.(2) 在 (點(diǎn)鐘)I usually go to school at 8:00 am.(3)看一看Look at the blackboard.(4)在中午 at noon15. behind在

11、 后面 There is a broom behind the door.16. for(1)給 This present is for you.(2)為了 Thank you for telling me the way to the zoo.(3)作為 We have some chips and hamburgers for lunch.17. . to(1)至Take your sport shoes to the P.E class.(2) 致 Happy birthday to you. Give it to your friend.18. from來自 I am from Chi

12、na. = I come from China.19. from - to從 到 Line up from shorter to taller.We have class from Monday to Friday.20. of 的 He is a student of Kama School.21. by(1) 在 之前 We must be at home by 6 o ' clock.(2) 乘 交通工具 People can go to the moon by spaceship.I go to school by bus.22. . with(1) 用 I write a l

13、etter with a pen.(2) 和 一起 He went to Shenzhen with his parents.23. between之間 There is a football match between Class One and Class Three.24. into至ij 里 Sharks can dive into the deep cold water.25. like(1) 象 The twins are like their father.(2)長相 怎樣? What' s he like?26. up向上 Put up your hands if yo

14、u have any questions.27. down向下 Put down all the books here.28. about(1)大約;關(guān)于 It' s about 6:00 now. 怎么樣? What about? How about-?29. what for為什么 But what for?介詞用法口訣:早、午、晚要用in, at黎明、午夜、點(diǎn)與分。年、月、年月、季節(jié)、周,陽光、燈、影、衣、冒 in。將來時(shí)態(tài)in.以后,小處at大處in。有形with無形by ,語言、單位、材料in。特征、方面與方式,心情成語慣用in。介tat和to表方向,攻擊、位置、惡、善分。日

15、子、日期、年月日,星期加上早、午、晚,收音、農(nóng)場、值日on,關(guān)于、基礎(chǔ)、靠、著論。著、罷、出售、偷、公、假,故意、支付、相反,準(zhǔn)。特定時(shí)日和"一就",on后常接動(dòng)名詞。年、月、日加早、午、晚,of之前on代in。步行、驢、馬、玩笑 on , cab , carriage 則用in。at山腳、門口、在當(dāng)前,速、溫、日落、價(jià)、核心。工具、和、同隨with ,具有、獨(dú)立、就、原因。就-來說賓譯主,對、有、方狀、表細(xì)分。海、陸、空、車、偶、被 by ,單數(shù)、人類know to manthis、that、tomorrow , yesterday , next、last、one 。接年

16、、月、季、星期、周,介詞省略已習(xí)慣。over、under 正上下,above、below 貝Ll不然, 若與數(shù)量詞連用,混合使用亦無關(guān)。beyond 超出、無、不能,against 靠著,對與反。besides , except 分內(nèi)外,among 之內(nèi) along 沿。同類比較except ,加for異類記心間。原狀 because of,、owing to 、due to 表語形容詞 under后接修、建中,of、from 物、化分。before、after 表一點(diǎn),ago、later 表一段。before能接完成時(shí),ago過去極有限。since 以來 during 間,since 時(shí)態(tài)多

17、變換。與之相比 beside ,除了 last but one 。復(fù)不定for、找、價(jià)、原,對、給、段、去、為、作、贊。 快到、對、向towards ,工、學(xué)、軍、城、北、上、南。 but for否定用虛擬,復(fù)合介詞待后言。ing型由于鑒,除了除外與包合。之后、關(guān)于、在方面,有關(guān)介詞須記全。in內(nèi)to外表位置,山、水、國界to在前。不定冠詞:定冠詞,英語虛詞冠詞的一種,冠詞是虛詞,本身不能單獨(dú)使用,也沒有詞義,它用在名詞的前面,幫助指明名詞的含義。英語中的冠詞有三種,一種是定冠詞,另一種是不定冠詞,還有一種是零冠詞。不定冠詞a(an)與數(shù)詞one同源,是''一個(gè)"的意

18、思。a用于輔音音素前,一般讀作e,而an則用于元音音素前,一般讀 做en。不定冠詞基本用法:不定冠詞主要用在可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)前,表示:1 .“一個(gè),She is a friend of mine.她是我的一位朋友。可用在表示數(shù)量的詞組中:four times a day, half a kilo2 . “某一個(gè)“A car is waiting at the gate.有輛車在門口 等你。3 .某類人或物(可用在表語、同位語中):She is a Canadian (dancer.) 她是加拿大人(舞蹈演員)4.某類人或物(可作主語,表示整個(gè)這類人或東西):A child needs love.

