非謂語動詞作狀語全解

1、非謂語動詞作狀語全解不定式和分詞作狀語的用法一、不定式作狀語可以作：1. 主要用作目的狀語。常與in order to do為了 或so as to do以便 連用。soas to不用于居首。He got up early in order to catch the first bus 他早起為了趕上第一班車。He sat dow n to have a res 他坐下來休息。He went to France to learn French 他去法國學(xué)習(xí)法語。They stood by the roadside to talk about the pla他們站在路邊為的是談?wù)撨@個(gè)計(jì) 劃。Th

2、ey stopped to ask the way他們停下來問路。（停下來的目的2. 作結(jié)果狀語。表示出乎意料的結(jié)果。做結(jié)果狀語的不定式只能出現(xiàn)在句子的 末尾，常見的不定式動詞有 :to find, to hear, to see, to be told, to form, to give, to make, to produce 等。He hurried to the station only to find the train gone.他匆匆忙忙地趕到火車站，發(fā) 現(xiàn)火車已經(jīng)開走了。He woke up to find everybody gone.他醒來發(fā)現(xiàn)大家都走了。His famil

3、y was too poor to support him.他的家庭太窮，不能維持他的生活。Theboy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf這男孩個(gè)子不夠高，手伸不到書 架。He is old eno ugh to go to school 他 至 U上學(xué)年齡了。He lifted a rock only to drop it o n his own feet 他搬起石頭砸了自己的腳。He lived to be a very old man 他活得很長。In 1935 he left home never to return.193笄，他離開

4、家再沒有回來。The house is so high and narrow as to resemble a tow這房子又高又窄,像一座 塔。The room is big eno ugh to hold one hun dred peoples 房間大得足以容納一百 人。I hurried to school, only to find the gate is locked.He hurried to the station, only to be told the bus had left他匆忙趕到車站,結(jié)果卻 被告知汽車已經(jīng)走了。3. 表示喜怒哀樂的形容詞作表語其后的不定式作原因狀語

5、。表示引起這種情緒 變化的原因。I ' m sorry not to havome on Tuesday.很艮抱歉沒有在星期二來。I am very glad to see you.見到你我非常高興。(to see you作 glad的原因狀語We are glad to hear the new我們很高興聽到這消息。(原因二、不定式做狀語時(shí)應(yīng)該注意：1. not/n ever tooto do , too not to do , but/only tooto do, too ready to do, tooeager to do表示 肯疋意乂。He is too careful no

6、t to have noticed that他那么小心，肯定會注意到那一點(diǎn)的。She is too sad not to help crying她那么傷心，忍不住哭了。I am only too glad to help you我很高興能幫助你。I am on ly too glad to go 我 很高興能去。I am on ly n ever too glad to know you 認(rèn)識你我再高興不過了。Mary was only too ready to help others 瑪麗總是樂于助人He is only too ready to help others, seldom, i

7、f ever, refusing them when they turn to him.他很樂意幫助別人，別人向他求助時(shí)他從不拒絕別人。Y ou cannot be too careful whe n you drive car你開車時(shí)無論怎么小心都不過 分。2.不定式做狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語一般為句子的主語，否則用for引導(dǎo)主語。We studied hard to pass the exam不定式做目的狀語 其邏輯主語是 we。Li Mi ng ' s mother went to the lecture hall early for him to get a good sea 明的母

8、 親一早就去演講廳了，為了讓他可以得到一個(gè)好座位。三、分詞作狀語可以作：1. 作時(shí)間狀語Hearing the noise, I turned round.聽見響聲我轉(zhuǎn)過身去。Having done my shopping, I returned home買完東西，我就回家了。Reading carefully, he found something he had not known before.仔纟田讀書時(shí),發(fā) 現(xiàn)了一些從前不知道的東西。2. 表示原因。往往位于句首，表示發(fā)生某一行為的原因。Not having received a reply, he decided to write a

9、gain沒有收到答復(fù)，他決定再寫 遍。Reading attentively, he forgot the time for lunch由于在專心讀書，他忘了吃午飯 的時(shí)間。Being League members, we are ready to help other由于我們是團(tuán)員，我們樂意幫 助別人。信。Not knowing his address, I can't wri由于不知道他的地址，我無法給他寫3. 表示條件Reading carefully, you'll learn something new.只要你仔細(xì)閱讀，你會學(xué)到一些新 的東西。Working hard

10、, you will surely succeed. （=lf you work hard, you will surely succeed. 如果你努力工作，你就一定會成功。Given more time, we could have done it better. （If we had been given more time, we could have done it better如果給我們時(shí)間多一些，我們本來會做得更好。4.表示伴隨 或方式。They stood by the roadside talki ng about the pla 他們站在路邊談?wù)撝@個(gè)計(jì) 劃。（伴隨The

