審計(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)外文文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)課程

1、審計(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)外文文獻(xiàn)精品文檔Independent audit risk analysis and preventive measuresAbstractPrevious studies have utilized a variety of approaches to determine appropriate criteria to evaluate the effectiveness of the internal audit function. For example, considered the degree of compliance with standards as one of

2、the factors which affects internal audit performance. A 1988 research report from the IIA-United Kingdom （IIA-UK ，1988 ）focused on the perceptions of both senior management and external auditors of the value of the internal audit function. The study identified the difficulty of measuring the value o

3、f services provided as a major obstacle to such an evaluation. Profitability, cost standards and the effectiveness of resource utilization were identified as measures of the value of services. In its recommendations it highlighted the need to ensure that audit work complies with SPPIA.In the US, Alb

4、recht et al.(1988)studied the roles and benefits of the internal audit function and developed a framework for the purpose of evaluating internal audit effectiveness. They found that there were four areas that the directors of internal audit departments could develop to enhance effectiveness: an appr

5、opriate corporate environment, top management support, high quality internal audit staff and high quality internal audit work. The authors stressed that management and auditors should recognize the internal audit function as avalue- adding function to the organization. In the UK, Ridley and D Silva

6、(19 identified the importance of complying with professional standards as the most important contributor to the internal audit function adding value.Key wordsAudit,Risk, Internal Control, AuditingCompliance with SPPIAA number of studies have focused on the SPPIA standard concerned with independence.

7、Clark et al.(1981) found that the independence of the internal audit department and the level of authority to which internal audit staff report were the two most important criteria influencing the objectivity of their work. Plumlee (1985) focused on potential threats to internal auditor objectivity,

8、收集于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，如有侵權(quán)請(qǐng)聯(lián)系管理員刪除精品文檔particularly whether participation in the design of an internal control system influenced judgements as to the quality and effectiveness of that system. Plumlee found that such design involvement produced bias that could ultimately threaten objectivity.The relationship between

9、the internal audit function and company management more generally is clearly an important factor in determining internal auditor objectivity. Harrell et al. (1989) suggested that perceptions of the views and desires of management could influence the activities and judgement of internal auditors. Als

10、o, they found that internal auditors who were members of the IIA were less likely to succumb to such pressure.Ponemon (1991) examined the question of whether or not internal auditors will report sensitive issues uncovered during the course of their work. He concluded that the three factors affecting

11、 internal auditor objectivity were their social position in the organization, their relationship with management and the existence of a communication channel to report wrongdoing. The independence of internal audit departmentsCommentators and standard setters identify independence as being a key att

12、ribute of the internal audit department. From the questionnaire responses 60 (77%) of the internal audit departments stated that there was a written document defining the purpose, authority and responsibility of the department. In nearly all instances where there was such a document the terms of ref

13、erence of the internal audit department had been agreed by senior management (93%), the document identified the role of the internal audit department in the organization, and its rights of access to individuals, records and assets (97%), and the document set out the scope of internal auditing (90%).

14、 Respondents were asked to assess the extent to which the relevant document was consistent with the specific requirements of SPPIA. In those departments where such a document existed 27 (45%) claimed full compliance with SPPIA, 23 (38%) considered their document to be partially consistent with SPPIA

15、. In more than one-third of the departments surveyed either no such document existed ( n=18,收集于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，如有侵權(quán)請(qǐng)聯(lián)系管理員刪除精品文檔23%) or the respondent was not aware whether or not the document compliedwith SPPIA (n=10, 13%).SPPIA suggests that independence is enhanced when the organization sboard of directors con

16、curs with the appointment or removal of the director ofthe internal audit department, and that the director of the internal auditdepartment is responsible to an individual of suitable seniority within theorganization. It is noticeable that in 47 companies (60%) their responsibilitieswith regard to a

17、ppointment, removal and the receipt of reports lay with non-senior management, normally a general manager. SPPIA recommends that thedirector of the internal audit department should have direct communication withthe board of directors to ensure that the department is independent, andprovides a means

18、for the director of internal auditing and the board of directorsto keep each other informed on issues of mutual interest. The interviews withdirectors of internal audit departments showed that departments tended toreport to general managers rather than the board of directors. Further evidenceof the

