八年級英語下冊 直接和間接引語學案 外研版

1、直接引語與間接引語一、學習目標?1.掌握直接引語與間接引語的意義、功能及用法；?2.進一步熟練過去時態(tài)（一般過去時、過去進行時）。二、學習重點難點?1.直接引語（direct speech）是指原封不動的引用原話，把它放在引號內(nèi)，例如：?mother told me, “you should finish your homework first, then you can go out and play with your friends.”?they said, “we want to have a rest.”?間接引語（reported speech，又叫indirect speech）

2、即用自己的話加以轉(zhuǎn)述，被轉(zhuǎn)述的話不放在引號內(nèi)。上面兩個例句變成間接引語應該是：?mother told me that i should finish my homework first and then i could go out and play with my friends.?they said they wanted to have a rest.?2.當我們把直接引語變成間接引語時，由于引述動詞（said，told等）一般都是過去時形式，因此間接引語中的動詞時態(tài)、人稱代詞、限定詞、時間狀語、地點狀語等一般都要做相應的變化。有下面幾種情況：?1）現(xiàn)在時間推移到過去時間?所謂現(xiàn)在時間

3、推移到過去時間指一般現(xiàn)在時變?yōu)橐话氵^去時，現(xiàn)在進行時變成過去進行時，現(xiàn)在完成時變成過去完成時。例如：?she said, “i am hungry.”?> she said (that) she was hungry.?he said, “the family are fighting among themselves.”?> he said (that) the family were fighting among themselves.?tom said, “i have found whats wrong with the computer.”?> tom said h

4、e had found what was wrong with the computer.?在下列場合，盡管陳述動詞為過去時形式，間接引語中的動詞時態(tài)卻不必改變，即：?a）當引述的是客觀事實、科學真理、現(xiàn)在習慣工作以及格言等內(nèi)容時：?he said, “the word laser is an acronym（首字母縮略詞）.”?> he said the word laser is an acronym.?b）當動詞所表示的狀態(tài)或動作在引述時仍在繼續(xù)時：?“im forty,” he said.?> he said he is forty.?c）當謂語動詞包含無過去時形式的情態(tài)助

5、動詞時：?he said, “it must be pretty late. i really must go.”?> he said it must be pretty late, and he really must go.?he said, “you mustnt smoke in the room.”?> he said i mustnt smoke in the room.?2）過去時間推移到過去的過去?這里需要注意以下幾點：?a）當強調(diào)動作或狀態(tài)先于引述動詞時，一般過去時要變成過去完成體。例如：?he said, “i didnt know you.”?> he

6、said he hadnt known me.? 當“過去的過去”已經(jīng)不言自明，或者通過其他詞匯手段予以體現(xiàn)，或者側(cè)重于強調(diào)所轉(zhuǎn)述的事實本身時，一般過去時形式可以不變。例如：? ann said, “she was born in 1981.”? > ann said she was born in 1981.?b）過去進行時可以變成過去完成進行時，也可以不變。例如：?robert said, “i was joking with mary.”?> robert said he had been joking with mary.? robert said he was jokin

7、g with mary.?c）過去完成時仍為過去完成時，不需改變。例如：?he said, “we hadnt returned to the store when she came.”?> he said they hadnt returned to the store when she came.?d）時間狀語分句中的一般過去式或者過去進行時可以不變。例如：?john said, “when i lived in london i often saw jane.”?> john said when he lived in london he had often seen jan

8、e.?john said when he lived in london he often saw jane.?3）將來時間推移到過去將來時間?最常見的是把表示將來時間的助動詞由現(xiàn)在時形式變?yōu)檫^去時形式。例如：?he said, “were spending next weekend at home.”?> he said they were spending the next weekend at home.?she said, “the milk will go off（變質(zhì)）if you dont drink it today.”?> she said the milk wo