19、孩子需要愛。定冠詞和不定冠詞的區(qū)別:一、不定冠詞表示泛指,定冠詞表示特指。不定冠詞a (an)與數(shù)詞one同源,是"一個(gè)''的意思。a用于輔音音素前,一般讀作e,而an則用于元音音素前,一般 讀做en。1、表示"一個(gè)",意為one;指某人或某物,意為a certain 。如:A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.2、代表一類人或物 如:A knife is a tool for cutting with.Mr. Smith is an engineer.二、定冠詞the與指示代詞this , that同源,有"那(這

20、)個(gè)"的意思,但較弱,可以和一個(gè)名詞連用,來表示某個(gè)或某 些特定的人或東西。定冠詞的用法:1、特指雙方都明白的人或物:Take the medicine.把藥吃了。2、上文提到過的人或事:He bought a house. I've been to the house.他買了幢房子。我去過那幢房子。3、指世上獨(dú)一物二的事物:the sun , the sky , the moon , the earth4、單數(shù)名詞連用表示一類事物,如:the dollar 美元;the fox 狐貍;或與形容詞或分詞連用,表示一類人:the rich富人;the living 生者。5、用

21、在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級,及形容詞only, very, same等前面:Where do you live? I live on the second floor.你住在哪?我住在二層。That's the very thing I've been lo函ng for.那正是我要找的東西。6、與復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用,指整個(gè)群體:They are the teachers of this school.指全體教師)They are teachers of this school.(指部分教師)7、表示所有,相當(dāng)于物主代詞,用在表示身體部位的名詞前:She caught me by the

22、 arm.她抓住了我的手臂。8、用在某些由普通名詞構(gòu)成的國家名稱、機(jī)關(guān)團(tuán)體、階級、等專有名詞前:the People's Republic of China中華人民共和國the United States 美國9、用在表示樂器的名詞之前:She plays the piano.她會(huì)彈鋼琴。10、用在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞之前,表示一家人:the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫婦)11、用在慣用語中:in the day, in the morning (afternoon , evening), the day after tomorrowthe day before yesterday,

23、 the next morning,in the sky (water , field , country)in the dark, in the rain, in the distance,in the middle (of), in the end,on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre冠詞口訣:冠詞分為定冠、不定冠,不定冠詞a和an , “一”的含義表泛指 表示特指要用the ,次序、方位、最局級 世上物體獨(dú)一個(gè),人或事物再次提 以下情況冠詞免,學(xué)科球類三頓飯名詞復(fù)數(shù)表泛指,季節(jié)星期月份前不定冠詞位置:不定冠詞常位于名詞或名詞修飾語前。注意

24、:a.位于下列形容詞之后:such , what , many , half ,I have never seen such an animal.Many a man is fit for the job.b.當(dāng)名詞前的形容詞被副詞 as, so, too, how, however, enough修飾時(shí),不定冠詞應(yīng)放在形容詞之后:It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.So short a time.Too long a distance.c. quite , rather與單數(shù)名詞連用,冠詞放在其后。但當(dāng)rather , quite前仍有形

25、容詞,不定冠詞放其前后均可。如: quite a lotd.在as, though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中,當(dāng)標(biāo)語為形容詞修飾的名詞時(shí),不定冠詞放形容詞后:Brave a man though he is , he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他盡管勇敢,可見至U蛇還是發(fā)抖。當(dāng)名詞被比較級形容詞修飾時(shí),不定冠詞通常置于比較級形容詞之后。定冠詞通常位于名詞或名詞修飾語前,但放在 all, both , double , half , twice , three times 等詞之后,名詞之前。All the students in the class went

26、out.班里的所有學(xué)生都出去了?,F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的概念:現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在或當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作??梢员硎居杏?jì)劃的未來,也就是用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來?,F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成是:主語+be+v.ing現(xiàn)在分詞形式:例如: He is writing on the desk.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法:表示現(xiàn)在(指說話人說話時(shí))正在發(fā)生的事情。例如:We are waiting for you. 我們正在等你。b.習(xí)慣進(jìn)行:表示長期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作,說話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。例如:Mr.Green is writing another novel.他在寫另一部小說。(說話時(shí)并未在寫,只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。)c.表示漸

27、變, 這的動(dòng)詞有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin 等。例如:The leaves are turning red.葉子在變紅。It's getting warmer and warmer.天越來越熱了。d.與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用,表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài),往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。例如: You are always changing your mind.你老是改變主意?,F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)用法點(diǎn)撥:1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):在Here comes/There goes等句型里,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

28、代替現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。例如:There goes the bell. 鈴響了。2、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來時(shí):1)表示即將發(fā)生的或預(yù)定中計(jì)劃好的活動(dòng)。例如:Are you staying with us this weekend?和我們一起度周末好嗎We are leaving soon.我們馬上就走。2)漸變動(dòng)詞,如 get, run, grow, become, begin以及瞬間動(dòng)詞 die等。例如:He is dying.他要死了。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):過去發(fā)生并且已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在造成影響或后果,過去某一時(shí)間開始并一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語+have/has+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞句式:1 .否

