動詞的ing形式

1、2021屆新課標高考英語精華知識點終極解密專題05動詞的-ing形式動詞的-ing形式包括傳統(tǒng)語法的“動名詞"( gerund)和"現(xiàn)在分詞"(present participle )兩個部 分.動詞的-ing形式具有動詞的特征,同時又具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征,因此它可以在句中作主語、 表語、定語、賓語、賓語補足語和狀語.一、 動詞-ing形式的特征和種類與動詞不定式一樣,動詞的 -ing形式也具有動詞的特征,有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化,并可帶狀語、賓語等.A.動詞-ing 形式的一般式1 .動詞-ing形式的一般式可用來泛指一個動作,沒有特別的時間意義.Swimmi

2、ng is her favorite sport.游泳是她最喜歡的體育運動.Learning is important to modern life.學習對現(xiàn)代生活很重要.2 .動詞-ing形式的一般式可用來表示和謂語動詞同時發(fā)生的動作.They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing.他們有說有笑地走出教室.She listened carefully to her neighbours speaking.她傾聽她鄰居的講話.3 .動詞-ing形式的一般式有時也可表示在謂語動詞的動作之前或之后發(fā)生的動作.I remembered sen

3、ding him an e-mail last week.我記得上星期給他發(fā)過一份電子郵件.He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday.他建議下個星期天帶我女兒去動物園.B.動詞-ing形式的完成式動詞的-ing形式的完成式表示一個已完成的動作,這個動作發(fā)生或完成在謂語動詞表示的動作之前.Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well.在這個城市生活了3 年,她對這里已很熟悉.I really regretted having misse

4、d such an exciting lecture.錯過了這么振奮人心的演講, 我真的很遺憾.注意：在現(xiàn)代英語中,作賓語的-ing形式的完成式可用一般式來代替.I really regretted missing such an exciting lecture.錯過了這么振奮人心的演講,我真的很遺憾.(=I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.)We remembered seeing the film.我們記得看過這部電影.(=We remembered having seen the film. )C.動詞-i

5、ng形式的被動形式動詞的-ing形式的被動形式表示它的邏輯主語是-ing形式表示的動作的承受者.正在討論的問題很重要.1 . 一般式的被動形式The question being discussed is very important.I can't stand being kept waiting.我不堪久候.我聽說他被選為球隊的教練.在被帶去看了實驗室之后,2 .完成式的被動形式I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team.Having been shown the lab, we were taken

6、to see the school library.我們又被帶去參觀校圖書館.D.動詞-ing形式的否認形式動詞的-ing形式的否認形式是由 not加動詞的-ing形式構成.His not coming made everyone present very disappointed.他沒來使在場的每個人都很失望.I'm sorry for not being present at the meeting in time.我很抱歉沒能按時赴會.Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.不知道

7、他的地址, 我只好在家里等著.Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations.由于沒有努力學習功課,他測試不及格.二、動詞的-ing形式的用法A.動詞的-ing形式作主語1 .動詞的-ing形式可直接置于句首作主語.Seeing is believing.百聞不如一見.Collecting stamps is interesting.集郵彳艮有趣.Learning about a language is easier than using it.學習有關語言的知識比使用語言容易.Being invited

8、 to the party was a great honor to the family.被邀請參力晚會是這家人的榮耀.2 .為了保持句子平衡,通常用先行詞it作形式主語,而把真正的主語放在句末.It is easy making plans, but it is difficult carrying them.制定計戈U很容易,實行它去K艮難.It is no use crying over spilt milk.作無益的懊悔是沒有用的.It's a waste of time arguing about it.爭論這事是浪費時間.必背：動詞的-ing形式作主語的幾個常用句型.It

9、's no good talking to him.和他談話是沒有用的.It is useless telephoning him. He is not willing to come.給他打 沒用.他不愿意來.It's worth making an effort.努力一下是值得的.There is no saying when it will stop raining.無法斷定這場雨什么時候會停.There is no joking about such matters.這種事開不得玩笑.B.動t的-ing形式作表語動詞的-ing形式作表語的有兩種不同的含義：她的工作是盡量

10、使報告廳保持干凈.1 .表示主語的內容是什么.Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible.The real question is getting to know the needs of the students.真正的問題是了 解學生的需要.His hobby is collecting stamps.他的愛好是集郵.2 .表示主語具有的特征.The problem is quite puzzling.這個問題很令人困惑.It was astonishing to see the animals and plants t

11、hat are found nowhere else in the world.看到了世界上其它地方找不到的動植物真是令人驚訝.The food at the dinner party did not seem very inviting.宴會上的食物似乎并不誘人.比擬：一般說來,動詞的-ing形式表示一般性、習慣性的動作,或抽象性的動作,時間概念不強.而動詞不 定式表示的動作往往是具體的或一次性的動作,特別是將來的動作.Smoking is forbidden here.這里禁止吸煙.泛指It's not good for you to smoke so much.吸這么多煙對你的身

