自修課一：如何破解閱讀障礙

1、自修課一：如何破解閱讀障礙高考題型完形、閱讀學通法自修課二：如何全取完形填空自修課三：如何完勝閱讀理解自修課一：如何破解閱讀障礙怎樣突破生僻詞匯一無關緊要的詞匯“跳過去”1怎樣突破生僻詞匯在考試中，有百分之十的生詞都不會干擾你做題。跳過去Sergio Pellis of Lethbridge University某個大學斜體的單詞某本書、雜志、電影的名稱或某個專業(yè)術語影響閱讀的詞匯“猜出來”2怎樣突破生僻詞匯定義和解釋01為了準確地說明一件事物的性質和特征，作者常常會運用一些概念和一些特定的詞匯對該事物進行直接或間接的解釋?？忌ㄟ^解釋性的說明來理解概念和特定詞匯就成了一項重要的閱讀技能。怎樣

2、突破生僻詞匯定義和解釋01【示例】(2014遼寧高考閱讀B) This is the reason why the word belated was invented. “Happy belated birthday！” is short for: “Well, I know I forgot, but then I remembered. Forgive me and happy birthday.”分析：通過“Well, I know I forgot, but then I remembered. Forgive me and happy birthday.”對Happy belated

3、 birthday！的解釋可知，belated表示“遲來的”。怎樣突破生僻詞匯描述和例證02描述即作者為幫助考生更深入和感性地了解某人或某物而對該人或該物所做出的外在相貌或內在特征的描寫。例證是作者通過舉例的方式來說明某一詞匯。尤其通過考生比較熟悉的現(xiàn)象和情況對比較難的詞匯做出生動的說明，以使考生對該詞匯產生正確的認知和理解。因此可以通過描述和例證對生詞加以推測。怎樣突破生僻詞匯描述和例證02【示例1】(2014新課標全國卷閱讀B) Sadly, the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their undoing. Where the

4、birds were most abundant, people believed there was an everlasting supply and killed them by the thousands. Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain, waited until pigeons had settled to feed, then threw large nets over them, taking hundreds at a time. The birds were shipped to

5、 large cities and sold in restaurants.分析：根據下文的描述可知，人們認為旅鴿的數量大便開始大量捕殺它們，最終導致它們滅絕。故undoing意為“滅絕”。怎樣突破生僻詞匯描述和例證02【示例2】(2014江西高考閱讀D) With the communication gadgets, such as mobile phones and iPads, people often do not take the effort to visit one another personally.分析：根據such as后面的例證“mobile phones and iP

6、ads”可知，gadgets指通信工具。怎樣突破生僻詞匯同義和反義03同義和反義是兩種修辭手法。在閱讀理解中，作者經常使用多個同義詞或近義詞來避免重復，有時候則將兩個或多個同義詞放在一起以示強調；反義詞的作用主要是突出某個詞的特征或含義。用同義詞猜詞，一看and或or連接的同義詞詞組，二看在進一步解釋的過程中使用的同義詞。通過反義詞猜詞，一看表轉折關系的連詞或副詞，二看與not搭配的或表示否定意味的詞語。怎樣突破生僻詞匯同義和反義03【示例1】(2014福建高考閱讀A) As we walked up to her, my son became intimidated by all the b

7、lood and medical equipment. He said he was just too scared to go up to her.分析：根據上下文可知，所猜之詞和后面句子中的scared 應為同義詞，故intimidated意為“害怕的；恐懼的”。怎樣突破生僻詞匯同義和反義03【示例2】(2014北京高考閱讀D) But while e-shops can use sights and sounds, only bricksandmortar stores(實體店) can offer a full experience from the minute customers

8、step through the door to the moment they leave.分析：e-shops是本文中的生詞，從only可知，后文bricksandmortar stores (實體店)可知與本詞意義相反，并借助構詞法(前綴e意為“電子的，電腦的，網上的”)，可知此處e-shops意為“網店”。怎樣突破生僻詞匯平行關系04上下文中有可能會有和生詞所處的句子相平行的句子，找出其中和生詞相對應的處于同一地位的詞或句子去推測。怎樣突破生僻詞匯平行關系04【示例2】(2014陜西高考閱讀B) My father visited an OHenry expert at Columbi

9、a University in New York, who authenticated the story as OHenrys.My father then set out to sell it.分析：通過和 authenticated所在句子并列的“My father then set out to sell it.”可知，既然找專家鑒定后拿出去賣了，那么就可以證明這本手稿是真正的歐亨利的作品。因此authenticate的意思是“證明(某物)為真”。怎樣突破生僻詞匯構詞法05英語是一種拼音文字，字母根據一定的規(guī)律組合為單詞。究其規(guī)律，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)許多單詞都是通過詞根和前后綴及單詞的組合演變而

