英語思維與漢語思維

1、英語思維與漢語思維翻譯:我已經(jīng)結(jié)婚了,去年結(jié)婚的,到現(xiàn)在結(jié)婚一年多了。I am married. I got married last year. Ive been married for over a year.英文中有“動(dòng)作 action” 與“狀態(tài) state” 的區(qū)分。以及時(shí)態(tài)方面的問題。英語的靜態(tài)特征“ 靜態(tài)與動(dòng)態(tài) ” ,英語傾向于多用名詞,因此呈靜態(tài),漢語傾向于多用動(dòng)詞,因而呈動(dòng) 態(tài)。英語的靜態(tài)特征具體說來有四點(diǎn)。第一,名詞化是英語常見的現(xiàn)象?！?他很不開心,引起大家也不開心 ”He was unhappy, so others felt unhappy too.His unhap

2、piness made/infected others unhappy.He arrived so early, and I was quite surprised. His early arrival surprised me. 同時(shí)漢語常用人作主語而英語多用物作主語。比如一篇六級(jí)模擬題范文中有這樣一句話: Videogames could do us harm without our knowing it , If proper attention is not paid to their side effects.“ 他最終失敗了 ”At last he failed.At last a

3、ll his efforts were in vain.He was outstanding among his colleagues because he worked very hard. His hard work/ efforts made him outstanding among his colleagues.第二,用名詞表示作動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者(施事者,以代替動(dòng)詞?！?他七十多了,但能吃能睡?！盚e still could eat and sleep.He was still a good eater and a good sleeper.“ 這位老師上課上得不好,我們都盼著早點(diǎn)下課。

4、 ”This teacher is not a good one, so we are eager to finish his class as earlier as possible.In this teachers class, we are all clock-watchers.所以下次你要夸別人籃球打得好,記著可以怎么寫: He is a good/professional basketball player.第三, 名詞的優(yōu)勢造成介詞的優(yōu)勢?！?有人給他撐腰?！盨omeone supports him.He has someone behind him.“ 說完這些話,她就走開了。

5、”After she finished her words, she went away.With these words she went away.“ 這本書太難了,我看不懂 ”“This book is too difficult for me to understand it“The book is totally beyond/above me .”第四,動(dòng)詞的弱化與虛化。我們可用一些虛化動(dòng)詞(have, make, take, do加上它的 名詞意義。比如 look have a look, take a lookwalk have a walk, take a walkvisit

6、 pay a visit toattempt make attemptsdamage do some damages to比如:“ Tom 與老板吵架之后,就辭職了。”After Tom had a quarrel with his boss, Jack quit.After Tom quarreled with his boss, Jack quit.喜用名詞,是現(xiàn)代英文固有現(xiàn)象。但千萬切記,名詞的使用要適當(dāng),并非所有地方名 詞優(yōu)于動(dòng)詞,萬不可濫用。況且,近年來英美不少學(xué)者認(rèn)為名詞的濫用造成英語缺乏 生氣。如果考生能夠把握分寸,適當(dāng)使用名詞確也不失為寫作之上策。思維方式制約著表達(dá)習(xí)慣。思維是

7、寫作活動(dòng)的基礎(chǔ);寫作不僅是語言活動(dòng),而且是 思維活動(dòng)(Kelly , 1963。漢式思維模式是形象的、直觀的,在語言上,漢語用詞傾 向于具體,常常以實(shí)的形式表達(dá)虛的概念,以具體的形象表達(dá)抽象的內(nèi)容,而英式思 維則是概括的、抽象的(連淑能, 1993。漢語較少使用表示抽象概念的名詞,而較 多地使用具有實(shí)指意義的具體名詞,如“望梅止渴”中的“梅”與“渴”;英語常常 使用抽象名詞來表達(dá)復(fù)雜的理性概念。具體詞匯與概括詞匯的問題英語傾向于使用表達(dá)同類事物的整體詞語來表達(dá)具體事物或現(xiàn)象,用詞具體 細(xì)膩;漢語多用表示整體概念的詞,用詞概括模糊。學(xué)生受漢語的影響,通常用表示概括的詞加上各種副詞的方式,構(gòu)成“動(dòng)