9、uld go off if i didnt drink it that day.?they said, “were going to hawaii this summer vacation.”?> they said they were going to hawaii that summer vacation.?但是，在引述時，如果原話中的動作或者狀態(tài)屬于尚未到來的將來時間，那么，可以不推移到過去將來時間。例如：?he said, “ill be waiting for you tomorrow.”?> he said he will be waiting for me tomor

10、row.?4）人稱代詞、限定詞、時間狀語、地點狀語的變化?由上面的例子可以看出，當直接引語變成間接引語時，除動詞時態(tài)變化外，人稱代詞、限定詞、時間狀語、地點狀語等通常也作相應的變化。?a）人稱代詞，除引述本人原話外，通常第一、二人稱變?yōu)榈谌朔Q，或者第二人稱變?yōu)榈谝蝗朔Q；限定詞也作相應的變化。例如：?he said, “we love our country.”?> he said they love their county.?b）指示代詞this，these分別變成that/it，those/they或them；指示限定詞this，those通常變?yōu)閠hat，those或the。例如

11、：?“this house is very expensive,” she said.?> she said that house was very expensive.?the children came back with two wallets and said, “we picked these up on the pavement.”?> the children came back with two wallets and said they had picked them up on the pavement.?c）時間狀語在間接引語中的變化有三種情況：?i） 時間狀

12、語和動詞時態(tài)兩者都變。例如：? he said, “it was completes a year ago.”? > he said it had been completed a year before.?ii） 時間狀語不變，動詞時態(tài)可變可不變。例如：?she said, “we left paris at 8 a.m.”?> she said they had left paris at 8 a.m.? she said they left paris at 8 a.m.?iii） 時間狀語變與不變需視具體情況而定，如果引述時間和說話時間（如同一年、同一月、同一天等），時間狀

13、語可不變。例如：?mr. black said, “we started learning chinese last month.”? > mr. black said they had started learning chinese last month. （同一月引述）? > mr. black said they had started learning chinese the previous month. （可在同一月引述，也可不在同一月引述）?直接引語 間接引語?today that day ?this morning/afternoon, etc. that mor

14、ning/afternoon, etc.?yesterday the day before, the previous day?(the) day before yesterday two days before?tomorrow the next day, the following day?(the) day after tomorrow two days after, in two days time?next week/month, etc. the next week/month, etc.?last week/month the week/month before?now then

15、?d）地點狀語here通常變?yōu)閠here；但若說話人所在地也就是引述人所在地，可仍用here，也可用具體地點代替here。例如：?she said, “i first met your brother here.”?> she said she first met my brother there.?“are the children here?” father asked.?> father asked whether the children were here.?本單元重點：直接引語和間接引語，需要注意的是：直接引語變間接引語時，人稱和時態(tài)要發(fā)生變化，時態(tài)得和主句的時態(tài)保持一

16、致。?sentences from the passage (重點句講解)?i asked her why she wanted to do that, and she said that she had forgotten to do hers.?我問她為什么要那么做，她說她忘記做作業(yè)了。?forget to do sth. 忘記做某事 (還沒有做)?forget doing sth. 忘記做過某事 (已經(jīng)做過了)?e.g. when you leave the classroom, dont forget to turn off the lights.?離開教室時，別忘記關(guān)燈。?i for

17、got meeting him before. 我不記得以前見過他了。?類似的還有：?remember to do sth. 記得做某事 (還沒有做)?remember doing sth. 記得做過某事 (已經(jīng)做過了)?e.g.?“remember to finish your homework on time, li ming”, his mother said.?李明媽媽說，“記得按時完成作業(yè)。”?i remember telling this story for several times. ?我記得這個故事給你講過好幾次了。?i said i didnt think it was a

18、 good idea for her to copy my homework.?我說，抄我的作業(yè)并不是什么好事。?注意的think 用法：如果think 引導的賓語從句，其從句表示否定意思時，不是否定從句，而是否定主句。?e.g. 翻譯下列句子：?我認為給你父親說這件事的時機還不成熟。?i dont think it is the right time for you to tell your father about that.?我認為他不是一個好演員。 i dont think he is a good actor.?我認為你說的并不正確。 i dont think you are rig

