(完整word版)新概念英語第三冊語法詳解和總結(jié)(帶習(xí)題),推薦文檔.docx

1、新概念第三冊語法詳解和總結(jié)（帶習(xí)題和答案）第一章英語從句Subordination英語從句主要有定語從句，狀語從句和名詞性從句（主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句，同位語從句）一.定語從句|1.|定語從句:由關(guān)系代詞who, whom, whose, that, which;關(guān)系副詞 when, where, why引導(dǎo)。（下面十個(gè)句子請讀5遍并脫口譯出！）1. The death notices tell us about people who have died during the week.2. The man （whom） you spoke to just now is my frien

2、d.3. The building whose lights are on is beautiful.4. Please find a place which we can have a private talk in.5. The knee is the joint where the thighbone meets the large bone of the lower leg.6. He still remembers the day when he went to school.7. It is no need telling us the reason why you didn

3、9;t finish it in time.8. He has three sons, two of whom died in the war.9. Mr. Smith, whose wife is a clerk, teaches us English.10. In the Sunday paper there are comics, which children enjoy.|z. I只能用that和who引導(dǎo)的定語從句A . all, nothing, anything, a few, one 做先行詞指物時(shí)B .先行詞前有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，后面常跟 that而不是which.C.先行

4、詞前有 the only, the first, the last, the next, the very等詞修飾時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞只能用 thatoD.當(dāng)先行詞是 anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody 時(shí)，后面要用 who 或 whom ； All that glitters is not gold.閃光的并非都是金子?？?as引導(dǎo)定語從句as引導(dǎo)的定語從句有兩種形式：A.引導(dǎo)限制性語從句。在此類定語從句中，as常與主語中作為其先行詞的such, the same或as聯(lián)用構(gòu)成，“ such. as "，u the

5、same. as 和“ asas”句型，可代替先行詞。例如：We hope to get such a tool as he is using.我們希望得到他正在用的那種工具。B . as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，作用與 which相同，as作為關(guān)系代詞代替整個(gè)主句。（這是語法考試的一個(gè)考點(diǎn)。）注意區(qū)別:as引導(dǎo)的從句用于句首、句中或句后，而 which引導(dǎo)的定語從句不能放在句首。例如： As is reported, a foreign delegation will vis it the city.據(jù)報(bào)道，一個(gè)外國代表團(tuán)將訪問這個(gè)城市。二.狀語從句超級(jí)作文聯(lián)接詞及詞組，全部拿下！ 原因：be

6、cause, since, now that （既然）as, for, this reason. 結(jié)果：so that, so, therefore, consequently, so as to, as a result.（3） 時(shí)間: after, before, when, while, as, until, as soon as, since, by the time, once, lately, presently, shortly after, currently, at present, nowadays . 條件：if only if., once, unless, in th

7、e event （that）, in case （that）, provided that, on the condition that, etc. 讓步：though, although, even though（if）, no matter what / how / when f whatever / however / whenever . 目的：in order that, in order to, to, 比較：than, as . as, by comparison （相比較）,by contrast （相對照）.三.名詞性從句15王牌要點(diǎn):通常由 that或疑 出。1. How

8、some mammals came to live in the sea is not know.（主 從句）2. The attorney told his client that they had little chance of winning the case.（ 從句）3. The problem is what we'll do next.（表 從句）4. We have no idea that he has come back.（同位 從句）同位（Appositive ）:同位是英法的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，也是各考中的一個(gè)考點(diǎn)， 同，在寫作中正確運(yùn)用同位可以使你的句型更加得體。新概

9、念英第三冊第一有一個(gè)句子：When reports came into London zoo that a wild puma had beenspotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.（當(dāng)敦物園接到告，在敦以南45英里一只美洲，些告并沒有受到重。）在里，a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London 就是同位從句，它本來 放在 “reports”后面，里卻被放在了成分came into London zoo的后面，目

10、的是句型得更 重。1 .:同位從句，就是某些名做一步的解的句子I was greatly shocked when I heard the news that his father died yesterday.（that引的句子解了 news的內(nèi)容，注意：that不做任何成分）We have to face the foct that the weather is unexpectedly bad.（that引的句子解了 fact的內(nèi)容）n.想：能接同位 從句的名 有:belief （信仰），fact, idea, doubt, rumor （言），evidence （據(jù)），conclusi