8、詞 +副詞 (ly ”結(jié)構(gòu),比如, “ 走得很快 ”“walk quickly” ;“ 跑得很快 ”“run quickly” 。英語中表示各種走姿的詞匯很豐富,例如, stroll, trudge, plod, march, stalk, toddle, stagger 等。例如:That was a very wonderful movie.instructive 或者 moving 等較為具體的詞匯更符合英語表達(dá)習(xí)慣。詞語搭配問題“ 我們在學(xué)校里學(xué)習(xí)各種知識(shí) ”learn knowledgeacquire, gain, obtain, gather等詞匯與 knowledge 搭配; l

9、earn 只能與 something 或某 一學(xué)科搭配使用。吃蘋果,吃食堂,吃現(xiàn)成飯(to eat an apple, (to have ones meal in the dining hall, (to lead an idle life 例如:“ Mary won Jane in the speech contest.”“win" 和“ beat" 都可表示“贏”,但“贏了一場比賽”應(yīng)用 “ win" ,而“贏了某人” 則應(yīng)用“ beat" 。句法方面英語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)體范疇極為豐富。英語句子的人稱、數(shù)量、時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、情態(tài)均受制于 時(shí)空,在句子結(jié)構(gòu)上有比較

10、嚴(yán)格的規(guī)則、次序,而且要求形式一致;而漢語語言形式 是根據(jù)表達(dá)的需要來建構(gòu)句式,要求并不嚴(yán)格(熊沐清, 2001。Ted: Where did you learn to Rollerblade(輪滑 ?Anna: Here in the park. This is only my second time.Ted: Well, its my first time. Can you give me some lesson?Anna: Sure. Just follow me.(after a whileTed: Hey, that was fun. Thanks for the lesson!連接

11、詞的問題英語重形合,即注重運(yùn)用各種有形的連接手段達(dá)到語言形式的完整,句法功能呈外現(xiàn) 形;而漢語重意合,即語言表現(xiàn)形式由意念引導(dǎo),句法功能呈隱含形式。在英語和大多數(shù)印歐語言中,句子的從屬關(guān)系大多是用連接詞 if , because , although , while 等明確表達(dá)出來。例如, People learn English to use it. Some learn it to study or work abroad. Others learn it to read books and magazines in English or have something to do with

12、 English-speaking foreigners.則改進(jìn)為:People learn English for practical purposes: some learn it to study or work abroad, while others learn it to read or communicate in English.文章讀起來就通順很 多。Li & Thompson(1976認(rèn)為,形合的英語是主語突出(subject-prominence 的語 言,主題往往就是句子的主語,英語句子的主語通常指人或事物,由名詞、代詞或名 詞詞組來擔(dān)任;而漢語是主題突出(to

13、pic-prominence 的語言,句子的主語則大不相 同,它們可以各種形式出現(xiàn)。除人或事物外,地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、行為方式都可以作主語。 在詞性方面,除名詞、名詞詞組和代詞外,動(dòng)詞短語、介詞短語,甚至句子都可以作 主語。如 “ 天空萬里無云 ” 就是典型的主題句。按照漢語思維, “ 天空 ” 是主題,后面是評論主題 如何。受此影響,學(xué)生往往把漢語的主題當(dāng)成是英語的主語,造出 “The sky has no clouds.” 這樣的句子來。在英語中這句話的主語是“萬里無云”,天空只能作地點(diǎn)狀語或用形式主語 it 來代 替。因此,我們可以說“ Its cloudless” ,或者“ There is

14、no cloud in the sky” 。再比如,(1讀書可以增長知識(shí)。(1a Reading books can acquire knowledge.(1b One can acquire knowledge through reading books.(2自從 1978年以來,由于中國人民的努力,中國發(fā)生了巨大的變化。(2a Since 1978, China have taken place great changes with the efforts of the Chinese people.(2b Since 1978, great changes have taken plac

15、e in China with the efforts of the Chinese people.句式主、客觀傾向問題英語民族的思維注重客觀事物對人的作用和影響,因而他們對主體與客體有著嚴(yán)格 的區(qū)分;而漢語民族的思維往往以“人”為中心,形成了以人為中心來思考事物的思 維模式(張海濤, 1999。表現(xiàn)在語言上,英語物稱傾向比較普遍,常使用不主動(dòng)發(fā)出動(dòng)作的詞或無生命名詞充 當(dāng)主語。漢語里,采用有生命的人或物作主語總是占絕對優(yōu)勢。受此影響,學(xué)生英語作文中常常出現(xiàn)“ I think” , “we must” , “someone says” , “you should” , “l(fā)ets” 等主觀傾向

