主謂一致——就近原則

1、.主謂一致 就近原則 .代表詞匯：there be Neither nor Either or Not but Whether or Not only but also 代表詞匯：as well astogether/along withrather thanexceptbesidesbutincludingin addition toapart fromHe rather than I is right.Nobody but two students is in the classroom.;.主謂一致現(xiàn)象。有一類連接詞，其后的謂語動詞要與連接詞前一部分的主語保持一致。此類連接詞有with,

2、along with,together with, as well as, besides, like, without, except (but), including等。例如：Tracy, like many girls, loves dancing.特蕾西像很多女孩一樣，喜歡跳舞。All the students, including Tom, are leaving.所有的學生，包括湯姆都走了。No one except (but) me knows about this news. 除了我沒有人知道這個消息。就近原則現(xiàn)象。還有另一類連接詞，句中的謂語動詞要與靠近的主語保持一致。此類連

3、接詞有or, either. or, neither.nor, notonly. but also 等。例如：Neither you nor I am wrong.你和我都沒錯。Not only the students but also the teacher wishes for a holiday. 不僅是學生，就連老師也期盼一個假期。1.There be 句型There is a book and some pencils on the desk.=There are some pencils and a book on the desk.2.neither.nor. Neither

4、you nor he is right.= Neither he nor you are right.3.either.or. Either they or Jim is going to Shanghai next Saturday.= Either Jim or they are going to shanghai next Saturday.4.not only.but also. Not only Ann but also her parents stay at home every Sunday.= Not only Anns parents but also she stays a

5、t home every Sunday.百度詞條：就近原則也稱 “鄰近原則 ”“就近一致原則”(Proximity），即：謂語與靠近的名詞、代詞（有時不一定是主語）在“人稱、數(shù)”上一致。I.在正式文體中：1.由下列詞語連接的并列主語：or ; either； nor; neither ；orwhetheror；notbut; not onlybut also;等。 e.g. What he does or what he says does not concern me . 他的行為或言談都與我無關(guān)。Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都沒錯。 Not you bu

6、t your father is to blame . 不是你，而是你父親該受責備。Not only you hut(also) he is wrong . 不僅你錯了，他也錯了。;.2. 在倒裝句中：謂語可與后面第一個主語一致。e.g. In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people . 在遠處，能聽見鼓掌聲和人們的呼喊聲。There is (are) a pen and some books on the desk 桌.上有一支鋼筆和幾本書。II.非正式文體中：有時依 “就近一致原則

7、”，但也可依 “意義一致原則 ”或嚴格地依 “語法一致原則 ”。 e.g.Neither she nor I were there ( 意義一致 ) 我和他當時都不在那兒。 （非正式）Neither she nor I was there .（就近一致）（譯文同上句）（正式）但是，如果依 “就近一致原則”而與其他兩項原則相矛盾時，則常常認為是不太合符規(guī)范的。e.g.No one except his own supporters agree(s) with him . 僅他自己的支持者同意他的意見。 （依 “就近 ”和“意義 ”一致的原則；但語法上， “No one 才”是主語，謂語要改成 “

8、agrees?！薄皩懽髦?”一般要依 “語法一致 ”原則。主謂一致分為兩大類：就近一致原則和意義一致原則。就近一致原則指的是，以靠近謂語動詞的，作主語的名詞作為人稱和數(shù)的參考標準。意義一致原則指的是， 必須分析主語屬于單數(shù)或是復(fù)數(shù)， 可數(shù)或是不可數(shù)， 然后才能決定謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)的形式。就近一致原則（1 ）連詞 not only.but also/ neither.nor/ or/ either.or/ not.butNot only the students but also the teacher is enjoying the film.不僅學生而且老師都在津津樂道地看著電影。Neit

9、her the students nor the teacher knows anything about it.同學們和老師對此都一無所知。Neither he nor they are wholly right.他和他們，誰都不是完全對的。Either he or I am right.或者他對，或者我對。就近一致原則（2 ）;.副詞 here/ thereHere comes the bus.瞧，公共汽車來了。Here is a pencil-box for you.這兒有一個鉛筆盒要給你。Here are my replies to your questions.這些是我針對你的問題的