29、定句式:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定句式是"haven't (hasn't ) +過去分詞.”。如:I have not seen the movie yet.我還沒看這部電影。2 . 一般疑問句:Have (Has) +主語+過去分詞.?如:Have you finished the work ?你已經(jīng)做完這項(xiàng)工作了嗎?Yes, I have.是的,我已經(jīng)做完了。( No, I haven't. 不,我還沒有做完。)3 .特殊疑問句:特殊疑問詞+have (has) +主語+過去分詞.?如:How many times have you been to the Grea

30、t Wall ?你去過長城幾次?提示:肯定句中有some, already時(shí),改為否定句或疑問句時(shí)通常要分別改為any, yet。如:I have already finished my homework.我已經(jīng)完成了 我的作業(yè)。f I haven't finished my homework yet.(否定句)f Have you finished your homework yet?(般疑問句 )現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常見兩種句型:for短語It is +一段時(shí)間+ since從句現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)特點(diǎn):1 .非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)的肯定式不能與時(shí)間段連用,若要用時(shí)間段狀語,則應(yīng)換成相應(yīng)的持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或狀

31、態(tài)動(dòng)詞。例如:He has left.He has been away for an hour.2 . have/has been to表示曾經(jīng)去過某地,但現(xiàn)在不在那;have/has gone to表示現(xiàn)在已去某地,現(xiàn)在不在這。例如:He has been to Canada, but now he is working in our company.Mr. Li in not at home. He has gone to Shanghai.3 .完成時(shí)的肯定式常用already,而否定式和疑問式常用yet,但若already用于疑問句時(shí),表示一種出乎意外的驚訝。例如: Have you

32、read it already?現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)區(qū)別:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)都表示在過去完成的動(dòng)作。但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是這一動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。如對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響等,而一般過去時(shí)只表示動(dòng)作在過去某一時(shí)刻發(fā)生,不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。比較:I have lost my new book.我把新書丟了。(現(xiàn)在還未找到)I lost my new book yesterday.我昨天把新書丟了。(昨天丟的,現(xiàn)在找到與否沒說明)have been(to) 與 have gone( to) 的區(qū)另U:have been(to)表示“去過某地(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來了)",可用于各人稱;have g

33、one(to)表示"去某地了(說話時(shí)某人不在當(dāng)?shù)?”,常用于第三人稱,前者可與 once ,never,several times等連用,后者則不能。如:They have been to Beijing twice.他們?nèi)ミ^北京兩次。He has gone to Beijing .他去北京了。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)注意事項(xiàng):1 .如單純表示一段時(shí)間,或強(qiáng)調(diào)一段時(shí)間,雖有 since 一詞,也不必用完成時(shí)。如:It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父親去世已有三年了。2 .終

34、止性動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定式,已變成一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài),因此可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。如: I haven't left here since 1997. 自從1997年以來,我一直沒有離開過這兒。3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能單獨(dú)與準(zhǔn)確時(shí)間連用,(如表示過去的時(shí)間狀語)如:yesterday(morning 、 afternoon),last(morning 、 afternoon )等,除非與 for,since 連用.4.不能與when連用.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法:1 .表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去某個(gè)不確定的時(shí)間,但對現(xiàn)在留下了某種影響和結(jié)果。常被just、already、yet等副詞修飾。如:-Hav

35、e you had lunch yet?-Yes,I have. I've just had it.2 .表示從過去某一時(shí)刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能剛停止,可能仍然在進(jìn)行。常帶有for和since等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語。如:He has taught here since 1981他自1981年就在這兒教書。(可能還要繼續(xù)教)I have't seen her for four years.我有四年沒見到她了。3 .表示說話前發(fā)生過一次或多次的動(dòng)作,現(xiàn)在成為一種經(jīng)驗(yàn),一般譯為漢語“過”。常與 twice,ever,never,three times 等時(shí)間狀語

36、。 如:I have been to Beijing twice.我去過北京4 .現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還往往可以同包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語連用,如:now,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,this morning/week/month/year,just,today,up to presents。far 等:Peter has written six papers so far.Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.There has been too muc

37、h rain in San Francisco this year.The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.Up to the present everything has been successful.5 .現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往同表示不確定的過去時(shí)間狀語連用,如:already (肯定),yet (否定,疑問),just,before,recently,still,lately,never 等:He has already obtained a scholarship.I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).We have seen that film before.Have they found the missing child yet?6 .現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“完成用法”現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“完成用法"指的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去

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