人教版八下英語語法完整版

1、人教版八下英語語法HEN system office room HEN 16H-HENS2AHENS8Q8-HENH1688Unit 1 What' s the matter?一、詢問某人的健康問運(yùn)及遭到麻煩的表達(dá)方法(1)詢問某人患了何種疾病或遇到了何種麻煩時(shí)，常用以下兒種結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá)：What * s the matter (with sb.)(某人)怎么 What' s wrong (with sb.)(某人)怎么了What' s the trouble (with sb.)(某人)出什么事了What happened (to sb.)(某人)發(fā)生了什么事Are y

2、ou OK你沒事吧Is there anything wrong with sb.某人有什么事嗎(2)要表達(dá)身體疼痛或不舒服，可用以下結(jié)構(gòu)：某人+have/has+病癥.The twins have colds.雙胞胎感冒了。M A+have/has+a+headache/toothache/stomachache/backache/earache.She had a stomachache last night.她昨晚肚子痛。某人+have/has+a+sore+發(fā)病部位.He has a sore throat.他喉嚨痛。某人+hurt (s)+身體部位或反身代詞.He hurt his

3、leg.他的腿受傷了。 某部位+hurt (s).My head hurts badly.我頭痛得厲害。某人+have/has+a pain+in one' s+身體部位， I have a pain in my chest.我胸口痛。(There is) something wrong with one' s+身體部位.There is something wrong with my right eye. 我的右眼有毛/聲。其他表達(dá)方式She has a heart trouble.她有心臟病。He got hit on the head他頭部受到J撞擊。She cut he

4、r finger.她割破手指 了。二情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should的用法1. Should為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，意為“應(yīng)該；應(yīng)當(dāng)”，否定式為shouldn' t,其后 接動(dòng)詞原形，無人稱和數(shù)的變化。常用來表示征詢意見、建議、勸告、要求或 義務(wù)等。You should drink hot water with honey.你應(yīng)該喝加有蜂蜜的開 水。He should put his head back他應(yīng)該把頭后仰。We should try our best to help him.我們應(yīng)當(dāng)盡力去幫助他。You shouldn 41 watch TV.你不應(yīng)該看電視。2. Should用于主語為第一人稱的

5、疑問句，表示征詢意見。Should I put some medicine on it 我應(yīng)當(dāng)給它敷上藥嗎 Should we tell her about it 我 們應(yīng)該告訴她這件事嗎【拓展】在英語中，表示建議的說法有很多，而且都是中考考查的重點(diǎn)。主 要結(jié)構(gòu)有：Would you like (to do) sth.你想要/愿意(做)某事嗎Shall I/we do sth我/我們做好嗎Shall we go to the zoo tomorrow明天我們?nèi)?dòng)物園，好嗎Why not do sth為什么不呢Why not join us為什么不加入到我們當(dāng)中來呢How/What about

6、doing sth 做某事怎么樣 How about going swimming 去游泳怎么樣Let' s do sth讓我們做？吧。Let' s go home.咱們回家吧。You' d better (not) do sth你最好(不)要做某事。You, d better not go there alone.你最好不要一個(gè)人去那兒。Unit 2 r 11 help clean up the city parks動(dòng)詞不定式A.作主語一一為避免句子的頭重腳輕，常用it作為形式主語，而真正的主 語動(dòng)詞不定式后置。常用句型：1It +be+adj. /n. +(for/

7、of sb. ) to do sth. /It takes sb. some time to d o sth.B.作賓語動(dòng)詞 want, decide, hope, ask, agree, choose, learn, plan, need, teach, prepare?常接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語。C.作(后置)定語常用于"have/has + sth. +to do" 或"enough+名+ to do" "It' s time to do sth. 等結(jié)構(gòu)中。D.作賓語補(bǔ)足語tell, ask, want, invite, teach,

