B1 Unit 4 Text 1 英漢對(duì)照

1、8英語(yǔ)泛讀教程1-Unit Four-Text 1英漢對(duì)照Text OneMigratory Birds and CoffeeIntroduction-Shade-grow coffee plantations play a key role in the conservation of migratory birds that have found a sanctuary in he forest-like environment. Read the following fact sheet and learn more about it. 1 In both North and Latin

2、 America, migratory birds have found a sanctuary in the forest-like environment of traditional coffee plantations. In eastern Chiapas, Mexico, biologists found that traditionally-managed coffee and cacao (chocolate) plantations support over 150 species of birds; a greater number is found in other ag

3、ricultural habitats, and exceeded only in undisturbed tropical forest. Even in very disturbed areas, coffee plantations support good populations of migrants and other species that prefer or are restricted to forest habitats, such as redstarts, black-throated green warblers , and residents including

4、parrots and woodcreepers. 2 However, because of recent changes in coffee production and marketing, shade coffee plantations are a threatened habitat. In the past twenty years, coffee has begun to be grown with no shade canopy at all. While this manner of cultivation produces increased yields, these

5、cannot be sustained for many years without intensive management (additions of chemical fertilizers and a range of insecticides, herbicides and fungicides). 3 Aside from the agronomic risks, sun coffee production has resulted in major habitat change for migratory birds in the past two decades. Of the

6、 permanent cropland planted in coffee, the amount under modern, reduced-shade coffee systems ranges from 17% in Mexico to 40% in Costa Rica and 69% in Colombia. The few studies that have been conducted have found that the diversity of migratory birds drops sharply when coffee is converted from shade

7、 to sun. One study found a decrease from 10 to 4 common species of migratory birds. As for the overall avifauna, studies in Colombia and Mexico found 94-97% fewer bird species in sun grown coffee than in shade grown coffee. This comes as no surprise since over two-thirds of the birds are found in th

8、e canopy of shade plantations and less than 10% are found in coffee plants.4 Of all agricultural systems in the tropics, shade coffee plantations have been found to have some of the highest numbers of individuals and species of migratory birds: Chan Robbins and Alejandro Estrada, leading a team of b

9、ird surveyors around Mexico and the Caribbean Basin, found that cacao and coffee plantations supported the largest numbers of forest-dependent migratory birds of any agricultural habitats. 5 In Where Have All the Birds Gone?, tropical ecologist John Terborgh writes “Some agricultural practices are c

10、ompatible with the maintenance of high populations of migrants. He concluded that "coffee and cacao make good migrant habitat" although some forest specialist species, particularly residents, may be missing. 6 Grown in the time-honored manner, coffee bushes are cultivated under a forest ov

11、erstory. Coffee is also commonly grown using indigenous agroforestry techniques, originally developed for growing cacao. This involves planting a mixture of nitrogen-fixing trees with other useful species to provide shade. Up to 40 species of trees can be found in some traditionally managed plantati

12、ons, and many of these are managed for household or commercial commodities such as wood or fruit. 7 Shade trees protect the understory coffee plants from rain and sun, help maintain soil quality, reduce the need for weeding, and aid in pest control. Organic matter from the shade trees also provides

13、a natural mulch, which reduces the need for chemical fertilizers, reduces erosion, contributes important nutrients to the soil, and prevents metal toxicities. 8 Traditional coffee plantations can be thought of as modified forest habitats. Even where a single species of tree is planted as cover, the

14、trees often produce flower and fruit crops used by omnivorous birds, such as Tennessee warblers and orchard orioles. Evidence suggests that up-mountain and northward movements are timed to take advantage of the blossoming of plantation trees. 9 In the regions most heavily used by migratory birdsMeso

15、america, the Caribbean islands,and Colombiacoffee plantation "forests" cover 2.7 million hectares, or almost half of the permanent cropland. In southern Mexico, coffee plantations cover an area over half the size of all of the major moist tropical forest reserves, providing critical woodla

16、nd habitat in mid-elevation areas where virtually no large reserves are found. 10 Birds are only one indicator of the role that coffee plays in protecting biological diversity. Ongoing studies of insects, canopy trees, orchids, and amphibians show that coffee plantations are often critical refuges p

17、rotecting forest species where there is no longer any forest. In Costa Rica, insect diversity in shaded coffee rivals that found in lowland rain forest areas. 11 Shade coffee presents a tremendous opportunity for both conservation and economic gain, in that such a relatively benign form of agricultu

18、re has been and continues to be so significant an economic engine for the Latin American and Caribbean region. 12 Although coffee originated in the Old World, over 2/3 of the current world production is exported from Latin America and the Caribbean. It is primarily grown by families on small farms.

