不定式與動名詞

1、 不定式與動名詞【基本概念】1. 對英語動詞的基本認(rèn)識英語中動詞的語法作用同漢語區(qū)別很大。動詞除了在句子中充當(dāng)謂語之外，還常以非謂語的形式充當(dāng)其他的句子成分。按照動詞是否充當(dāng)謂語，我們可以把動詞分為謂語動詞和非謂語動詞兩高考資源網(wǎng)類。每一類動詞所包含的主要語法知識如 下。 時態(tài) （按高考要求共九個時態(tài)） 謂語動詞 語態(tài) （主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)） 語氣 （陳述語氣和虛擬語氣） 主謂一致動詞 動詞不定式 非謂語動詞 分詞 （現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞） 動名詞非謂語動詞是指不充當(dāng)謂語而做其他句子成分的動詞，凡是用作非謂語的動詞在形式上都要有所變化，以區(qū)別于謂語動詞。 不定式【基本概念】不定式是動詞的非謂語形

2、式之一，具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的性質(zhì)，在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和賓語補(bǔ)足語。使用不定式時，大多數(shù)情況下要帶有不定式的符號“to”，少數(shù)情況不用“to”。成份判斷：Task I: 了解句子成分的專有名詞：主語：subject 謂語:predicate 賓語：object 狀語：adverbial 表語：predicative 定語：attribute 賓補(bǔ)：object complementTask I：寫出劃線詞的句子成分。1 I was watching an English programme at 8 o'clock yesterday. 2. The gam

3、es of 2006 World Cup are exciting.3. I lost my history book.4. He made the room clean and tidy.Task 2: 認(rèn)真閱讀課本P8 To infinitive（1-2）部分。理解不定式在句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞帧?封上書本完成下面的題目。并在后面寫出不定式所充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞帧?. (find) a best friend is hard. = It is hard (find) a best friend. 成分：_2. I need (sleep) eight hours every night. My bik

4、e needs (repair). 成分:_3. I asked him (come) over. I tell her (not be) late. 成分:_4. I have a meeting (attend) 成分:_5. His aim was (cheer) me up. His plan is ( study) hard. 成分:_6. You need to apologize quickly (avoid) losing a good friend.成分:_7. Things seem (get) better now. 8. John pretend ( not see)

5、me just now. 【自我總結(jié)】：1. 不定式可以做以下句子成分：_2. 不定式的否定形式是_,例如句_.3. 不定式的進(jìn)行體是_,例如句_.4. 不定式的完成體是_,例如句_Task 3理解什么是非謂語。說出下面不定式所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞帧o work in Changsha is a big challenge to Miss Lv. She needs to relax herself after school. So, she invited her friends to go shopping last weekend. But most of them had something

6、important to do. Whats worse, Lvs baby daughters being sick was to upset her. She had to take care of him in the hospital, worried .But her brave son always sang and danced to delight Lv.總結(jié)：英語中句子成分有主、謂、賓、表、定、狀、補(bǔ)。 非謂語就是不可以做_, 但可以做_ 不定式做主、賓、賓補(bǔ)、定、表、狀的用法。I. the to-infinitive used as the subject 不定式作主語 (

7、 可用it 做形式主語 )。例： To find a true friend is hard. 轉(zhuǎn)換為：It is hard to find a true friend. To talk with your mouth full is impolite.1. 模仿轉(zhuǎn)換：_注意：1）It is easy / hard/ difficult/ important/ necessary /useful/ harmful/ likely/ unlikely/ possible/ impossible/a risk/ (for sb) to do sth2) It is nice/ kind/ poli

8、te/ rude/ wise/ stupid/ silly/ foolish(of sb) to do sth. adj.通常說明一個人的品質(zhì)。Translation: 2. 對我們來說回答這個問題是很難的_3. 你在背后嘲笑他是不明智的。_3) 不定式作主語, 謂語動詞用_ 數(shù) To find a true friend is hard. 4. To see _ to believe. 5. To talk with your mouth full _ impolite.6. Is _ necessary to complete the design before National Day?