11、on （ ）, suggestion（建）, problem , order, answer, discovery （ ） explanation （ft? ）, principle （原）,possibility （可能性）,truth, promise （承），report（告），statement（聲明），knowledge （知）,opinion （點(diǎn)），likelihood （可能性） 大聲朗三遍，背下即可。 m.王牌要點(diǎn)： 同位一般由 that引，但也可以用關(guān)系代 which, who, what和關(guān)系副when, where, why, how或whether 弓I。There

12、arouse the question whether we could win the game.I have no idea howto explain it. 一些介 后面也能引同位從句。（非常典之功能句式，可用于四六和托福作文，不妨一 ?。簅n the assumption （ft前提下）, on the ground（由于原因）, on the condition that （在條件下）, with the exception （有例外） owing to the feet （由于事）;on the understanding （基于理解）;The young lady promi

13、sed to marry the old man on the condition that he bought her a villa. 那位年的女士答嫁那位老，條件是他她一幢墅。IV .分隔式同位從句了使句型平衡不至于重腳，有同位從句可以放到句子的末尾，（兩遍此定，然后看倒句：）An idea came to him that he might write to her to ask more information about the matter.I got information from my friend that there will be a marvelous Americ

14、an movie "Titanic”.V.同位從句與定從句之區(qū):定從句的引that或which在句子中用作主或，而同位從句的引that只起接主句和從句之作用，不用作任何成分。示彳列 I've get nn answer同位 從句，that不做成分）that做定從句的主）I've got an answer that surprised me a lot.（定 從句，VI.王牌重點(diǎn)：可以充當(dāng)同位的 或短。1）名詞短語。（使句型更為簡潔）Bill Clinton, the president of America, came to China to pay an offi

15、cial visit in 1998.Lu Xun, one of the greatest essayists in China, played an overwhelmingly important role in Chinese literature history.2）動(dòng)名詞詞組亦可用作同位語：別忘了加逗號(hào)。（使句型更為流暢）Pm crazy about the game, playing baseball.Going to concert, that sounds a great idea.3）不定式短語。（陌生只是掌握的開始）The problem what to do next

16、remains unsolved.Her claim to have finished his work is nothing but a white lie.4）形容詞詞組。（有逗號(hào)隔開）All the workers, young or old, should be treated equally.Young man, short or tall, should have the right to take the opportunity.vn.同位語的引導(dǎo)詞。（重要！這是中高級(jí)寫作中不可缺少的引導(dǎo)成分 ）引導(dǎo)詞用來表示同位語與它所說明的同位成分之間的關(guān)系：1. namely, that

17、it is, that is to say （也就是說），in other words （換句話說）,or, for short 表示等同關(guān)系。2. such as, say, so to speak （譬如說）,including （包括），ft）rinstance （或 for example （e.g. / eg ）,表示舉例 和列舉關(guān)系。3. especially, mostly, chiefly, or better, in particular, particularly 表示突出重點(diǎn)，（在高難度閱讀中表示后面的部 分為更重要或更突出的部分，是出題的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)。 ） 測試精編1 .選擇

18、正確選項(xiàng)：1. all behavior is learned behavior is a basic assumption of social scientists.A. NearlyB. That nearlyC. It is nearlyD. When nearly2. The people at the party were worried about Janet because no one was awareshe had gone.A. where thatB. of whereC. of the place whereD. the place3. 一 Susan hasn

19、9;t written us for a long time. What do you supposeto her?A. that happenedB. happenedC. to happenD. having happened4. 一 May I have the loan?you ofter good security.A. ButB. UnlessC. ProvidedD. But for5.Gorillas are quiet animals,they are able to make about twenty difterent sounds.A. howB. in spite o

20、fC. because ofD. even though6. The little White House in warm springs was the Georgia home of President Franklin-D. Rooseve It there on April 12, 1945.A. who diedB. diedC. while diedD. he died7.Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation ofreality.A. what it is conceivedB. that is

21、conceivedC. what is conceived to beD. that is being conceived of8.Seeds usually germinatethe temperature is favorable.A. ifB. whereasC. as a resultD. in consequences9 .Francis Preston Blair. Jr,born in Kentucky, lived and practiced in Missouri.A. wasB. he wasC. althoughD. who he was10 ., work songs

22、often exhibit the song culture of a people in a lundamental form.A. They occur where they areB. Occurring whereC. Where they occurD. Where do they occur第二章虛擬語氣THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD虛擬語氣用來表達(dá)不可能或難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，通常分為基本的三種形式。1 .與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬：If + did / were + ，wouldshouldcould+ do (動(dòng)詞原形)mightIf I were you,