19、Coffee is the third most common import in the U.S., behind oil and steel, respectively. The U.S. consumes about 1/3 of the world's coffee. 13 In dollar value, coffee is second only to petroleum as the most important legal export commodity in the world. Revenues exceed 10 billion dollars per year

20、. It is the second largest source of foreign exchange for developing countries around the world and is particularly important for Latin America and the Caribbean, where it is the leading source of foreign exchange. 14 Productive sun coffee cultivation requires chemical inputs and year-round labor, p

21、lacing financial demands and the need for credits on the growers. Consequently, most "technification" of coffee growing (conversion to sun plantations) is done by larger land-holders. 15 While technified coffee may signify benefits to producers in terms of total crop outputa condition whic

22、h may not hold true over the long run, and already proven false in some areas where sun coffee is being grownthe relentless push of agribusiness to produce more coffee per unit area may have serious environmental and social ramifications. 16 Conversion to sun coffee appears to lead to greater soil e

23、rosion, acidification, and higher amounts of toxic run-off. In addition, conversion to sun coffee results in a loss of trees, which both provide "insurance" crops to the grower (e.g. fuel wood, timber, citrus, and other fruit trees planted in the canopy), and help maintain local and micro-

24、climatic conditions. 17 Increasingly, the relationship between sound agriculture, the long-term health of rural farmers, and maintenance of biological diversity is more obvious. Because of its high profitability per unit area compared to raising corn or beef, coffee growing had been seen as a way fo

25、r small landowners to obtain cash with relatively little investment. Traditional coffee farming reduces the farmer's dependence on expensive chemical applications, safeguarding growers and their families from the possible harmful effects of contact with pesticides. 18 However, the reliance on a

26、single export commodity by farmers in many countries often ends in overproduction. and the trend towards free market economics has caused a crisis in coffee production. countries such as Colombia have taken deliberate steps to modernize production, driving small and "inefficient" growers i

27、nto alternative land uses. With a simultaneous reduction in access to agricultural credits, many farmers struggle to make ends meet and some have been forced to alter their coffee plantations by removing canopy trees for fire-wood or abandoning coffee as their cash crop altogether. 19 The conservati

28、on of migratory birds depends on conservation of habitats, but parks and reserves alone will not provide adequate space for protection. The fate of migratory birds and other wide-ranging species depends upon the quality of human-managed habitats. The health of temperate and tropical ecosystems is bo

29、und together by the migration of billions of birds each yearand shaded coffee plantations play a key role. 20 This form of land use may itself be on the way to becoming an endangered species. Ponder this over your next cup of coffee: Would you be willing to pay more for coffee if you knew the extra

30、money would be used for extension services and affordable credit for coffee farmers to survive and grow coffee in a more bird-friendly manner? 課文一Migratory Birds and Coffee 導(dǎo)語(yǔ)：侯鳥(niǎo)在類(lèi)似森林環(huán)境的蔭栽咖啡種植園找到了棲息地，這些種植園在保護(hù)候鳥(niǎo)方面起了重要作用。閱讀下面的介紹，以了解更多這方面的信息。 1. 在北美洲和拉丁美洲，候鳥(niǎo)在傳統(tǒng)咖啡種植園類(lèi)似森林的環(huán)境中找到棲息地。生物學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，在東恰帕斯和墨西哥，傳統(tǒng)方式經(jīng)營(yíng)

31、的咖啡和可可(巧克力)種植園支持的鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)超過(guò)150種。在其他農(nóng)業(yè)棲息地，發(fā)現(xiàn)的鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)數(shù)目更大，末受侵?jǐn)_的熱帶森林才會(huì)超過(guò)這個(gè)數(shù)目。即使在受到較大侵?jǐn)_的地區(qū)，咖啡種植園也支持為數(shù)可觀(guān)的候鳥(niǎo)和其他鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)。這些候鳥(niǎo)和其他鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)，如紅尾鳥(niǎo)和黑喉綠鶯，以及包括鸚鵡和砍林鳥(niǎo)在內(nèi)的居民，選擇了森林棲息地，或者僅限于森林棲息地。 2. 然而，由于近來(lái)咖啡生產(chǎn)和營(yíng)銷(xiāo)方面的變化，蔭栽咖啡種植園成了受到威脅的棲息地。過(guò)去的20年里，開(kāi)始不用任何蔭遮來(lái)種植咖啡。這樣的種植方式提高了產(chǎn)量，同時(shí)，如果沒(méi)有精心管理(增加化肥和一定范圍的除蟲(chóng)劑、除草劑和殺菌劑)，就不能持續(xù)多年高產(chǎn)。 3. 除了農(nóng)林方面的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，日照咖啡生產(chǎn)導(dǎo)致過(guò)去2