11、boy sat in front of the farm house cutt ing the bran ch 那男孩坐在農(nóng)舍前，小樹 枝。（伴隨He came running back to tell me the n ews他 跑回來告訴我這個(gè)消息。（方式 5.表示結(jié)果。現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語表示自然的結(jié)果。充當(dāng)結(jié)果狀語的現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語有時(shí)并不是句子的主語，而是句子的內(nèi)容或部分內(nèi)容。A lot of good land has gone with them, leaving only sand許多好地也隨之消失了 , 留下來的只是沙漠。The child slipped and fell,

12、 hitting his head against the doo那孩子滑了一跤 ,頭撞 到了門上。A hurricane hit this area last night, blowing down a lot of trees.Europea n football is played in 80 coun tries, mak ing it the most popular sport in theworld.歐式足球在80個(gè)國家盛行，是世界上最流行的運(yùn)動。四、現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區(qū)別。1. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞的動作就是句子主語的動作，它們之間的關(guān)系是 主動關(guān)系。He wen

13、 t out shutti ng the door behi nd him 他出去后將門隨手關(guān)上。Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help由于不知如何辦是好 ,他去 找父母幫忙。2. 過去分詞作狀語時(shí)，過去分詞表示的動作是句子主語承受的動作，它們之間的 關(guān)系是被動關(guān)系。（過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動式及完成被動式作狀語，兩者無 多大區(qū)別。見下。Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.果對這些樹多關(guān)心一些 , 它們本來會長得更好。Faced with dif

14、ficulties, we must try to overcome them.在遇到困難的時(shí)候 ,我們必 須設(shè)法克服。?過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動式及完成被動式作狀語的比較：1.過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動式都有被動意義，有時(shí)兩者無多大區(qū)別。例如:（Being seized with a sudden fear, she gave a scream.在某些情況下，二者則是有區(qū)別的。例如：Un ited, we sta nd; divided, we fall.（條件Badly polluted, the water cannot be drunk原因Being written in haste

15、, the composition is full of mistakes.（原因，強(qiáng)調(diào)寫的過程，故應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動式2. 有時(shí)過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動式皆表示已完成的動作，在意義上無多大 區(qū)別。例如：(Hav ing bee n weake ned by storms, the bridge was no Ion ger safe.但有時(shí)是有區(qū)別的。例如：Having bee n deserted by his guide, he could n't find his way through the jun gle為了強(qiáng)調(diào)已完成的動作Asked to stay, I could

16、 n't very well refuse.(這里 asked 可能意味著 having been asked也可能意味著 when/since I was asked, 但用了 hav ing bee n askec就不會有歧義。3. 下面句中過去分詞表示的時(shí)間與謂語動詞所表示的時(shí)間相同，所以不能代之以強(qiáng)調(diào)先于謂語動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動式。例如：Covered with con fusio n, I left the room 我 很窘地離開了房間。United, we stand; divided, we fall.團(tuán)結(jié)則存，分裂則亡。4. 有時(shí)現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動式與其完成式的被

17、動式完全同義，皆表示已完成 的動作。這時(shí)用一般式的被動式較好。例如：Bei ng surr oun ded (Havi ng bee n surro un ded, the en emy troops were forced to surre nder.5. 現(xiàn)在分詞被動式的一般式在句中主要作定語或賓語補(bǔ)足語，表示該動作說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行或與謂語動詞同時(shí)進(jìn)行。例如：正在修理中的那輛自行車不是我的。being repaired在句中作定語,相當(dāng)于：The bicycle which is being repaired doesn' t belong to me.They saw huge b

18、oxes being carried away by ships in the harbour.他們看見巨大的箱子在港口正被輪船運(yùn)走。bei ng carried away在句中作賓語補(bǔ)足語。6. 但如果分詞作狀語，表示條件，方式或伴隨狀況等，即使說話時(shí)仍在進(jìn)行，也 只能用過去分詞表示。Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautifuI從山頂上看 ,那城市更 加美麗。五、分詞和分詞短語在表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步和方式時(shí)，通?？赊D(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的狀語從句；表示方式和伴隨情況時(shí)，可以轉(zhuǎn)換為一個(gè)并列的謂語成分。Seeing the t

19、eacher en teri ng the room, the stude nts stood up.=Whe n the stude nts saw the teacher en teri ng the room, they stood up.學(xué)生們看見老師走進(jìn)房間，都站了起來。Heated, ice will be cha nged into water.=When it is heated, ice will be changed into water.當(dāng)冰加熱時(shí)，它就會變成水。Being excited, I could n ' t go to sleep.=As I was