16、明顯的表達(dá),少用“ It can be argued that” , “It is estimated that” 等句型結(jié)構(gòu)。例如,“ American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson.”用漢語表達(dá)則為“托馬斯 ·杰斐遜對美國教育事業(yè)做出了巨大貢獻(xiàn)。 ”在英語寫作中,善于用非人稱主語句,可有效地減少漢語腔。再比如,“不同的人對考試有不同的態(tài)度”。(aDifferent people have different attitudes towards examination.(b Attitudes towards exa

17、mination vary from person to person.Kaplan (1966認(rèn)為東、西方語言具有不同的思維方式:漢語的人的思維方式是螺旋型(spirality 的,而操英語的人的思維方式是直線型 (linearization 。根據(jù) Scollon (1991的觀點(diǎn),亞洲人在談話時(shí)一般延遲話題的介紹,采用一種“亞洲 歸納”式思維模式,而西方人一般在談話開始就引出話題,采用的是“演繹模式”。Kaplan (1972也曾指出,英語段落的發(fā)展是趨向于直線性,推理性的;而在一些東 方語言中,段落組織的發(fā)展卻可稱為是在不停地兜圈子,即從多側(cè)面迂回表達(dá)而不直 接寫明。在開首段便說:“

18、I would like to apply for a university scholarship” ,而中國學(xué)生大多 喜歡將這句話放在中間或最后點(diǎn)出。句子與語境Father: Do you drink?Young Man: No, thanks, Im cool.Father: Im not offering;Im asking IF you drink. Do you think Id offer alcohol to teenage drivers taking my daughter out?I have been coming to Beijing for fourteen yea

19、rs.用短暫動(dòng)詞的完成進(jìn)行時(shí)來表示到目前為止的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。三大基本從句主語 主語從句賓語 賓語從句表語 表語從句同位語 同位語從句定語 定語從句狀語 狀語從句一 名詞從句名詞從句的本質(zhì) -三種句子充當(dāng)四種成分所謂名詞從句,就是把完整的句子當(dāng)作名詞來使用。一般來講,名詞在句中充當(dāng)四種 成分:主語,表語,賓語和同位語。能夠相當(dāng)于名詞作用的句子:陳述句,一般疑問句,特殊疑問句。The book is interesting.What I am reading is interesting.No one knows exactly the life on other planets.No

20、 one knows exactly whether there is life on other planets.English is a useful tool.English is what I like among all subjects.I love the novel, The old Man and the Sea.I love the saying that love , not time heals all wounds.Concerns were raised _ witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stor

21、ies in court to ensure guilty verdicts.(考研真題A. what B. when C. which D. that同位語從句與其先行詞分開人們?nèi)找鎿?dān)心,證人可能會(huì)因此受到鼓勵(lì),在法庭上夸大其詞以保證陪審團(tuán)作出有罪 審判。1.1 主語從句That 引導(dǎo)的主語從句That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.That the plates(地球板塊 are moving is not beyond dispute.更常見的是 it 作形式主語置于句首的形式。It be + 過去分詞 /形

22、容詞 +that從句And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.許多人以為,普通人的思維活動(dòng)根本無法與這些思維過程相比,這些思維過程必須經(jīng) 過某種專門訓(xùn)練才能掌握。Its reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道Its generally thought that 人們普遍認(rèn)為It has

23、 been found 現(xiàn)已發(fā)現(xiàn)It should be noted that 應(yīng)當(dāng)注意It must be pointed out that 必須指出Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rest upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all

24、kinds.再者,很顯然,一個(gè)國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關(guān),而效率的提高又 有賴于各類科技人員的共同努力。It be 形容詞 that從句It is clear that 顯然It is possible that 很可能It is certain that 可以相信It is fortunate that 幸運(yùn)的是It is strange that 奇怪的是It is an established fact that factory workers work better, harder, and have fewer accidents when their machines

25、 are painted orange rather than black or grey. 事實(shí)證明,如果把工廠的機(jī)器漆成桔黃色而不是黑色或灰色,工人就會(huì)干得更勤奮, 更出色,事故也會(huì)少。It be 名詞短語 that從句It is a pity that 可惜的是It is good news that 。真是太好了It is no wonder that 難怪It is a fact that 事實(shí)是It is a shame that 遺憾的是 /。真是太不象話了。It + 不及物動(dòng)詞 +that從句It seems that 似乎It happens that 碰巧It comes