12、體不好.具體They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold.天冷時他們喜歡呆在室內. 泛指Would you prefer to stay at home this evening今晚你想待在家里嗎具體C.動t的-ing形式作賓語動詞的-ing形式既可作及物動詞的賓語,也可作介詞的賓語.1 .作動詞的賓語能用-ing形式作賓語的及物動詞可分兩類,一類是只能用-ing形式作賓語,另一類是既可用-ing形式作賓語,也可用不定式作賓語.只能用-ing形式作賓語的動詞這類動詞只能用-ing形式作賓語,不能用不定式作賓語.Fancy meetin

13、g you here!想不到在這兒見到你了！I suggest doing it in a different way.我建議用另一種方法做這件事.They didn't mind being treated like guests.他們不在乎被人當作賓客對待.They admitted smokinghaving smoked in the hall.他們成認在大廳里抽過煙.I regret sayinghaving said what I said.我很懊悔自 己說過的話.He couldn't help laughing.他情不自禁地笑了起來.I can't im

14、agine the boy speaking so rudely to you.我不能想像這個男孩對你說話這么沒禮貌.必背：只接動詞的-ing形式而不接不定式作賓語的動詞有admit 成認appreciate 感謝avoid 防止consider 考慮delay 耽誤dislike 嫌惡enjoy 喜歡escape 防止excuse 原諒fancy 想不到feel like 意欲finish 完成forgive 原諒give up 放棄cannot help 情不自 禁imagine 設想include 包括keep 保持mention 提及mind 介意miss 逃過put off 推遲pr

15、actice 練習resist 抵抗risk 冒險既可用動詞-ing形式作賓語,也可用不定式作賓語這類動詞雖然既能用-ing形式作賓語,也能用不定式作賓語,但用法并不相同,主要有以下幾種情況：a. 有些動tBJ, 如 attempt, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer等, 后面接動詞的 -ing 形式或不定式區(qū)別不是很大.They prefer spending to spend their summer vacation in Dalian.他們更喜歡在大連度暑假.I intend to buy buying an English-Chin

16、ese dictionary.我想買一本英漢詞典.提示：應盡量防止接連出現(xiàn)兩個動詞-ing形式.I am starting to learn Russian.我開始學俄語.防止說：I am starting learning Russian.我開始學俄語.b. need, require, want 作“需要解時,后面接 -ing形式的主動形式或不定式的被動形式,意義上to be corrected.你的作文需要修改.并無差異,但用-ing形式比擬普通.Your composition needs correctingHis coat wants cleaning to be cleaned.

17、The old woman requires looking after carefully他的大衣需要洗了.to be looked after carefully.這個老大娘需要細心地照料.2 .作介詞賓語動詞的-ing形式作介詞賓語大都和一些固定搭配有關.常見的幾種搭配形式有： 動詞+介詞+ -ing 形式Jason aims at becoming an astronaut.詹森立志要當宇航員.I dream of being the best footballer in the school.我夢想成為全校最好的足球隊員.比擬：keep doing繼續(xù)或保持做某事.強調動作的持續(xù)性N

18、ews lf successes keeps pouring in.捷報頻傳.Keep on doing繼續(xù)或反復做某事.強調動作的反復性We will keep on trying and.if we get anything done.will notify you.我們將繼續(xù)努力.有結果將通知你.Keep sb doing使某人一直做某事(表示被迫進行的動作)I'll try not to keep you waiting.我盡量不讓你久等.Keep sb from doing阻止某人做某事(= preventstop sb from doing )The stone walls

19、 keep the farmer's cows from joining his neighbor's cows.石頭墻使農民家的牛不會混入鄰居的牛群中去.動詞+名詞+介詞+ -ing 形式Please excuse me for being late.對不起,我遲至U了.What prevented you from joining us last night昨天晚上什么事使你不能和我們在一起Sandy wasted no time in getting to know the boss's daughter.桑迪很快就開始就和老板的女兒套近乎了.名詞+介詞+ -in

20、g 形式He has little hope of passing the examination.I have no difficulty in communicating with foreigners. 形容詞+介詞+ -ing 形式I'm tired of having the same food every day.Peter is angry about not being invited to the party.Who's responsible for organizing this conference whathow about + -ing 形式他幾乎沒