9、 7. To do as many exercises as possible _ (be) necessary before exam.8. Its a good habit _ (have) breakfast every day.II. the to-infinitive used as the object 不定式作賓語He wishes to sleep at least for 8 hours every day. Sarah determined to make an apology to Hannah.思考：你知道后接不定式作賓語的動詞有哪些嗎？總結(jié):后接不定式做賓語的動詞有：

10、want, intend, desire, 三想要， hope, wish, expect, long ; 四希望，manage, learn, decide, determine;設(shè)法學(xué)會作決定，attempt, pretend, choose;企圖假裝要選擇，offer，promise， refuse提供承諾勿拒絕。用以上的任意一詞造兩個句子。不定式做賓語時也有使用形式賓語it的問題，但必須同時具備兩個條件：有賓語補(bǔ)足語。賓語是動詞不定式短語或賓語從句。The dusty air makes it difficult to get a clear picture of space.（此類動

11、詞有_)The two girls are so alike that strangers find _ difficult to tell one from the other. III. the to-infinitive used as the object complement 不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語Lets invite the other students to sing together.The wife always asks her husband to do the housework.你知道后接不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動詞有哪些嗎？總結(jié):后接不定式做賓補(bǔ)的動詞有：ask, beg, t

12、ell, teach;要想請求先教會encourage, invite.若要鼓勵先邀請advise, persuade;首先建議再說服allow, order, require, force, forbid;五個許可或禁令want, wish, would like to, prefer,expect;六個期待或想要1. 否定形式是：_2. The teacher asked us _ much noise. A. dont make B. not make C. not making D. not to make3. I_ him to give up smoking, but he wou

13、ld not listen.A. persuadedB. advisesC. suggested D. Provided4.Robert often asks us _ his Chinese, so his Chinese is much better than before. (2007 江蘇) A. help him B. to help him with C. to help with D. helps him with 5. Mr Li often teaches his Japanese friends _ Chinese food. (2007 甘肅)A. cook B. coo

14、ks C. to cook D. cookedIV. the to-infinitive used as the attribute 不定式作定語，例句如下：He was the first student to get to school.The school offered me a chance to study abroad.It is time to go to bed.注意： (1) 1.不定式做定語表_。這個將要討論的問題很重要。 The problem to be discussed is very important.2.他下個星期有很多問題要解決。_3. I have a

15、lot of readings _ before the end of this term. （2010山東） A. completing B. to complete C. completed D. being completed4. （2014北京卷）28. There are still many problems _ before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon. A. solving     B. solved  C. being solved    D.

16、to be solved(2) 被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、adj的最高級形式、或next/ last/ only/ all/ any等詞修飾時+ to do. He is the first to come and the last to leave.5.He is the best man (do) the job. (3) 在ability/ attempt/ dream/ way/ promise/ chance/ time 等名詞后+ to do 做后置定語(常與不定式搭配的形容詞的同源名詞或者是能帶不定式作賓語的動詞的同源名詞可以帶不定式作定語） 6.The ability _ (ex

17、press) an idea is as important as the idea itself.7.(2013北京)Volunteering gives you a chance _ (change) lives, including your own.(4)做定語的不定式如果是不及物動詞，或者不定式所修飾的詞是不定式的地點或工具等，不定式后需加相應(yīng)的介詞。8.The Brown have a comfortable house to live_?9.I have no pen to write _. Translation:10.她沒有錢用，也沒有地方住._11.她相信他是那個可以依靠的

18、人。_12冷水江一中是創(chuàng)造奇跡的地方。_V. the to-infinitive used as the predicative 不定式作表語當(dāng)句子的主語是aim, idea, policy, question, suggestion, wish, task, duty, purpose等時，或者當(dāng)句子主語是what 引導(dǎo)的主語從句時，后面可以用不定式作表語，用以說明主語所包含的內(nèi)容. I am a responsible teacher.So, my job is to teach you English well.The man felt very tired. And his wish

19、was to have a good rest.Translation：1. 我的計劃就是充分利用每一分鐘來學(xué)習(xí)。_2我的夢想就是上重點大學(xué)。_VI. the to-infinitive used as adverbial of a sentence to show reason, purpose or result 不定式作句子的目的（purpose）、原因 (reason) 和結(jié)果 (result) 狀語思考：分別說出下列句子做什么狀語：1.He came here to attend an important meeting. (_)2.Sam was very surprised to