23、I would go abroad at once. (I am not you.)If he knew it now, he could help me. (He doesn't know it now.)2 .與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬：If + had done + ，would (might) have done .If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I would have phoned you.(I didn't know your telephone number.)If you had come here a

24、 little earlier just now, you might have met her. (You didn't come here earlier.)3 .與將來事實(shí)相反的虛擬：(1) If + should + v., . would + v.(可能性很小)(譯作“萬一”)If it should rain tomorrow, you could stay at home.Ifl should fail, what should Ido?(2) If + did / were to + v ,would + v.(完全不可能)If the sun were to rise

25、 in the west, I would lend you the money.If you finished it in 3 minutes, I would give you my car.4 .金牌特殊重點(diǎn)：！ ！簡單聯(lián)想記憶:下列動(dòng)詞后的“賓語從句”中需要用虛擬形式，即 should +動(dòng)詞原形，shoud在美國英語中要省略( TOEFL 語法考點(diǎn))。此類常見的動(dòng)詞有：order, ask, decide, demand, require, recommend, suggest (建議)insist (堅(jiān)決要求)， advise, etc.例句： He suggested that

26、we (should) help them with English.The teacher ordered that the homework (should) be finished within half an hour.下列名詞后的同位語從句中要用“ should +動(dòng)詞原形"(should可省去)的虛擬。 suggestion, order, request, demand, importance, proposal.He made a suggestion that we (should) have a fancy dress party.I think it is a

27、thing of importance that it (should) be done soon. It is / was important / necessary / natural / essential / advisable / strange / surprising, ect. + that + 主語 + should + v.It is strange that you should say such a thing.It was important that you should tell me all the information. wish后的賓語從句中，as if后

28、的狀語從句中，須用下列的虛擬形式：主 + wish+ (that) + 主 + did / were (指現(xiàn)在)haddone (指過去)would+ v.(指將來)Iwishthat I met my uncle now.IwishI had met my uncle yesterday.IwishI could meet my uncle tomorrow. It is (high) time that. + did / were .It is time that you went to bed. would rather that + did / were .I would rather

29、 that you were not here now. would sooner that. + did / were .I would sooner that you got up earlier.I would sooner that you were not my brother. 測試精編1 .選擇正確選項(xiàng)：1. Ihe had taught me the word, but he didn't.D7A. believeB.hopeC. wishD. think2. The man in charge recommends that this matterat the mee

30、ting. A. would be discussedB. will be discussed C. be discussed3. It is raining now, otherwise weD. may be discussedgo out play.A. couldB. canC. may4. he come late, give him the message.A. HadB. ShouldC. Would5. Hadn't my car broke down, I the train.A. would have caughtB. might catchD. willD. Di

31、dC. could catchD. would catch6.1 would have helped him if I had time, but IA. haven'tB. hadC. didn'tD. wouldnl7. The dam was built in time to protect the inhabitants from the flood;A. otherwise the damage would be beyond measure.B. the damage, otherwise, should be very great.C. the damage co

32、uld have been very serious otherwise.D. the damage caused, therefore, many of them homeless.8. It is natural that an employeehis work on time.A. finishesB. finishC. can finishD. finishs9. I would go abroad but that Ipoor.A. amB. wasC. shall beD. were10. Don't act as if youthe only pebble on the

33、beach.A. areB. we reC. have been D. would be第三章 代替與省略SUBSTITUTIONAND OMISSION英語中，為了避免不必要的重復(fù)，經(jīng)常用 so, not, to, do, does代替前面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞或相關(guān)內(nèi)容。如：He translated the article better than I did. (did 代替 wrote it)一 Do you think she isclever?一 I think so. (so 代替 she is clever)(1)從上兩例中看出，do / does / did代替動(dòng)詞。(2) "

34、so 與 not"代替某個(gè)詞、短語、句子等，通常用于 hope, think, believe, expect, suppose, be afraid, fear, imagine, etc后作賓語。E.g. Is it correct?- Fm afraid not. (not correct)(3) ntoH 用作不定式,常跟隨下列動(dòng)詞:want, mean, hope, expect, retuse, seem, intend, be, afraid, etc. E.g.I asked him to go to the party, but he refused to. (go

35、 to the party)(4) ndo so, do that, do itH用來代替動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞,而不能代靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞。Eg. He gave up studying English.-Why did he do so? (= give up studying English)The dish tastes nice. Yes, so it does. （tastes nice）（此句不能用it does it或it does so,因taste屬靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞。）（5）為使語言精煉，避免不必要的重復(fù)，對話中常用省略形式。E.g. He is thinking of buying a car?一Is