8、 like, call 等可接帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，構(gòu)成tell/ask/want /call/invite sb. to do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)?！咀⒁狻縿?dòng)詞不定式作使役動(dòng)詞和感官動(dòng)詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)應(yīng)省去to： ”一感(feel),:聽(listen to, hear),三讓(let, make, have,四看(loo k at, see, watch, notice),半幫助(help)”。E.動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語主要用來修飾動(dòng)詞，表示目的，結(jié)果或原因。為了強(qiáng)調(diào)目的，有時(shí)可以把動(dòng) 詞不定式放在句首，或在不定式前加in order (to)或so as (to) “為了， 目的是“。常用

9、結(jié)構(gòu)有too + adj. /adv. + to do sth.等。F.固定句式中動(dòng)詞不定式的用法常見的形式有：had better (not) do sth. /Would you like to do sth. /Why not do sth. /Would you please (not) do sth.等。Unit 3 Could you please clean your roomCould you please.句型(1)請(qǐng)求別人時(shí)通常用此句型，也可以說：Can you. . please情態(tài)動(dòng)詞co uld或can在這里均表小請(qǐng)求，在意思上無區(qū)別，但是用could在于其上顯得 更

10、委婉、客氣、誠懇。在日常生活中常使用could you/I.若在句末加上pie ase,則顯得更禮貌。Could you help me find my book, please 你能幫我找到我的書嗎（2）對(duì)could you/I.的問句作出肯定回答,常用sure/certainly/of course0等；如果作否定回答，常用"sorry或oh, please don' t"。一般 不用no開頭，用no顯得語氣生硬、不禮貌。（3）表示請(qǐng)求的句式：Would you like to do. . . Would you mind doing. . . Let * s

11、do. . . . Shal 1 I/we do.Please do.（祈使句前加 please）提小：could you please.與could I Please.兩種問句，前者是請(qǐng)求 別人幫忙的句式，后者是有禮貌地向別人請(qǐng)求允許的交際用語。試比較：Could you please help me請(qǐng)你幫我一下好嗎Could I please invite my friends to my birthday party, Mom 媽媽，我能邀請(qǐng)我的朋友參加我的生日聚會(huì)嗎Unit 4 Why don't you talk to your parents?1 .提建議向別人發(fā)出邀請(qǐng)，請(qǐng)

12、求，建議，或征求某人的意見的其他表達(dá)方 式：How /what about doing sth. （about是個(gè)介詞,可跟名詞或動(dòng)名詞） “怎么樣”You' d better （not） do something."你最好（不）做某事”Would you like sth :“你想要某物 Lets do sthWhat should I do （ should表小請(qǐng)求、征詢對(duì)方意見）2 .學(xué)會(huì)談?wù)搯栴}和學(xué)會(huì)用why don't you提建議向別人發(fā)出邀請(qǐng)，請(qǐng)求，建 議，或征求某人的意見的表達(dá)方式：Why dont you do something =Why not

13、do something你為什么不做某事呢 來表示請(qǐng)求、征詢對(duì)方意見3 . until, so that , although 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句:Duntil：在帶有tin或until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句里，如果主句用肯定 式，其含義是“一直到時(shí)”，謂語動(dòng)詞只能用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如果主句用否定 式，其含義是“直到才”，“在以前不”，謂語動(dòng)詞可用瞬間動(dòng)詞。Dont get off until the bus stops.2) so that引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句(為j ,以便)例如：He studies hard so that he could work better in the future3) alt

14、hough的用法意思相當(dāng)于though (盡管，雖然)，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從 句。引導(dǎo)的從句不能與并列連詞but, and, so等連用，但可以和yet, stil 1 等詞連用。例如：Although he was tired, he went on working.盡管他很 累，但是他繼續(xù)工作。Unit 5 What were you doing when the rainstorm came ?過去進(jìn)行時(shí)1 .基本概念：過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的第2/6頁動(dòng)作。這一特定的過去時(shí)間除有上下文暗示以外，一般用時(shí)間狀語來表示。2 .結(jié)構(gòu) was / were ( not )

15、+ 動(dòng)詞-ing3 .句式肯定式：I/He/She/It was working. We/You/They/ were working.否定式：I/He/She/It was not working.We/You/They/ were not working.疑問式和簡略回答：Was I working Yes, you were. No, you were not. Were you working Ye s, I was. No, I was not. Was he/she/it working Yes, he/she/it was. N o, he/she/it was not. Wer