20、 hear the news. (_)3.I quickly ran to the office only to find my key was lost. (_)做狀語的不定式短語通常有：4. too.to/ enough to 做_ 狀語5. in order to/ so as to 做_狀語6.only to 做_狀語,通常表示_用以上的任意一詞組造句。7._8._9. We were astonished _ the temple still in its original condition. （2010遼寧） A. finding B. to find C. find D. to

21、 be found10. Simon made a big bamboo box _ the little sick bird till it could fly. (2011四川) A. keep B. kept C. keeping D. to keep11.（2014湖南卷）35. _ ourselves from the physical and mental tensions，we each need deep thought and inner quietness. A. Having freed  B. Freed  C. To

22、free  D. FreeingVII. the continuous and perfect forms of the to-infinitive 不定式的進(jìn)行式和完成式Things seem to be getting better.John pretended not to have seen me just now.主動形式被動形式一般現(xiàn)在時1.2.完成時3.4.進(jìn)行時5. Rewrite the sentences using the correct form of to do.6.I am sorry. I hurt you yesterday.變?yōu)椋?I am sorr

23、y _ _ _ _ yesterday.7. She is writing her homework. I come in.變?yōu)椋篠he happens _ _ _ her homework when I come in.8. It seems that this is a novel that focuses on peace.變?yōu)椋篢his novel seems _ _ _ peace.9.George returned after the war, only _(tell) that his wife had left him. 省to的不定式 吾看三室兩廳一感覺五看look at s

24、ee watch notice observe三使make let have兩聽listen to hear一感覺feel1. 在使役動詞，感官動詞后作補(bǔ)語的不定式一般省略to.接動詞原形。 注意：1) see/hear. sb. do sth. 與see/hear.sb. doing sth. 的區(qū)別。 I saw him sleeping in class at that time.（表看到某人正在做某事） I saw him sleep in class yesterday.（表看到某人做某事的全過程）Practice:1 那時，我發(fā)現(xiàn)她正在街上哭。At that time, I fou

25、nd her _ (cry) in the street.2 你注意到有人進(jìn)了那個銀行了嗎？Did you notice anyone _（enter）the house？3 我經(jīng)常聽到他在隔壁房間唱歌。I often hear him _ (sing )in the next room.2) 當(dāng)"make/ see/hear sb do sth" 變成被動語態(tài)時，應(yīng)加上"to"。The workers were made to work 14 hours a day by the boss. Someone was heard to come up t

26、he stairs. I often make my younger sister _, but this time I was made _by my younger sister. (cry)3）have/ make/ let sb + do sth (動詞原形)；而get sb + to do (不定式要帶to) Mother have me _(go) to the shop and buy some salt.Mother get me _(go)to the shop and buy some salt.Practice:4 We were told to have our rea

27、ding room _ (clean) after school.5 Paul doesn't have to be made _(learn) . He always works hard. 6 Jane was made _(wash) the truck for a week as a punishment.二. 固定詞組would rather, had better and why not后省to接動詞原形 我寧愿呆在家里。_ 你最好別遲到。_ 為什么不到海邊走走？_三. 當(dāng)兩個并列的不定式用and, or, except, but, than, rather than, a

28、s or like 連接時，第二個不定式通常省略to。We decided to stay at home rather than go to the cinema. (用其他句型改寫) I had noting to do but wait. She told me to be cheerful and look on the bright side. 寧愿.而不愿.的幾個句型：.would do. rather than do. .would rather do. than do.prefer to do.rather than do. .prefer doing.to doing. .p

29、refer sth. to sth注意：a) 少數(shù)介詞如but, other than 所在句子里的謂語動詞都是實義動詞do, does, did時，通常省略to。 Eg. We have no choice but to wait. (have no choice but to do sth.)We can do nothing but wait. (can do nothing but do sth.)別無選擇只好做某事的幾個句型：.have no choice but to do sth. .can do nothing but do sth.cant but do. .cant hel