36、he?（這里，u thinking of buying a car ”被省略了。）Will he come back in time?Perhaps.（省略 T he will come back in time.）測試精編1 .選擇正確答案：1. 一 Shall I wake you up tomorrow? Yes,.A. please doB. you shallC. you willD. you may2.1 think records are oftenan actual performance.A. as good as or better thanB. as good or be

37、tter thanC. like good or better thanD. as good as any other3. If he doesnl come to work, he may be fired. Sure ly he isnrt so foolishnot to realize that.A. soB.andC.butD. as4. Donrt you think Alan's health has beenruined by smoking? Yes, he told mehimself.A. the factB. this thingC. ItD. so5. Wil

38、l you go home tomorrowevening? No, I'm going to a lecture, or at least, Pm planningA. onB. toC. soD. It6. I slipped on the stairs, I think my arm is broken. Oh! IA. do not hope soB. do not hopeC. hope not soD. hope not7. California re lies mainly on income irom fruit crops, and.A. Florida alsoB.

39、 Florida tooC. Florida is as we 11D. so does Florida8. 一 Have you been here long? .A. No, not veryB. Not muchC. Yes, only littleD. No, only yesterday9. You look happy today, Mary. I like my new dress and mother, too.A. doesB. likesC. isD. do10. So you are lost, little boy. Why didn't you hang on

40、 to your mother's skirt?一,but I couldn't reach it.A. I hanged toB. I did toC. I didn't hang toD. I tried to第四章 倒裝INVERSION根據(jù)語法要求，把謂語動(dòng)詞置于主語前，稱為完全倒仁工血3詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞置于主語前，稱為部分倒裝。1 .副詞如：in, out, down, there, here, off, over, away, etc.句子倒裝。（完全倒裝，但主語不能是代詞） Down jumped the murderer from the tenth flo

41、or.In came Miss Green.（特別注意：當(dāng)主語是人稱代詞時(shí)不倒裝。）Away she went!（她走了?。〩ere you are!（你在這兒?。? . only+副詞（介詞短語）位于句首，句子要倒裝。Only then did he realize that he was mistaken.Only by working hard can we succeed in doing anything.3 . well, so, often, such, few, little 放于句首，句子形成倒裝。So fine was the weather that we all wen

42、t out lying in the sun. Well did I know him and well did he know me.4 .否定詞或具有否定意義的詞及詞組用在句首時(shí)，句子須倒裝。此類詞有：neither, nor, hardly, scarcely,rarely , seldom, not, never, not only , barely , at no time, nowhere 等。e.g. Jack could not swim.Neither could Tom.Never have I seen such a good movie.5 . as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，須

43、倒裝。（準(zhǔn)確地說，是將需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞提到as的前面。） Rich as he is, he spends a cent on charity.Try as he does, he never seems able to do the work beautilully.6 .在表示祝愿的句子中。May you make greater progress!（愿你取得更大進(jìn)步?。? .在虛擬條件句中，連詞 if省略時(shí)，句型要倒裝，即將 were, had, should等詞提到句首。Were I you, I would go abroad to take advanced study.我要是你，就出

44、國進(jìn)修了。Should he come tomorrow, he would help us to settle the problem.他要是明天來的話，他會(huì)幫我們解決這個(gè)問題的。8 .百分特例重點(diǎn)：Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want. （NCE BookmLesson 26 ）盡管我們?yōu)樽约旱慕^好鑒賞力感到自豪，但我們已經(jīng)無法自由地選擇我們所需要的東西了。 測試精編1 .選擇正確選項(xiàng)：1. Not until the mid-

45、nineteenth-century discovery of vast deposits of borate fs in the Majave Desert re la tively common.A. borax becameB. did borax becomeC. and borax becomeD. borax's becoming2. received law degrees as today.A. Never so many women haveB. Ne ver have so many womenC. The women aren't everD. Women

46、 who have never3. the Bob's belongings that he carried them in a bundle slung over his shoulders.A. Were so fewB. Few were soC. So few wereD. They were so few4. Only after a baby seal is pushed into the sea by its motherto swim.A. how will it learnB. will it learn howC. it will learn howD. and i

47、t leams how5. Not onlya promise, but he also kept it.A. did he madeB. he madeC. did he makeD. he makes6. Nowhere in the world.A. travelers can buy so much beauty for so little as in Hawaii.B. no one can buy so much beauty for so little money as Hawaii.C. so much beauty can be bought for so little mo