26、about that 結(jié)果是It follows that 因此 /由此可見It turns out that 結(jié)果證明是其他結(jié)構(gòu)It dawns upon/on sb. that 某人突然想起It makes no difference that 無所謂It is of little consequence that 無關(guān)緊要It occurs to sb. thatIt doesnt need to be bothered that 不必?fù)?dān)憂1.2 whether及連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句一般放在句首,這不同于 that 引導(dǎo)的主與從句Whether the Government

27、should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa政府究竟是以減少對技術(shù)的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入來增加對純理論科學(xué)地經(jīng)費(fèi)投入,還是相反,這 往往取決于把哪一方面看作是驅(qū)動(dòng)性的力量。Whoever tries to resolve a conflict soon learns that nothing pleases everybody. 任何想要試圖解決這個(gè)矛盾的人很快就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),他不可能讓所有的人滿意。What happened on September 11,2001 will b

28、e forever etched in our memories. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.這些預(yù)測將在多大程度上為后來的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí),取決于采用的信息的數(shù)量,可靠性, 適應(yīng)性,以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。Becaus

29、e 引導(dǎo)的主語從句Just because someone doesnt love you the way you want them to doesnt mean they dont love you with all they have.如果有人沒有以你希望的方式去愛你,并不意味著他們沒有全身心地愛你。Something which seems valuable at first may turn out to be worthless. Example: “All that glitters is not gold!” Just because something appears val

30、uable does not mean that it is really valuable.有些東西乍看很值錢,但后來證明一文不值。比如,人們常說“閃光的并不都是金 子”。只是看起來之前的東西并不意味著真的有價(jià)值。2。賓語從句同樣是由前面討論過的連詞引導(dǎo)。賓語從句在句中的位置2.1 在及物動(dòng)詞后I have learned that love, not time, heals all wounds. I have learned that everyone you meet deserves to be greeted with a smile. I have learned that th

31、eres nothing sweeter than sleeping with your babies and feeling their breath on your cheeks.2.2 在雙賓語動(dòng)詞后I assure you that I had no intention of offending you.我向你保證,我當(dāng)時(shí)決不是故意冒犯你。They gave who came to the meeting a pamphlet.他們給到會(huì)的所有人員發(fā)一本小冊子。2.3在介詞后I find the best way to concentrate is to make notes on w

32、hat the teachers are saying. 我認(rèn)為上課集中注意力的最好辦法是把老師講的內(nèi)容記下來。There is disagreement among economists about what money is and how money is measured.什么是貨幣以及怎樣計(jì)量,這些在經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們之間存在分歧。2.4賓語從句后置We believe it true that the human body is also a kind of good conductor.It 指代被后置的賓語從句, True 是賓語補(bǔ)足語。We must make it clear th

33、at the parties involved are to make every effort to curb the pollution.我們必須強(qiáng)調(diào)清楚,有關(guān)部門要盡一切努力在治理污染。2.4 that在賓語從句中的省略一般來講, that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句可以將 that 省略,但是若有幾個(gè)賓語從句并列的話, 則一般不省。I once read that “the beauty of life is its changes” and that “the art of life lies in a constant readjustment to our surroundings”.我曾經(jīng)

34、讀過這樣一句話:生活的魅力在于它的不斷變化,生活的藝術(shù)在于不斷地適應(yīng) 周圍環(huán)境的變化。3。表語從句Women are much too preoccupied by family. Once the marriage begins to disintegrate, theyre lost. Thats and thats婦女們太專注于家庭了。一旦婚姻開始瓦解,她們就會(huì)失去方向,這就是她們不快樂 的原因,也是為什么大多數(shù)離婚的母親認(rèn)為自己是受害者。4。同位語從句當(dāng)我們用一個(gè)完整的句子來補(bǔ)充說明名詞式,即構(gòu)成同位語從句。名詞 +that+陳述句I have been left with the k

35、nowledge that its better to expect nothing than to give everything and then be disappointed.我從中懂得了,不抱任何期望比付出一切努力最后失敗好。名詞 +定語 +that+陳述句The statementrejected by the Court.該汽車司機(jī)說自己沒有看見卡車,但法庭對此并不相信。名詞 +謂語 +that+陳述句Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months