30、p/choose but do.Fill in the blanks using the correct forms.1.What can we do but_ (sit) and _ (wait)?2. You had better_( not mention) it any more.3.Why not _ ( invite) me to dance with you?4. I wonder how _ ( solve) the problem.4、 不定式中to 的保留問題： 1. I havent been to Hong Kong, but I wish to. 2. -Are yo

31、u on holiday? - No, but Id like to be. 3.-I didnt tell him the news. -Oh, but you ought to have. 動名詞 doing1. 動名詞起名詞作用，在句中擔(dān)任主語、表語、賓語和定語。 作主語，可以直接放在句首，也可以用先行代詞it作為形式主語，而把動名詞后置。 eg. Seeing is believing. (眼見為實) Saying is easier than doing. 注意：1. 單個動名詞短語作主語時，動詞用單數(shù) Collecting stamps is a good hobby.做某事沒有用

32、的幾個句型：It is no use (good) doing sth. It is not any use/good doing sth. It is useless doing sth. It is of no/little use/good doing sth. 2. It 做形式主語的習(xí)慣表答法： Eg. Its no use crying over spilt milk. (覆水難收) 在下列句型中動名詞作真正賓語： 動詞+it（形式賓語）+賓補(bǔ)+動名詞（真正賓語）eg. I think it no use telling them. 仿寫: 我們認(rèn)為邀請他不好。_3. 動名詞與不定

33、式做主語的區(qū)別： Playing with fire is dangerous. （泛指玩火，doing表一般或抽象的多次性行為） To play with fire will be dangerous. （指一具體動作，to do表示具體的或一次性的動作） 動名詞與不定式做賓語的區(qū)別也一樣。 Eg. I like swimming but I dont like to swim in winter.作表語：通常是說明主語的內(nèi)容，注意它與謂語動詞進(jìn)行時的區(qū)別His hobby is collecting stamps. (此句為主系表結(jié)構(gòu)) 可改為：Collecting stamps is h

34、is hobby.He is collecting stamps. (is collecting是謂語動詞進(jìn)行時，此句為主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)) 不能改為：Collecting stamps is he.作賓語l 下列及物動詞只能用動名詞作賓語 V + doing考慮建議盼原諒， consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; 承認(rèn)推遲沒得想。 admit, delay/ put off, fancy; 避免錯過繼續(xù)練， avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; 背誦此口訣！否認(rèn)完成就欣賞。 deny, f

35、inish, enjoy/appreciate;禁止想象才冒險， forbid, imagine, risk;不禁介意準(zhǔn)逃亡。 cant help, mind, allow/permit, escape. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk _ the good opportunity. A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lostl 動名詞作介詞的賓語： be used to doing 習(xí)慣于做 look forward to doing 盼望做l

36、ead to 導(dǎo)致 devote ones life to doing 致力于做 object to doing 反對做 stick to doing 堅持做 get down to 著手做 pay attention to 注意key to , 的答案/關(guān)鍵/重點 spend time (in) doing 花時間做 be fond of doing 喜愛做 be good at doing 擅長做 be proud of doing 為做而自豪 be tired of doing 對做感到厭倦 succeed/be successful in doing 成功地做了 be interest

37、ed in doing 對做感興趣have some difficulty/trouble (in) doing 做某事有困難 go on doing 繼續(xù)做(原來的事) keep on doing 不停地做 what about doing 做怎么樣think of doing 考慮做 be busy (in) doing 忙于做instead of doing 做而不做 feel like doing 欲想做 insist on doing 堅持要做 The day we had looked forward to _ at last. A. come B.coming C.came D.

38、came下列動詞后接to do 或doing 做賓語區(qū)別不大:continue, begin,start, love, like, dislike, hate 等下列動詞后接to do 或doing 區(qū)別很大：forget to do sth. _ forget doing sth._remember to do sth. _ remember doing sth._regret to do sth. _ regret doing sth._stop to do sth. _stop doing sth._go on to do sth. _ go on doing sth._try to do sth. _ try doing sth._mean to do sth. _mean doing sth._cant help to do sth. _cant help doing sth._動名詞做賓語要注意：1）在allow，advise，forbid，permit等動詞后直接跟動名詞形式作賓語，如果后面有名詞或代詞作賓語，其后用動詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。如： We dont allow smoking here. We dont allow students to smok