10、回答。There is an apple, two bananas and some oranges on the plates.盤子里有一個蘋果，兩條香蕉和一些桔子。主謂一致： andand 的兩邊分別是不同的可數(shù)名詞。John and Mary are my friends.約翰和瑪麗都是我的朋友。and 的兩邊分別是不同的不可數(shù)名詞。Both rice and wheat are grown in China.中國有種水稻也有種小麥。and 的兩邊的單詞構(gòu)成一個統(tǒng)一的概念。;.Fish and chips is a popular supper here.炸魚土豆片在這里是一種很受歡迎的

11、晚餐。（魚和土豆片作為整體）The poet and writer has come.那位詩人兼作家來了。（同一個人既是詩人又是作家）主謂一致指的是句子的謂語動詞與其主語在數(shù)上必須保持一致，句子的主語是第三人稱單數(shù)，其謂語動詞須用單數(shù)，主語是復(fù)數(shù)，則謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。1主謂一致的三個原則。英語中的主謂一致主要遵循三個原則： 意義一致原則、 語法一致原則和就近原則。 這三個原則常常發(fā)生矛盾，但當發(fā)生沖突時，意義一致原則為優(yōu)先考慮的原則。(1)語法一致原則：主語和謂語通常是在語法形式上取得一致， 即主語是單數(shù)形式， 謂語動詞也應(yīng)采取單數(shù)形式；主語是復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語動詞也應(yīng)采取復(fù)數(shù)形式。She is a

12、 girl 她是女孩。They are all girls 她們都是女孩。The professor and writer is invited to many universities to deliver lectures.這位教授兼作家被邀請到很多大學作報告。（教授與作家是同一個人，是單數(shù).）The old are very well taken care of in our city 老年人在我們城市被照顧得很好。 ( the old 指所有的老年人，指一類人，為復(fù)數(shù)概念。 ）(2) 就近原則：謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)由靠近它的主語決定。There is a book ，two pens a

13、nd three pencils on the desk.;.書桌上有一本書，兩支鋼筆和三支鉛筆。There are two pens， a book and three pencils on the desk.書桌上有兩支鋼筆，一本書和三支鉛筆。Either my sisters or my mother is coming.不是我的姐妹們就是我的媽媽要來。(3)意義一致原則：主語形式上是單數(shù)， 但表達復(fù)數(shù)意義， 那么謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式； 或主語形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，但表達單數(shù)意義，則謂語動詞也采用單數(shù)形式。The police are still running after the murder

14、er.警察還在追殺人犯。The news was very exciting.這則新聞令人激動。My family were watching TV at 7 oclock.7 點鐘的時候，我們?nèi)胰嗽诳措娨?。My family has moved three times 我們家搬過三次。2主謂一致的應(yīng)用。(1)單一主語的情況。單一主語指的是由一個中心名詞或名詞短語構(gòu)成的主語，其主語與謂語的一致情況如下：不定代詞作主語a不定代詞either, neither, each, one, the other, another,someone，somebody， something，anyone，an

15、ybody，anything ，everyone, everybody, everything, nobody, no one, nothing 等作主語時，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)、b. none 作主語時如果指人或可數(shù)的物，表數(shù)目，謂語動詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式皆可；如果指不可數(shù)名詞，表量，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Jimmy has used up all the money. None is left.吉米把所有的錢都用光了，一點沒留。c. neither/either of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)形式的代詞，謂語動詞可用單數(shù)，也可用復(fù)數(shù)。Neither of these words is correct.這些單詞沒有一個

16、是正確的。d. the other two（ ），the other three（ ） another two( . ) , both 等作主語時謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)、Five people came to help， but another three were still needed.已經(jīng)有五個人來幫忙了，但我們還需要三個e. all 指人時作主語，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；指全部事情時，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)All the work was finished.所有的活都干完了All is going well一切都很正常.f在 each. and each，every.and every，no.andno,

17、many a. . . and many a 等由 and連接并列單數(shù)主語的結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語動詞用單數(shù)、Each boy and each girl has got a seat.每個男孩和女孩都有一個座位.Every man and everv woman is at work.;.每個男人和女人都在工作.No sound and no voice is heard for a long while.很長時間沒有聽到一點聲音Every boy and every girl likes the film star.所有的男孩和女孩都喜歡這個電影明星g. such 山作主語時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)