21、有什么希望通過測試.我在和外國人交談方面沒有什么困難.天天吃同樣的東西我感到膩煩了.沒有被邀請出席聚會,彼得很生氣.是誰負責組織這次大會We like his way of teaching English.我們喜歡他教英語的方式.去散步好不好?What about going for a walk現(xiàn)在來下盤棋好嗎約翰已成認了打碎窗子.你必須習慣用冷水洗臉.我盼望今年暑假見到你.他為全人類的利益獻出了自己的一生.然而,另有一些人強烈反對開展私他妻子死后不久,這人就開始嗜酒.難道還沒到你安下心來閱卷的時間嗎How about playing a game of chess now介詞to + 動

22、詞-ing形式to既可以是介詞,也可以是不定式符號, 在使用中比擬容易混淆. 假設是不定式符號,to后接動詞原形;假設是介詞,to后需接-ing形式.You must get used to washing your face with cold water.John has admitted to breaking the window.I'm looking forward to seeing you this summer vacation.He has devoted his whole life to benefiting mankind.However, others st

23、rongly object to developing private cars.人小汽車.He is equal to doing this task.他能勝任這項任務.The man took to drinking shortly after his wife died.Isn't it time you got down to marking those papersD.動t的-ing形式作賓語補足語1 . 動詞的-ing 形式可以在 see, hear, notice, watch, feel, smell, look at, listen to, observe, find

24、等表示感官和心理狀態(tài)的動詞后面作賓語補足語,和一個名詞或代詞一起構成復合賓語.We heard the children shouting upstairs.我們聽見孩子們在樓上叫喊.I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.我下車的時候注意至 U個男人從銀行里跑出來.I felt my heart beating violently.我覺得我的心在猛烈地跳動.2 .動詞的-ing形式和不定式作賓語補語的區(qū)別在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官動詞后,既可用動詞的 -ing形式構

25、成復合賓語,也可用不定式構成復合賓語,兩者之間有一定的區(qū)別.用動詞的-ing形式時,表示動作 正在進行；用不定式時,表示動作發(fā)生了,即動作的全過程結束了.He saw a girl getting on the car.他看見個女孩在上汽車.(She was getting on the car.)He saw a girl get on the car and drive off.他看見一個女孩上車開走了.(She got on the carand drove off.)Do you hear someone knocking at the door 你聽見有人在敲嗎 (Someone i

26、s knocking at the door.)Do you hear someone knock at the door 你聽見有人敲了嗎 (Someone knocked at the door just now.)提示：如果賓語補足語是一系列的動作,通常只能用不定式來表示,不用動詞的 -ing形式.I saw him enter the room, sit down and light a cigarette.我看見他走進房間,坐了下來,點燃了一根香煙.等表示“致使的動詞后作賓語3 .動詞的-ing 形式也可用在 have, get, leave, keep, set, catch 補足

27、語.They should not leave us wondering what they will do next.他們不應該不讓我們知道他們下步要做什么.I won't have you running about in the room.我不允許你在房間里跑來跑去.We kept the fire burning all night long.我們使火整夜燃燒著.E.動t的-ing形式作定語1 .單個的動詞的-ing形式可以作前置定語,一般有兩種含義.說明被修飾名詞的用途和性能.a reading room= a room which is used for reading閱覽

28、室running shoes= shoes for running 跑鞋a working method = a method of working工作方法必背：a sewing machine 縫紉機a swimming pool游泳池a drawing board畫板a dining car餐車a driving permit駕駛許可證a walking stick手杖a singing competition歌詠比賽a waiting room候車室表示所修飾的人或物的動作或狀態(tài),在意思上接近一個定語從句,可以表示正在進行的動作,也可 表示經(jīng)常性動作或當時的狀態(tài).開展中國家看起來很普通的

29、房子困擾人的問題勞動人民是我們國家的主人.developing countries = countries that are developing an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody The working people are masters of our country.Let sleeping dogs lie.不要惹麻煩.必背：a disappointing play令人失望的戲劇an astonishin

30、g adventure 驚人的冒險boiling water正在沸騰的水a sleeping baby熟睡的嬰兒a barking dog the setting sun the coming week failing sight狂吠的狗落日下一周逐漸衰退的視力裝著醋的那個瓶子應送到實2 .作定語的-ing形式如是一個短語,那么應放在被修飾詞的后面.The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory.驗室去OThey lived in a house facing south.他們住在一所朝南的房子里.The book

31、being discussed a lot will be published next month.人們談論很多的那本書下一個月將出版.3 .有些情況下,動詞的-ing形式不能用來作定語,必須使用定語從句.作定語的-ing形式表示的動作要與主句謂語的動作同時發(fā)生,如兩者不能同時發(fā)生的話,那么需使用 定語從句.【誤】 The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture.【正】 The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture.昨天來的教授將要給我們作一個講座