48、ney in Hawaii.D. can travelers buy so much beauty for so little money as in Hawaii.7. No soonergone home than it began to rain heavily.A. had I B. have I C. I had D. I have8. Not for a momentthe truth of your story.A. he has doubtedB. he doubtsC. did he doubtD. he did doubt9. succeed in doing anythi

49、ng. A. Only by working hard we can B. By only working hard we can C. Onlyby working hard can we D. Only we can work hard10. Never before in similar circumstancesA. a British Prime Minister had refused to step down.B. did a British Prime Minister have reftised to step down.C. a British Prime Minis te

50、r did have refused to step down.D. had a British Prime Minister reftised to step down.11. People might avoid manyaccidentsthese methodsbeen adoptedbefore.A. thatB.wereC. haveD. had12. arose the problem that the boy will never overcome the great difficulties.A. ItB.ThisC. HereD. Those第五章形容詞ADJECTIVES

51、定義：形容詞是用來修飾名詞的詞，描述名詞的性質(zhì)、外觀、特點(diǎn)等。功能：形容詞可以做定語、表語或補(bǔ)助語。分類：主要分為兩類：描繪性形容詞和限定性形容詞。 描繪性形容詞主要用來描繪大、小、新舊、顏色、質(zhì)量等。限定性形容詞主要用來限定所修飾詞的數(shù)量、距離及范圍所屬等。1 .當(dāng)形容詞修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，必須與冠詞連用：a lovely girl, the naughty boy2 .形容詞可與系動(dòng)詞連用，做表語，說明主語的性狀。常用系動(dòng)詞有：be, become, seem, appear, feel, look , taste, smell , sound, remain, go, turn, kee

52、p, stay, etc.The dish tastes delicious.The music sounds sweet.The milk went bad.小心陷阱feel, smell, taste, look, keep有時(shí)可以用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，并可以用副詞修飾。He looked me up and down carefully.I tasted the soup slowly to see whether it was salty.3 .形容詞用作后置定語。（簡單理解：一般的形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)放在名詞前面，但有些形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)放在名 詞的后面）a river navigable （一條

53、可通航的河）sight visible可見的景象person responsible （負(fù)責(zé)人）注意：responsible person （有責(zé)任心的人）the best way possible （盡可能好的辦法）the number necessary （必要的數(shù)量）the people present （在場的人）4 .只能作表語的形容詞1 .某些表示健康狀況的形容詞。well （身體好的），ill （病的），faint （虛弱的），poorly （身體不好的）示例： His mother has been ill for a long time.特別注意：sick是個(gè)特例。它既可做表

54、語，又可做定語。He is sick for a couple of days.（他病兩三天了）He is a sick person.（他是個(gè)病人。）2 .某些以a-開頭的形容詞。如：afraid （害怕的），alone （獨(dú)自的），alive （活著的），asleep （睡著的），awake （醒著的），aware （意識(shí) 到的）The old man is alone in the house.（老人一個(gè)人在家。）The teacher is alive with enthusiasm.（這位老師熱情洋溢。）He is asleep in his mother's arms.（他

55、在母親的懷抱中睡著了。）Ihave been aware of the difficulty.（我已經(jīng)意識(shí)至 lj 了 困難。）5 ,當(dāng)一系列形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)，須注意排列順序：代明形容詞+數(shù)量形容詞+性狀 形容詞+名詞。（下圖看起來費(fèi)勁，看透了絕對實(shí)用）代明形容詞數(shù)量形容詞性狀形容詞名詞1234567891011用于冠 詞前的 形容詞冠詞序數(shù)基數(shù)性質(zhì) 狀態(tài)大小 長短 形狀新舊 溫度顏色國籍材料名詞指示代詞物主代詞動(dòng)名詞不定代詞AllthefirstonegoodbigoldblueEnglishwoodboxBothA(n)secondtwobadsmallnewyellowIndiansto

56、nethiscageSuchthat roundcold Ironyour SomeEg. a broken small old gray stone bridge.such a good yellow pen.測試精編I.選擇正確選項(xiàng)：1. The Chinese food served in American restaurant is not bad but I preferA. Chinese food authenticallyB. Chinese authentic foodC. food Chinese authenticallyD. authentic Chinese food2. lessons were not difficult.A. Our first few short EnglishB. Our few first short EnglishC. Our few f