20、excited, I couldn ' t go to sleep.我興奮得睡不著覺。I stood there, liste ning to the broadcast.=I stood there and liste ned to the broadcast.我站在那兒聽廣播。The childre n went away laughi ng.=The childre n went away. They laughed as they went.孩子們笑著走開了。Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.=Although

21、they know all this, they made me pay for the damage.他們盡管了解這一切，還是要我賠償損失。六、分詞作狀語時(shí)前面可用連詞。when, while, once, if, unless, though等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句,若其主語與主句主語相同時(shí),可保留該副詞連接詞，其余部分則化簡為分詞短語。When (bei ng free, I ' ll fet有空oil,我會來接你。While walking along the street early in the morning, he saw he一早在街上散步時(shí) 他看到了她。If falli n

22、g ill, I' ll see如果生病我會去看醫(yī)生。Once completed, this power stati on supplies the n earby tow ns and villages withelectricity .這個(gè)電站一旦建成，將向附近的城鄉(xiāng)供電。Eve n though give n every opport uni ty, they would not try.即使給他們一切機(jī)會 ,他們也不肯試一試。Though kn ow ing the truth, he rema in ed sile n雖然他知道實(shí)情，卻保持沉默。Un less （bei n

23、g rich, I am n ot goi ng abroac除非有錢,要不然我是不會出國的。七、分詞或分詞短語作狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語必須與句中的主語相同（即保持一 致，否則句子就是錯(cuò)誤的。Entering the room, I found the walls newly-painted.對我走進(jìn)房間時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)墻壁油漆一新。En teri ng the room, the first thi ng that met eyes was the n ewly-pa in ted walls.錯(cuò) Badly woun ded the soldier was sent to hospital at on

24、 ce 對士兵受了重傷，立即被送到醫(yī)院。Badly woun ded, we sent the soldier to hospital at on ce.錯(cuò)Being very busy, I could not afford the time to go to the cinema.對我因?yàn)樘?，不能花時(shí)間去看電影了。Being very busy, the film tickets were given to others.（昔Led by the Party, we are making great progress in our work對在黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，我們的工作有很大的進(jìn)展。Led

25、by the Party, great progress in our work is being made 錯(cuò)Writte n in haste, the letter had some mistakes 對由于寫得匆忙，這封信里有幾個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。Written in haste, he made some mistakes in the letter錨Running after each other in the street , the two boys were kno cked dow n by a bike .兩個(gè)男孩在馬路上相互追逐的時(shí)候被自行車撞倒了。Running after ea

26、ch other in the street, a bike kno eked dow n the two boys錯(cuò)八、如果分詞或分詞短語作狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語不是句中的主語，分詞必須有 自己的主語。這種帶主語的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)稱作分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，或獨(dú)立主格。有時(shí)也 可用“with或 without+名詞（或代詞賓格+分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)，表示伴隨情況。The professor entered the lab, his students following him.那位教授走進(jìn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，學(xué)生們在后面跟著。A few seconds later, he was looking at the screen aga

27、in with the machinery turned on.幾秒鐘后，他開了機(jī)器,盯著熒光屏。The day being very wet, Mary wore her new mack in tosh.因?yàn)檫@天是陰雨天氣，瑪麗穿上她的新雨衣。The authorities hav ing arrived and take n the seats reserved for them , the cerem ony began .在負(fù)責(zé)人到達(dá)并在為他們保留的座位上就座以后，典禮就開始了。Weather permitting, the ship will leave the harbour a

28、t dawn.如果天氣不錯(cuò)的話，船將在黎明時(shí)離港。He lay on his back, his kn ees draw n up.他蜷著腿，仰面躺著。The rain hav ing stopped, the soldiers con ti nued their match.雨停后，戰(zhàn)士們又繼續(xù)行軍了The boys retur ned, their face covered with sweat.孩子們回來了，滿臉是汗He fell asleep with the lamp bur ning 他亮著燈睡著了。The teacher en tered theclassroom, with a

29、 bag （be ingin his hand老師進(jìn)了教室，手中提著一個(gè)包。九、有些現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞已具有介詞或連詞的性質(zhì)，由它們組成的詞組作狀語時(shí)其邏輯主語和整個(gè)句子的主語不必保持一致。如：1. He could n't atte nd the meet ingowing to illness. 他因病沒能出席會議。2. According to the text, please answer thefollowing questions.請按照課文的內(nèi)容，回答下面問題。 3. The boy did quite well considering the circumstances