32、0年候鳥(niǎo)主要棲息地的變化。在種植咖啡的永久性作物區(qū)，現(xiàn)代的，減少蔭栽咖啡的系統(tǒng)，其總量在墨西哥為17，在哥斯達(dá)黎力口為40，在哥倫比亞為69。已經(jīng)進(jìn)行的為數(shù)不多的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)咖啡由遮蔭變?yōu)槿照?，候鳥(niǎo)種類(lèi)就急劇下降。有一個(gè)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，常見(jiàn)候鳥(niǎo)種類(lèi)從10減少到4。在哥倫比亞和墨西哥的研究表明，區(qū)域鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)總數(shù)在日照咖啡種植區(qū)比蔭栽咖啡種植區(qū)要少94-97。這樣的數(shù)據(jù)并不令人吃驚，因?yàn)槿藗儼l(fā)現(xiàn)，樹(shù)陰覆蓋的種植園可以看到的鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)超過(guò)三分之二，而在日照咖啡樹(shù)叢里，鳥(niǎo)的種類(lèi)不到十分之一。 4. 人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，在熱帶所有農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)中，蔭栽咖啡種植園有一些數(shù)量較多的個(gè)體和候鳥(niǎo)種類(lèi)。尚羅賓斯和亞歷杭德羅埃斯特拉達(dá)率領(lǐng)一組鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)

33、調(diào)查人員活動(dòng)在墨西哥和加勒比盆地附近。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，可可和咖啡種植園支持農(nóng)業(yè)棲息地的森林依賴(lài)性候鳥(niǎo)數(shù)量最大5. 熱帶生態(tài)學(xué)家約翰特博在鳥(niǎo)兒飛到哪里去了?中寫(xiě)道， ”有些農(nóng)業(yè)實(shí)踐同保持眾多數(shù)量的遷徙者是并行不悖的?！彼贸鼋Y(jié)論，盡管有些森林的特有物種，特別是居民，也許正在消失，”咖啡和可可園構(gòu)成了不錯(cuò)的遷徙棲息地。” 6. 用傳統(tǒng)方式培植的咖啡樹(shù)叢，在森林植被頂層覆蓋之下，通常也采用原來(lái)種植可可而發(fā)展起來(lái)的農(nóng)林技術(shù)栽培，用種植樹(shù)木和其他有用植物，來(lái)增加遮蔭。在一些傳統(tǒng)方式耕作的種植園，可以找到的樹(shù)木種類(lèi)多達(dá)40種，其中有許多是為家庭或木材與水果類(lèi)商品而種植。 7. 遮蔭樹(shù)木保護(hù)地被層的咖啡植株不受雨

34、水和日照侵害，有助于土質(zhì)的保持，減少對(duì)除草的需要，幫助控制害蟲(chóng)。來(lái)自遮蔭樹(shù)木的有機(jī)物質(zhì)，也提供了自然的表土覆蓋物，減少了對(duì)化肥的需要，減少侵蝕，為土壤提供重要養(yǎng)料，防止金屬有毒物質(zhì)。 8. 可以將傳統(tǒng)的咖啡種植園看成經(jīng)過(guò)改造的森林棲息地。有證據(jù)顯示，向山區(qū)和向北移動(dòng)是依時(shí)而行，為的是利用種植園樹(shù)木的花期。9. 在候鳥(niǎo)聚居最多的地區(qū)中美洲，加勒比島嶼，哥倫比亞咖啡種植園”森林”占地270萬(wàn)公頃，幾乎是永久種植區(qū)面積的一半。在南墨西哥，咖啡種植園覆蓋的地區(qū)已超過(guò)主要濕地?zé)釒直Ｗo(hù)區(qū)總面積的一半，為實(shí)際上沒(méi)有大面積保護(hù)區(qū)的地方提供重要的林地棲息地。 10. 鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)只是咖啡在保護(hù)生物多樣化方面所起作用的一個(gè)指示生物群落而已。正在進(jìn)行的對(duì)昆蟲(chóng)、遮蔭樹(shù)木、蘭科植物和兩棲動(dòng)物的研