36、 old.有證據(jù)表明,六個(gè)月大的嬰兒就能辨別特定的說話聲。5。從句的嵌套結(jié)構(gòu)I realized that what I said was not exactly what I meant to say.我后來意識(shí)到,當(dāng)時(shí)所說的話并非我真正要說的。The question is how what you have learned can be put into practice.問題是,你所學(xué)的知識(shí)如何才能應(yīng)用到實(shí)踐中。在英語句子中,如果有 n 個(gè)謂語,就有 n-1個(gè)從句, n-1個(gè)連詞。general intelligence.我們對孩子們在考試中取得的分?jǐn)?shù)并不感興趣,我們所感興趣的是我們是

37、否能夠從他 們的考試分?jǐn)?shù)中做出判斷:這個(gè)孩子在我們認(rèn)為需要“一般智商”的考試任務(wù)中的表 現(xiàn)將會(huì)好于或差于同齡其他孩子二。定語從句先行詞 antecedentThe word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refersAudrey Hepbrun: The beauty of a woman is not in the clothes she wears, the figure that she carries, or the way she combs her hair. The beauty of a woman must be seen fro

38、m in her eyes, because that is the doorway to her heart, the place where love resides.女人的美,不是來自她所穿的衣服,或她的身材,或她梳頭的樣子,而是來自于她的 眼睛,因?yàn)橥高^眼睛我們可以看到她的心靈,一個(gè)愛的所在。In the Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media group have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines

39、 and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.在歐洲,像在其他地方一樣,多媒體集團(tuán)越來越成功了。這些集團(tuán)把相互間聯(lián)系密切 的電視,電臺(tái),報(bào)紙,雜志以及出版社組合到了一起。He said that he had no time, which isnt true.分句My girlfriend likes dancing with other guys, which really drives me crazy.完整的句子1先行詞 +其他定語 +定語從句尾重原則(principle of end weightThe mine

40、ral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root.土壤中可供植物利用的礦物質(zhì)只有先溶解在土壤中,然后才能被植物的根部吸收。 先行詞 +狀語 +定語從句while they have the least number of available customers to pitch to.政治可能是世界上唯一的一個(gè)投資最多而顧客最少的生意。作主語的先行詞 +謂語部分 +定語從句req

41、uire specific scientific answers.不過可以預(yù)見的是,將來會(huì)經(jīng)常有問題出現(xiàn),需要給出專門的科學(xué)的回答。如何判斷先行詞先翻譯定語從句在關(guān)系詞前尋找與定語從句的意思有邏輯語義聯(lián)系的名詞,短語或從句。定語從句的主謂一致問題Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that is not fully understood.定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于先行詞,而不是關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系代詞,關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系代詞:who/whom, which, th

42、at, whose, as ,than, but, what關(guān)系副詞:when, where, whyThere are nations whose lack of contact with the outside world has resulted in poverty.有些國家因?yàn)殚]關(guān)鎖國,導(dǎo)致貧困。關(guān)系代詞 asAs 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句可以放在句首 , 先行詞可以出現(xiàn)在 as 的后面,而 which 不可以。As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used equally fo

43、r good or evil._is known to us all, the whale is not fish but a mammal._is known to us all that the whale is not fish but a mammal._is known to us all is that the whale is not fish but a mammal.There is , as has been suggested, a growing body of research literature in journalism and broadcasting, bu

44、t very little significant attention has been devoted to the study of the interview itself.正如前面已經(jīng)提到,對新聞和廣播的研究文獻(xiàn)越來越多,但卻少有關(guān)注新聞采訪本身 的研究。(不能 which 替換As 有正好。,就像。,由。而知的含義,所以當(dāng)主句和從句在內(nèi)容上一 致時(shí),或者從句是順著主句意思說下來的時(shí)候,用 As.若從句和主句的內(nèi)容不一致,從句的內(nèi)容起消極作用,反對,排斥,否定主句內(nèi)容 時(shí),多用 whichShe has married again, as was expected.She has ma

45、rried again, which was unexpected.As 引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句只能用在固定結(jié)構(gòu)中Such as ,the same as, asasHell repeated such point as are discussed in the bookHell repeated the point that are discussed in the bookHe is not such a man as would leave his work half done.He tried to make as few mistakes as he could avoid.(as 作賓語He is not such a fool as we would assume him to be.(as作表語關(guān)系代詞 thanChildren are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family structure.與傳統(tǒng)家庭結(jié)構(gòu)相比,孩子們在家所受的管教可能更少了。Than 在從句中一般作主語(也可作賓語Than 前面的主