10、來的：詞根為單詞的意義提供了一個最基本的意思，而前后綴則對單詞加以修飾或改變。在閱讀文章時如果碰到有些很難通過上下文來推斷詞義的生詞時，構詞法就該派上用場了。怎樣突破生僻詞匯構詞法05怎樣破譯長難句二理解長難句的類型1怎樣破譯長難句帶從句的句子01從句包括名詞性從句(主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句)，定語從句以及狀語從句。帶從句的句子之所以難理解，是因為有時主句、從句難以分清，從而造成句子結構的混亂。怎樣破譯長難句帶從句的句子01【示例2】(2014福建高考閱讀E) Those who disagree with the rapid expansion of wind farms s

11、tate that the damage they cause is out of proportion (比例) to the benefits they bring, because their energy output cannot match that of the carbonbased power stations they are supposed to replace.主句從句定語從句賓語從句定語從句定語從句定語從句譯文：那些不同意快速發(fā)展風力發(fā)電廠的人說它們造成的危害與它們帶來的益處不成比例，因為它們的發(fā)電量比不上它們理應取代的以碳為原料的發(fā)電站。怎樣破譯長難句帶非謂語動詞

12、短語的句子02非謂語動詞有三種形式，即動詞不定式、動詞的ing形式和動詞的ed形式。它們不能作句子的謂語，但可以作謂語之外的其他句子成分，而且可以像謂語動詞一樣有自己的賓語或由其他成分修飾。由于不能作謂語，它們不像句子的謂語動詞帶有自己的主語，但它們絕大多數都有自己的邏輯主語。怎樣破譯長難句帶非謂語動詞短語的句子02【示例2】(2014湖北高考閱讀E) In fact, according to Wilk, the car and the elevator have been locked in a “secret war” for over a century, with cars maki

13、ng it possible for people to spread horizontally (水平地), and elevators pushing them toward life in close groups of towering vertical columns.with復合結構賓語補足語譯文：事實上，按照威爾克的觀點，汽車和電梯被鎖進一場“秘密的戰(zhàn)爭”達一個世紀，汽車讓人們水平地運動成為可能，電梯推動他們在一個垂直的塔柱中朝著生活邁進。形式賓語真正賓語怎樣破譯長難句帶插入語的句子03在閱讀中，很多句子中間會插入其他詞、短語或從句，表示一些附加解釋、說明，或總結或表示說話者的態(tài)

14、度和看法，或僅僅是承上啟下，使句子與前面的語句銜接的更緊密一些。這些被稱為插入語。多數插入語位于主語和謂語動詞之間，有時也位于句首或句末，因而對考生的理解造成一定的干擾，特別是比較長的插入語。怎樣破譯長難句帶插入語的句子03【示例2】(2014重慶高考閱讀C) Sadly, biological facts prevent us ever accomplishing such a thing without artificial aid we simply weigh too much, and all our mass pushes down through our relatively s

15、mall feet, resulting in a lot of pressure that makes us sink.插入語，用來說明破折號前面的原因譯文：不幸的是，生理上的事實使我們在沒有人工幫助的前提下不能這樣做我們太沉了，全身的重量向下壓著我們相對很小的雙腳，導致很大的壓力使我們向下沉。掌握長難句的分析方法提取主干法2首先把長難句分解成若干個簡單句。按照句子成分，找出句子主干。1找出連詞和關系詞，確定句與句、短語與短語之間的關系，確定主句和從句。2分析主句與從句的成分，識別謂語動詞，判斷謂語動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)，接著看該句中是否有非謂語動詞、倒裝、省略、插入成分、獨立成分、同位成分等。3

16、語法分析可以按照下列步驟來操作：分析主句與從句、從句與從句、主句與非謂語動詞之間的關系。同時，考慮上下文、文化背景，從總體上把握句子的字面含義以及字里行間的深層含義。4怎樣破譯長難句掌握長難句的分析方法提取主干法00【示例】(2014新課標全國卷閱讀A) He reported the case to the police and then sat there, lost and lonely in strange city, thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organized again from

17、a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one.主句譯文：他向警方報案，然后坐在那里，很失落，在陌生的城市也很孤單，想想從一個遙遠的國家把那么多文件重新整理一遍會有多大麻煩，而自己還要盡力在一個新的國度里安頓下來。形容詞短語作伴隨狀語現(xiàn)在分詞短語作伴隨狀語狀語從句的省略怎樣理清文章的篇章結構三怎樣理清文章的篇章結構倒三角形寫作法()01即主題句出現(xiàn)在文首。開門見山，提出主題，隨之用節(jié)來支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達的主題思想。這英語中最常見的演繹法寫作方式。怎樣理清文章的篇章結構(2014重慶高考完形)Cultural differ