30、考慮到具體情況，可以說這孩子干得很不錯(cuò)了。4. Regarding the case he knew nothing.關(guān)于這件事，他一無所知。經(jīng)常這樣用的分詞有： admitt ing that （conj. con fess ing that, 承認(rèn)） assu ming that （c onj. if， 假定）barring （prep, except, 除以外，除非） considering prep, viewof. hav ing regard of.（ in .，. 鑒于，就而論）concerning（prep, about, 關(guān)于） excepting （prep.& c

31、onj. leaving out, excluding，-often after not，always，without，除之外，包括） failing （prep, in defaultof. ， in the abse nee of .若缺少時(shí)，如果沒有）.owi ng to（prep, because of . on account o. 因?yàn)椋?，.， 由于）providing /provided that （conj. on condition that，假若，倘使） regarding（prep, with refere nee to. . ， about，關(guān)于，有關(guān)）see ing

32、 that （conj. in viewof the fact that; considering,鑒于的事實(shí)，由的緣故）上述諸詞有些已完全變成了介詞或連詞。這些分詞還有:provided （or provided that, providing that,supposing, seeing （that, considerin等。 You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you don ' t mind taking the night如果你不介意搭夜班火車，你 就能早點(diǎn)兒到北京開會。I ' ll g

33、o, providing you go toe如果你去的話我就去。Supposing it rains, what shall we do?假如要下雨的話，我們怎么辦 ？ Seeing （that she is old eno ugh to getmarried, I don ' t think you can sto 鑒于她 已至 U結(jié)婚年齡，我 看你阻止不了她。Con sideri ng he has bee n lear ning En glish only for a year, he speaksit quite well.考慮到他學(xué)習(xí)英語才一年，他講得相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)。十、只有一些

34、分詞或分詞短語可用來表示說話人的態(tài)度或看問題的角度，這些分詞或短語已轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楠?dú)立成份，含有 泛指”之意，在句中常作插入語，這時(shí)分詞或分詞短語的邏輯主語也可以不必和全句的主語保持一致。如：Judging from his appearanee he looks likean old doctor. 6從外表看，他像一位老醫(yī)生。Strictly speaking，her pronunciation is not quitegood. 嚴(yán)格地說，她的發(fā)音不十分地道。Taken as a whole there is nothing wrongwith the article.總地來說，這篇文章沒有什么

35、問題。Looki ng at the questionobjectively，what he said is something believable 客觀地看，他說的話還有些可信 之處。經(jīng)常這樣用的分詞短語有：fran kly speaki ng老實(shí)地說，坦率地說gen erally speaking 般地說 strictly speaking 嚴(yán)格地說 properly speaking 確切地說來 talking or taken one with another總地看來taken as a whole總地來說 這種分詞短語可以說是一 種句子狀語，也可以看作是一個(gè)句子的獨(dú)立成份。十一、在

36、一些句子中，作狀語的分詞或分詞短語的邏輯主語并不是整個(gè)句子的主語，而是包含在句子的另一個(gè)成份之中，大多數(shù)是賓語和定語。如： Seeing her health sinking rapidly alarm seized her father's heart 她父親看到她的健康狀況急劇惡化，非常驚慌。（seeing的邏輯主語是 heart的定 語 her father） His summer holidays were spent in the countryside, helping the farmers with their work. 他在鄉(xiāng)下度過暑假，假期中幫助 農(nóng)民干活。（he

37、lping的邏輯主語是holiday的定語his） Running to school, aterrible thought struck her.跑到學(xué)校時(shí)，她突然產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)可怕的念頭。（running的邏輯主語是struck的賓語her）注：1.若邏輯主語在句中根本沒有 出現(xiàn)，以上下文推測，常為泛指人稱代詞 （we， you， one）等。如：Facing north, there is a large mountain on the right 面向北方，右邊有座大山。注: 2.其邏輯主語為整個(gè)句子，該分詞短語相當(dāng)于關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的特殊 定語從句。女口： The bus was

38、held up by the sno wstorm, thus caus ing the delay 公共汽車為大雪 所阻，因而耽擱了。First of all, this difficult problem has to be tackled, thus en abli ngus to proceed to the others首先這個(gè)難題必須解決，這樣我們才能解決其它的問 題。十二、如果句子的謂語是被動語態(tài)時(shí)，作狀語的分詞或分詞短語的邏輯主語不是整個(gè)句子的主語，而是包含在由by引起的動作執(zhí)行者或發(fā)出者中，盡管by引起 的動作執(zhí)行者大多不寫出來。如：1. Ideas can be expressed completely usingsimple sentence 7用簡單的句子也可以表示出完整的意思來。(using的邏輯主語包含在by 沒有寫出來 之中) 2. Knowing as much as you de, the si