32、.-ing形式的完成式一般只用來作狀語,不作定語.【誤】 The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.【正】 The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.被地震毀壞的廟宇很快就要修建了.F.動t的-ing形式作狀語動詞的-ing形式可以作狀語,修飾動詞,在句中表示時間、原因、結果、條件、讓步、行為方式或伴隨情況等.-ing形式作時間、原因、條件、讓步狀語時多位于句首；作結果、伴隨情況狀語時常

33、位于句末.1 .表示時間,相當于一個時間狀語從句.Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood.看到那些畫,她想起了 自己的童年.(=Whenshe saw those pictures. )Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.我們已經(jīng)作好了 充分準備,現(xiàn)在可以應考了. ( = After we have made full preparation.)2 .表示原因,相當于一個原因狀語從句.Not knowing his address, I c

34、an't send this book to him.由于不知道他的地址,我不能把這本書送給他.(=As I don't know his address.)Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday. 由于生病,他昨天沒有上學.(=Since he was ill. )他父親死了,留給他許多錢.(=. and left3 .表示結果,相當于一個并列謂語.His father died, leaving him a lot of money.him a lot of money )She was so angry that s

35、he threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.她非常生氣,把玩具扔在地上,摔成了碎片.(=. and broke it into pieces.)4 .表示條件,相當于一個條件狀語從句.Going straight down the road, you will find the department store.順著這條路直走,你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)那家百貨商店.(=If you go straight down the road.)Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed. 如果你努力

36、學習,就定能成功. (=If you workhard at your lessons. )5 .表示讓步,相當于一個讓步狀語從句.Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.盡管知道了一切情況,他們還是要我賠償損失.(=Although they knew all this.)Working hard as he did, he was still unable to earn enough money to buy a car.他雖然努力地干,但仍然掙不夠買車的錢.(=Though he worked hard as he did.

37、)6 .表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補充說明,相當于一個并列結構.He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.他躺在草地上,長時間地望著天空.(=.and stared at the sky for a long time)She came into the house, carrying a lot of books. 她捧著許多書走進了房間. (=.and carrieda lot of books )三、動詞的-ing形式的邏輯主語A.作主語的-ing 形式-ing形式作主語時,其邏輯主語對于談話雙方是不言而喻的.Readi

38、ng aloud is very helpful.朗讀是很有好處的.Reading aloud 的邏輯主語是泛指任何人,因而無需表達出來提示：如果作主語的-ing形式需要自己的邏輯主語時,一般用物主代詞或名詞所有格即名詞后加's .His father's falling ill worried him greatly.他父親生病使他很著急. his father > fallingill的邏輯主語Your coming to work with us will be a great encouragement to us.你來和我們道工作,對我們是很大的鼓舞.you是c

39、oming to work with us的邏輯主語B.作表語的-ing 形式我擔憂的是她天天晚上熬夜熬-ing 形式作表語時,其邏輯主語往往是句子中的主語,但作表語的-ing形式也可帶有自己的邏輯主What worries me most is Julia's staying too late every night.的邏輯主語是Julia 得太遲. staying too late every nightnot havingThe main problem is your not having practiced a lot.主要的問題是你缺乏大量的練習.practiced a l

40、ot 的邏輯主語是 you C.作定語的-ing形式-ing 形式作定語時,其邏輯主語就是它修飾的名詞.an interesting book本有意思的書 =a book that interests its readersa running stream條奔流的/、溪 =a stream that is running如果-ing形式的邏輯主語是動作的承受者,就要用 -ing形式的被動式.The meeting being held in Beijing now is of great importance.正在北京召開的會議非常重要.邏輯主語the meeting和"舉行&quo

41、t;之間的關系是被動的,所以用 being heldD.作賓語的-ing形式-ing 形式作賓語時,其邏輯主語常是句子中的主語.如要明確動作的執(zhí)行者,也可以在-ing形式前加上名詞或代詞表示邏輯主語.I can't imagine John's giving a speech in front of so many people.我不能想像約翰會在這么多人前面發(fā)言.John是giving a speech的邏輯主語He was awakened by someone knocking at the door. 他被某人的敲聲吵醒了.someone > knockingat

42、 the door的邏輯主語The boss understood himhis wanting to leave.老板明白他為什么要離職."他"是 wanting toleave邏輯主語比擬：He insisted on doing it himself.他堅持要自己做.doing it的邏輯主語是句子的主語"他"He insisted on my doing it.他堅持要我做.doing it 的邏輯主語是"我"Would you mind opening the window 請你把窗子翻開好嗎opening the window 的邏輯主語是"你"Would you mind my opening the window你介意我把窗子翻開嗎 opening the window的邏輯主語是“我E.作賓語補足語的-ing形式動詞-ing形式作邏輯主語時,它的邏輯主語就是它前面的賓語.We often hear her singing this song.我們經(jīng)常聽見她唱這首歌.sing