18、ences occur wherever you go. When visiting another country, you should be aware of those differences and 28.respect them. Here are some 29.tips on how to fit in.Every traveler to a foreign country feels 30.awkward at some point. What you do can make locals laugh. Your best defense is a sense of 31.h

19、umor.If you can laugh off eating with the wrong hand in India, locals will warm to you as “that crazy foreigner.”怎樣理清文章的篇章結構Wearing proper clothes is important too, 32.for locals will judge you by what you wear. In some Middle Eastern countries, exposing your flesh is 33.forbidden,_especially if you

20、 are a woman. So leave your torn jeans at home.Also be cautious about expressing 34.emotions.Getting angry in Southeast Asia just makes you look silly. In some countries it is 35.unwise to kiss in public.怎樣理清文章的篇章結構總體說明不同國家有著不同的風俗，提議大家入鄉(xiāng)隨俗。點明主題從三個方面分別介紹入鄉(xiāng)隨俗行為方式方面穿衣方面情感表達方面怎樣理清文章的篇章結構正三角形寫作法()02即主題句出

21、現(xiàn)在文尾。在表述細節(jié)后，歸納要點、印象、結論、建議或結果，以概括主題。這是英語中最常見的歸納法寫作方式。怎樣理清文章的篇章結構(2014浙江高考完形)I had worried myself sick over Simons mother coming to see me.I was a new 21.teacher,_and I gave an honest account of the students work.In Simons case, the grades were awfully low.He couldnt read his own handwriting. 22.But h

22、e was a bright student.He discussed adult subjects with nearly adult comprehension.His work in no way reflected his 23.abilities.怎樣理清文章的篇章結構So when Simons mother entered the room, my palms (手掌心) were sweating.I was completely 24.unprepared for her kisses on both my cheeks.“I came to thank you，” she

23、said, surprising me beyond speech.25.Because_of me, Simon had become a different person.He talked of how he 26.loved me, he had began to make friends, and for the first time in his twelve years, he had 27.recently spent an afternoon at a friends house.She wanted to tell me how grateful she was for t

24、he 28.selfrespect I had nurtured (培養(yǎng)) in her son.She kissed me again and left.怎樣理清文章的篇章結構I sat, stunned (驚呆), for about half an hour, 29.wondering what had just happened.How did I make such a lifechanging difference to that boy without 30.even_ knowing it? What I finally came to 31.remember was one

25、day, several months before, when some students were 32.giving reports in the front of the class, Jeanne spoke 33.quietly,_and to encourage her to raise her voice, I had said, “Speak up.Simons the expert on this.He is the 34.only one you have to convince, and he cant hear you in the 35.back of the ro

26、om.” That was it.From that day on, Simon had sat up straighter, paid more attention, 36.smiled more, and became happy.And it was all because he 37.happened to be the last kid in the last row.The boy who most needed 38.praise was the one who took the last seat that day.It taught me the most 39.valuab

27、le lesson over the years of my teaching career, and Im thankful that it came 40.early and positively.A small kindness can indeed make a difference., 怎樣理清文章的篇章結構情節(jié)一：描述一位學生聰明，但學習很差情節(jié)二：這位學生的母親來向我致謝，我有點摸不著頭腦情節(jié)三：回憶了幾個月前發(fā)生的一件事情，當時鼓勵了一個學生歸納三個段落，只為說明一個事情的來龍去脈我的表揚和鼓勵使一位學生發(fā)生了重大改變歸納要點，點明主題小小的善舉卻能產生重大的作用。怎樣理清文章

28、的篇章結構圓形寫作法()03即首尾呼應的寫作方法。突出主題，作者先提出主題，結尾時再次點出主題，這種首尾呼應的寫作方式也較為常見。通常，前后表述主題的句子不是簡單的重復，后面的表述往往有進一步的引申或發(fā)展的意味。怎樣理清文章的篇章結構(2014廣東高考完形)Parents feel that it is difficult to live with teenagers.Then again, teenagers have 1.similar feelings about their parents, saying that it is not easy living with them.Acc

29、ording to a recent research, the most common 2.argument between parents and teenagers is that regarding untidiness and daily routine tasks.On the one hand, parents go mad over_3.messy rooms, clothes thrown on the floor and their childrens refusal to help with the 4.housework.On the other hand, teena