18、根據(jù)其意義而定、Such is Stephen Hawking ， who has suffered a great deal but achieved so much這就是史蒂芬霍金，遭受著巨大痛苦而作出巨大成就的人。Such as have plenty of money want more money.那些有足夠錢的人還想要更多的錢。集合名詞作主語a有些集體名詞，如 people, cattle, police 等形式上是單數(shù)，但意義上是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞需用復(fù)數(shù)。People are talking about the accident happened yesterday.人們還在談?wù)撟?/p>

19、天發(fā)生的那場事故。b集合名詞，如 audience（觀眾）， army, class, crew 船員）， company（公司），crowd（人群）， enemy, family, group, government(政府 )， public (公眾 )， population( 人口 ),team(隊員 )等作主語時，若作為一個整體看待，謂語用單數(shù)；若著眼于組成該集體的一個個成員或個體時，謂語就該用復(fù)數(shù)。The population in China is very large and 80% of the population live in rural areas.中國人口很多，其中8

20、0的人住在農(nóng)村。c. 有些以 -sh, -ese , -ch 結(jié)尾的表示國家、民族的形容詞與the 連用時表示復(fù)數(shù)含義，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)如the English, the Chinese， the French 等The English are a polite people 英國是一個禮儀之邦。以復(fù)數(shù)形式結(jié)尾的特殊名詞作主語a以一 ics 結(jié)尾的表示學科名稱的名詞作主語時，謂語用單數(shù).Politics is taught in our school.我們學校開設(shè)政治課。b專有名詞如國名、人名、書名、組織機構(gòu)等作主語，形式上即使是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞也要用單數(shù)，如the United Nations,

21、 the United States ，the New York Times 等。Lu Xuns works sells well.魯迅的著作很暢銷。c有些名詞如。 arnings, thanks, goods, leavings （殘渣，剩余） ， clothes, trousers, belongings（財產(chǎn)）， savings, scissor，等作主語，其謂語動詞只能用復(fù)數(shù)形式The family were saved but the belongings were lost.這一家人獲救，但損失了所有財產(chǎn)。d. means , sheep , (leer, crossroad、等單

22、復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語，謂語動詞根據(jù)其單復(fù)數(shù)而定Each means has been tried to solve the problem， but none is effective.每一種方法都試過，但沒有一個是有效的。含有修飾語的名詞作主語a 一些由兩個對應(yīng)部分組成一體的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，如 trousers , pants, glasses, scissgrs 等作主語，前面若無 a pair of, a suit of, a set of, a series of 等這類單位詞，通常作復(fù)數(shù)用，謂語動詞作復(fù)數(shù)。若帶有單位詞，則由單位詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。My shoes are

23、under the bed我的鞋在床下。;.His black trousers are too long 他的那條黑褲子太長了。Your glasses are on your nose你的眼鏡在鼻子上。但若這類名詞與a pair 連用時，謂語動詞往往用單數(shù)。This pair of shoes is made in Beijing 這雙鞋子是北京制造的。There is a pair of glasses on your bed你的床上有副眼鏡。b. a number of 意為“許多” ，修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時謂語一般也用復(fù)數(shù)：the number of意為“ 的數(shù)目” ，作主語時，謂語只能

24、用單數(shù)A number of the other plants were found in America.在美洲還發(fā)現(xiàn)了許多別的植物。The number of people who travel by plane in China is larger than ever before在中國乘飛機旅行的人數(shù)比以往多了。c只修飾可數(shù)名詞的量詞 several, a few, few, quite a few, a great manv(of. ）作主語，謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式；其修飾的名詞作主語、謂語動詞也應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式Usually few regard their work as a plea

25、sure.通常很少有人把工作當成娛樂。d. some, plenty of, a lot ( of) , lots( of ）等詞既可修飾可數(shù)名詞，又可修飾不可數(shù)名詞，謂語的形式應(yīng)根據(jù)所修飾詞而定、A lot of students are coming to the meeting.很多學生要來參加這次會議。A lot of work is to be done to prepare for the conference.為了準備會議，還有很多工作要做。注意 a quantity( of) , ( large )quantities( of ）作主語或其修飾的名詞作主語，謂語動詞應(yīng)根據(jù) qu

26、antity 的單復(fù)數(shù)形式而定。Quantities of money are needed to equip the school.學校安裝設(shè)備需要很多錢。A quantity of story books has been bought for the children.為孩子們買了大量的故事書：e. a great/ good deal( of) ，a little ， quite a little ， a large amount( of ）等修飾不可數(shù)名詞的量詞作主語或修飾的名詞作主語，謂語動詞只能用單數(shù)形式A great deal of time was wasted playin