16、e we/you/they working Yes, you/we/they were.No, you/we/they were not. 注：1） was not ?？s略為 wasn' t; were not 常縮略為 weren' to2） 一般過去時(shí)與過去進(jìn)行時(shí)用法的比較：一般過去時(shí)表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)間 發(fā)生過的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，而過去進(jìn)行時(shí)則表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí) 間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。例如：David wrote a letter to his friend last night.大衛(wèi)昨晚給他的朋友 寫了封信。（信寫完了。）David was writing a le

17、tter to his friend last night. 大衛(wèi)昨晚一直 在給他的朋友寫信。（信不一定寫完。）4.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)中的when和whilewhen, while 區(qū)別：1）由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，主句用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，從句應(yīng)用一般過去 時(shí)；由while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，主句用一般過去時(shí)，從句應(yīng)用過去進(jìn)行 時(shí)。When the teacher came in, we were talking.當(dāng)此句改變主從句的位置時(shí)，則為：While we were talking, the teache r came in.2）如果從句和主句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，兩句都用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)候，多用whi

18、 le引導(dǎo)。如：They were singing while we were dancing.Unit 6 An old man tried to move the mountains1. unless引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句unless = if not -除非，若不They will go tomorrow unless it rains.二 They will go tomorrow if it doesn1 t rains.2. as soon as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句。一就He will come and see you as soon as he can.3. sothat引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句句

19、型1:主語+謂語+so+形容詞/副詞+that從句The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward.句型2： so +形容詞+ a/an +單數(shù)名詞+ that從句It was so hot a day that they all went swimming.句型3. so + many/ few +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ that從句He has so few friends that he often feels lonely.句型4： so +much/ little +不可數(shù)名詞+ that從句I had so little mone

20、y that I couldn' t buy a pen.Unit 7 What' s the highest mountain in the world?形容詞副詞的原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)（一）原級(jí)句型：1. A is as+原級(jí) + as+ B 表小 A 與 B'樣？eg： He is as tall as me.is not as/so + 原級(jí) + as B 表示 A 不如 B?eg:He is not as tall as me.3.只能修飾原級(jí)的詞,very, quite, so, too, so, enough, pretty 等第3/6頁例如，He is

21、too tired to walk on.他太累了以至于不能再繼續(xù)走了。（二）比較級(jí)句型可以修飾比較級(jí)的詞，much, a lot, far,的多a little, a bit, 一點(diǎn)兒 even甚至，still仍然Eg. Lesson One is much easier than Lesson Two.第一課比第.二課容易得 多。Tom looks even younger than before.湯姆甚至比以前更年輕。1. 當(dāng)句中有than時(shí)則用比較級(jí)。eg： He is fatter than me.2. 當(dāng)句子中的比較對(duì)象為兩者時(shí)用比較級(jí)：”特殊疑問詞+be+形容詞比較級(jí)，A ore

22、g： Which is bigger, the earth or the moon 哪一個(gè)大，地球還是月球3. “比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)”表示“越來越”。flowers are more and more beautiful.花兒越來越漂亮。加more構(gòu)成比較級(jí)的形容詞則用more and more +形容詞表示越來越？eg： English is more and more important.4. “the+比較級(jí)，the+比較級(jí)”表示“越,越”。Eg. The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you' 11 make.5. “A+

23、be+the+形容詞比較級(jí)+of the two+”表示“A是兩者中較的”。at the two boys. My brother is the taller of the two.+be+形容詞比較級(jí)+than+any other+單數(shù)名詞（+介詞短語）”表示“A比同 一范圍的任何一個(gè)人/物都”，含義是“A最”。Eg. The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China.=The Yangtze River is the longest river in China.（三）最高級(jí)常用句型結(jié)構(gòu)1. “主語+be+the+形容詞最高