19、ht.?yesterday she told me she was sorry shed gotten mad. ?昨天她告訴我，她為自己當時生氣而抱歉。?nowadays, many students prefer using english names in a language classroom.?如今，許多學生喜歡在上語言課的時候用英文名字。?prefer的用法： prefer v. 更喜歡；寧愿?prefer sth. to sth. 喜歡勝過?prefer doing sth. to doing sth. 喜歡而不喜歡?prefer to do rather than do 寧愿

20、而不愿?e.g.?do you prefer coffee or tea? 你喜歡咖啡還是茶？?he prefers talking to doing. 他喜歡說，卻不喜歡做。?they prefer to die rather than surrender. 他們寧死不屈。 ?and for young people, having an english name is cool for them when they talk to their foreign pen pals.?而且對年輕人來說，有了英文名字，和筆友交談時也很酷。?having an english name 中havin

21、g 是動詞ing形式, 用來做主語。?e.g.?getting up early every day is his good habit. 每天早起是他的習慣。?swimming is her favorite sport. 游泳是她最喜歡的運動。?learning english and having english names are both popular in china. they are also important for chinas contact with the world.?學習英語，而且有英文名字在中國很流行。這些對中國和世界的接觸也很重要。?contact的用法：

22、?contact n. ?e.g. be in contact with 和.接觸， 有聯(lián)系?they have been in contact with each other for five years.?他們互相保持聯(lián)系已經(jīng)有五年了。?she comes into contact with many people. 她和許多人有聯(lián)系。?contact v. ?e.g. she contacted me as soon as she arrived. 她一到就和我聯(lián)系了。?on the other hand, some people who come to china choose chi

23、nese names?另一方面，一些人來到中國，也起了中文名字。?on the one hand 一方面?on the other hand 另一方面?e.g.?on one hand, he is a clever boy; on the other hand, he always makes his mother angry.?一方面，他是個聰明的孩子；可另一方面，他老惹母親生氣。 一、將直接引語變成間接引語?1.the plumber said, “i cant fix the bathtub today because im sick”? the plumber said he cou

24、ldnt fix the bathtub that day because he was sick.?2.grandma said, “grandpa is feeling much better today.”? grandma said grandpa was feeling much better that day.?3.mr. and mrs. davis said, “we wont be able to come to dinner this saturday night.”? mr. and mrs. davis said they wouldnt be able to come

25、 to dinner that saturday night.?4.the landlord said, “i havent received this months rent yet.”? the landlord said he hadnt received that months rent yet.?5. cousin sue said, “im sorry i didnt have time to come over and visit last saturday.”? cousin sue said she was sorry she hadnt had time to come o

26、ver and visit the previous saturday?6. uncle harry said, “ill call back later.”? uncle harry said he would call back later.?7.the neighbors across the street said, “we were robbed last night!”? the neighbor across the street said they had been robbed the night before.?8.sally said, “im at my friend

27、juliets house now.”? sally said she was at her friend juliets house then.?9.mother said, “your sister and brother-in-law are going to have a baby.”? mother said my sister and brother-in-law were going to have a baby.?10.aunty said, “there was a big fire at the high school.”? aunty said there had bee

28、n a big fire at the high school.二、用第三人稱轉(zhuǎn)述下面電子郵件1.subject: mothers day in italy we celebrate the mothers day on the 2nd sunday of may, thats why students dont go to school and adults are not at work. sons and daughters usually give their mother a little present like flowers, chocolates or a piece of

29、costume jewelry. elisabetta from italy?1. elisabeth from italy said in italy they celebrated the mothers day on the 2nd sunday of may, and that was why students didnt go to school and adults were not at work. she said sons and daughters usually gave their mother a little present like flowers, chocol

30、ates or a piece of costume jewelry.2.subject: fathers day i believe fathers day occurs on the third sunday of june. we use it to give our fathers a chance to rest and relax, and do things they enjoy, such as fishing, golf, etc. they need a break! usually my family will buy dad a card, take him to eat and play. from the united s