27、g but ought to have been fully used 很多時間在玩耍中浪費掉了，但本應(yīng)好好利用的f. more than one十單數(shù)名詞”盡管意義上是復(fù)數(shù)，但因中心詞是單數(shù)形式，謂語也必須用單數(shù)以符合語法一致的原則在“ more復(fù)數(shù)名詞than one”結(jié)構(gòu)之后， 謂語常用復(fù)數(shù)More than one person was injured in the accident.不止一人在這次事故中受傷More members than one are against the proposal.反對這項提議的會員不止一個g. one or two + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞

28、用復(fù)數(shù)One or two students were planting trees yesterday afternoon.昨天下午有一兩個學生在植樹h表示時間、距離、價格、度量衡的復(fù)數(shù)名詞與pass, go by， waste, use, spend 等詞連用時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)Five years have passed since I joined the Party我入黨五年了i. one or two后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語要用復(fù)數(shù)但在“a/an 十單數(shù)名詞or two ”結(jié)構(gòu)之后，;.據(jù)報道在此地區(qū)有四分之一的人患肺癌（一般情況下，詞作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式）.謂語卻常用單數(shù)One o

29、r two days are enough for this work.=A day or two is enough for this work.干這活一兩天就夠了j. the rest（ of ），the remaining ，part（ of. ），one half( of ）等詞或短語作主語和它們所修飾的名詞或代詞作主語，謂語動詞應(yīng)根據(jù)主語所表達的單復(fù)數(shù)而定Part of his story was not true 他講的故事有一部分不是真的。Part of the foreign teachers in our school are from Canada. 我們學校一部分外籍教師

30、來自加拿大 .k當“幾分之幾（百分之幾）+ of 名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時，一般也應(yīng)根據(jù)of 后的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)one and a half + 復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”作主語，謂語一般用單數(shù).This is because two thirds of the earths surface is made up of vast oceans這是因為地球表面積的2/3 是由廣闊的海洋構(gòu)成的Two thirds of these tasks have been completed.這些任務(wù)已經(jīng)完成了三分之。One and a half days is all I can spare.我只能抽出一

31、天半的時間It is reported that in this area one in four people suffers from lung cancer.one in ten 作主語和其修飾的名(2）非謂語形式、從句作主語單獨的不定式、動詞的一ing 形式作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式：如果多個非謂語動詞連在一起表達同一概念， 謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式； 如果表達不同概念， 謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)Persuading him to join us seems really hard.勸他加入我們似乎很難。To go to bed early and to rise early is a good

32、 habit.早睡早起是好習慣。To work and to live are two different things but they are always together.雖然工作和生活是兩件不同的事情，但是它們永遠相伴。 that，what，who ，which ，when，where，why ，whatever, whoever,whichever, whenever,whereve：等引導(dǎo)的從句作主語或單獨引導(dǎo)疑問句時，應(yīng)根據(jù)概念上一致的原則決定謂語動詞的數(shù)That .lack has gone abroad makes us all surprised.杰克出國去了使我們都很驚

33、訝Who is Abraham Lincoln ？林肯是誰？Who are talking with each other ？誰在相互討論？(3) 以并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語的主謂一致 and 及 both. and.a. 一般來說， 兩個單數(shù)主語用 and 連接起來， 表示兩個不同的人或物， 謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；但如果兩個并列的單數(shù)主語在意義上指同一個人、 同一個事物或同一個概念， 謂語動詞必須用單數(shù)A smile and handshake show welcome 微笑和握手表示歡迎;.The poet and writer has produced many works. 這個詩人兼作家寫出很多作品

34、、b并列主語由or, either. . or. . . , neither. nor. . . , not onlybut also 連接時，謂語動詞常與鄰近的主語保持人稱、數(shù)的一致Either the teacher or the students are to blame. 或者是老師，或者是學生要受到責備 Not only the students but also their teacher doesnt know about it 不僅僅是學生，還有他們的老師都對此一無所知Neither you nor I am fit for the work.你和我都不適合干這個工作Are neither you nor I fit for the work?你和我都不適合干這個工作嗎？(4) 假性主語的主謂一致with,together with （連同）， along with （和一起）， as wellas（也）， like （諸如），such as（諸如），as much as, no less than（和一樣），ra