24、級(jí)+單數(shù)名詞+in/of短語”表示“是中最 的”。eg： Tom is the tallest in his class. /of all the students.This apple is the biggest of the five.2. “主語+be+one of the+形容詞最高級(jí)+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+in/of短語”表示“是 中最之一”。Eg： Beijing is one of the largest cities in China.3. “特殊疑問詞+be+the+最高級(jí)+A, B, or C”用于三者以上eg Which is the biggest The moon, the s

25、un or ths earth4. “the +序數(shù)詞+最高級(jí)+單數(shù)名詞+范圍”。表示是第幾大()eg： The Yellow River is the second longest river in China .【注意】形容詞最高級(jí)之前要加the,但當(dāng)最高級(jí)之前有形容詞性物主代詞 或名詞所有格時(shí)則不用加theeg： He is the best student in my class. He is my best friend.(四)形容詞副詞的規(guī)則與不規(guī)則變化規(guī)則變化1 . 一般在詞尾直接加 er 或 est,例如,tall-taller-tallestlong-longe r-long

26、est2 .以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾的單詞在詞尾直接加r或st,例如，nice-nicer- nicest3 .以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的詞，把y變?yōu)閕,再加er或est,例如，heavy-heavier-heaviest4 .重讀閉音節(jié)，末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，雙寫這個(gè)輔音字母，再加er或est,eg. big-bigger-biggest5 .部分雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞分別在原級(jí)前加more構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和most構(gòu)成最 高級(jí)，例如，slowly-more slowly-most slowly； beautiful- more beautiful-most bea utiful不規(guī)則變化第4/6頁Unit 8

27、 Have you read Treasure Island yet?Unit 9 Have you ever been to a museum 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（Present Perfect Tense）（1）表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。It' s so dark.太黑了。Someone has turned off the light. 有人把燈關(guān)上 J。（2）表示從過去某一時(shí)間開始并一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。常與since+過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)，for+一段時(shí)間，since+時(shí)間段+ego, so far等 時(shí)間狀語連用。Eg. I have lived here

28、for ten years.我已經(jīng)住在這里 10 年了。（從 10 年前開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在還住這兒）Eg. I have lived here since 2003. H 從 2003 年我就住在這兒。（從 2003年開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在還住這兒）（3）基本結(jié)構(gòu)及句型轉(zhuǎn)換：主語+have/has+過去分詞（done）（當(dāng)主語是第 三人稱單數(shù)has,其余人稱用have。）肯定句：主語+have/has+過去分詞+其 他 I have finished my homework.（肯定句）否定句：主語+have/has+not+過去分詞+其他I have not finished my h omework

29、.（否定句）一般疑問句：Have/Has+主語+過去分詞+其他-Have you finished your homework?一Yes, I have. / No, I haven? t,（一般疑問句及肯定、否定回答）（4） has gone （to）, has been （to）, has been （in）的區(qū)別Have/Has gone （to）:去了（現(xiàn)在不在說話現(xiàn)場(chǎng)）Eg. Where is your father?He has gone to Shanghai.Have/Has been （to）:去過（己不在去過的地方）Eg. My father has been to Sha

30、nghai.Have/has been in：呆了多久（還在所呆的地方）Eg. My father has been in Shanghai for two months.=My father has been in Shanghai since two months ago.（5）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志：常與 just, already, yet, ever, never, before, so far 等連用，強(qiáng) 調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成，不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)。Have you ever been to Japan I have just finished my homework.for +時(shí)間段；since

31、+過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)；since +段時(shí)間ago； since + 一般過去時(shí)的句子。They have known each other for five years. Since he was a child, h e has lived in England.（6）動(dòng)詞過去式和過去分詞的變化規(guī)則變化：1. 一般在動(dòng)詞詞尾直接加ed。如：pick - picked f picked; wish wished - wished; stay - stayed-stayed2 .以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后面加d。如:like -* liked -* liked; hop e hoped hoped; phone phoned - phoned3 .以一輔音字母+ y II結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，變y為i,再加-ed。如：study - studied - studied; hurry hurried f hurried; reply - replied - replied4 .詞