30、gers lose their patience continually when parents blame them for 5.dropping the towel in the bathroom, not cleaning up their room or refusing to do the shopping at the supermarket.怎樣理清文章的篇章結構The research, conducted by St.George University, shows that different parents have different 6.approaches to

31、these problems.However, some approaches are more 7.successful than others.For example, those parents who yell at their children for their untidiness, but 8.later clean the room for them, have fewer chances of changing their childrens 9.behaviour.On the contrary, those who let teenagers experience th

32、e 10.consequences of their actions can do better.For example, when teenagers who dont help their parents with the shopping dont find their favorite drink in the refrigerator, they are forced to 11.reconsider their actions.怎樣理清文章的篇章結構Psychologists say that munication is the most important thing in pa

33、rentchild relationships.Parents should 13.talk to their children but at the same time they should lend an ear to what they have to say.Parents may 14.scold their children when they are untidy but they should also understand that their room is their own private space.Communication is a twoway process

34、.It is only by listening to and 15.understanding each other that problems between parents and children can be settled.怎樣理清文章的篇章結構開門見山，點明主題父母和孩子均表示住在一起不容易，然后指出在哪些方面存在爭論。緊扣主題，詳寫論證父母對于問題的處理方式會導致不同的結果。首尾呼應，升華主題介紹解決問題的關鍵是溝通，只有通過傾聽和理解才能解決父母和孩子相處難的問題。結尾和開頭相呼應，并進一步升華。怎樣理清文章的篇章結構菱形寫作法()04即主題句出現(xiàn)在文章的中間。通常前面先提出

35、一種社會現(xiàn)象或事例，然后引申出文章的中心或主題，而后又對其作進一步的解釋、支撐或發(fā)展。怎樣理清文章的篇章結構 (2014廣東高考閱讀B)It was a cold winter day. A woman drove up to the Rainbow Bridge tollbooth (收費站)“Im paying for myself, and for the six cars behind me，” she said with a smile, handing over seven tickets. One after another, the next six drivers arriv

36、ing at the tollbooth were informed, “Some lady up ahead already paid your fare.” It turned out that the woman, Natalie Smith, had read something on a friends refrigerator: “Practice random kindness and senseless acts of beauty.” The phrase impressed her so much that she copied it down.怎樣理清文章的篇章結構 Ju

37、dy Foreman spotted the same phrase on a warehouse wall far away from home.When it stayed on her mind for days, she gave up and drove all the way back to copy it down.“I thought it was beautiful，” she said, explaining why shed taken to writing it at the bottom of all her letters, “l(fā)ike a message from

38、 above.” Her husband, Frank, liked the phrase so much that he put it up on the classroom wall for his students, one of whom was the daughter of Alice Johnson, a local news reporter.Alice put it in the newspaper, admitting that though she liked it, she didnt know where it came from or what it really

39、meant. Two days later, Alice got a call from Anne Herbert, a woman living in Marin.It was in a restaurant that Anne wrote the phrase down on a piece of paper, after turning it around in her mind for days.怎樣理清文章的篇章結構 “Heres the idea,” Anne says. “Anything you think there should be more of, do it rand

40、omly.” Her fantasies include painting the classrooms of shabby schools, leaving hot meals on kitchen tables in the poor part of town, and giving money secretly to a proud old lady. Anne says, “Kindness can build on itself as much as violence can.” The acts of random kindness spread. If you were one

41、of those drivers who found your fare paid, who knows what you might have been inspired to do for someone else later. Like all great events, kindness begins slowly, with every single act. Let it be yours！怎樣理清文章的篇章結構導引用Natalie Smith的事例引出下文主題。主旨本段為文章的中心，畫線句為主題句。闡釋一三個人都見到了這句話，但卻未完全領悟。闡釋二Anne Herbert真正領悟

42、了這句話，并打算付諸行動。升華偶爾為之的善舉可以傳播，因此愿大家都能把善意傳遞下去。怎樣理清文章的篇章結構正方形寫作法()05即主題句隱含在全文之中，沒有明確的主題句。在這種情況下，我們的注意力應放在文章的主要內容上。怎樣理清文章的篇章結構 (2014福建高考閱讀D)Perhaps you think you could easily add to your happiness with more money. Strange as it may seem, if youre unsatisfied, the issue is not a lack of means to meet your

43、desires but a lack of desires not that you cannot satisfy your tastes but that you dont have enough tastes. Real riches consist of welldeveloped and hearty capacities (能力) to enjoy life. Most people are already swamped (淹沒) with things. They eat, wear, go and talk too much. They live in too big a house with too many rooms, yet their house o