19、lack of access to the board of directors was provided by the questionnaireresponses showing that in almost half the companies, members of the internalaudit department have never attended board meetings and in only twocompanies did attendance take place regularly.Unrestricted access to documentation

20、and unfettered powers of enquiry areimportant aspects of the independence and effectiveness of internal audit. Thequestionnaire responses revealed that 34 (44%) internal audit directorsconsidered that they did not have full access to all necessary information.Furthermore, a significant minority (n=1

21、1, 14%) did not believe they were free,in all instances, to report faults, frauds, wrongdoing or mistakes. A slightly highernumber ( n=17, 22%) considered that the internal audit function did not alwaysreceive consistent support from senior management.SPPIA identifies that involvement in the design,

22、 installation and operating ofsystems is likely to impair internal auditor objectivity. Respondents were askedhow often management requested the assistance of the internal auditdepartment in the performance of non-audit duties. In 37 internal audit收集于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，如有侵權(quán)請(qǐng)聯(lián)系管理員刪除精品文檔departments (47%) surveyed suc

23、h requests were made sometimes, often or always, and only 27 (35%) departments never participated in these non-audit activities. The interviews revealed that in some organizations internal audit staff was used regularly to cover for staff shortages in other departments.Woodworth and Said (1996)sough

24、t to ascertain the views of internal auditors in Saudi Arabia as to whether there were differences in the reaction of auditees to specific internal audit situations according to the nationality of the auditee. Based on 34 questionnaire responses from members of the IIA Dhahran chapter, they found th

25、ere were no significant differences between the different nationalities. The internal auditors did not modify their audit conduct according to the nationality of the auditee and cultural dimensions did not have a significant impact on the results of the audit.Given the importance of complying with S

26、PPIA, the professional and academic literature emphasizes the importance of the relationship between the internal audit department and the rest of the organization in determining the success or otherwise of internal audit departments (Mints,1972;Flesher,1996;Ridley & Chambers,1998 and Moeller &a

27、mp; Witt,1999). This literature focuses on the need for co-operation and teamwork between the auditor and auditee if internal auditing is to be effective.Bethea (1992) suggeststhat the need for good human relations skills is important because internal auditing creates negative perceptions and negati

28、ve attitudes. These issues are particularly important in a multicultural business environment such as SaudiArabia where there are significant differences in the cultural and educational background of the auditors and auditees Woodworth and Said (1996). Reasons for not having an internal audit depart

29、mentOf the 92 company interviews examining the reasons why companies do not have an internal audit function, the most frequent response from 52 companies (57%) was that reliance on the external auditor enabled the company to obtain the benefits that might be obtained from internal audit. Typically,

30、interviewees argued that the external auditor is better, more efficient and saves money. Interviews with the external auditors revealed that client companies could not收集于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，如有侵權(quán)請(qǐng)聯(lián)系管理員刪除精品文檔distinguish clearly between the work and roles of internal and external audit. For example, one external audito

31、r said,there is a misperception of what the external auditor does, they think the external auditor does everything for the company and must discover any problem.Having said this, one external auditor doubted that an internal audit function would add value in all circumstances. When referring to the

32、internal control system he stated,as long as they are happy with the final output, I think the internal audit function will not add value. External auditing eventually will highlight any significant internal control weakness.The second most frequent reason mentioned by interviewees (23 firms, 25%) f

33、or not operating an internal audit department was the cost/benefit trade-off. Specifically, 17 firms considered that the small size of the company and the limited nature of its activities meant that it would not be efficient for them to have an internal audit department. The external auditors interv

34、iewed were of the opinion that the readily identifiable costs as compared with the more difficult to measure benefits was a factor contributing to this decision.A number of other reasons were given by interviewees for not having an internal audit department. As a consequence of the high costs of con

35、ducting internal audit activities, 14 firms used employees who were not within a separate internal audit department to carry out internal audit duties. Eight companies did not think there was a need for internal audit because they believed their internal control systems were sufficient to obviate th

36、e need for internal audit. Five companies did not think that internal audit was an important activity and three felt that their type of the business did not require internal audit. Three respondents mentioned that they did not operate an internal audit department because professional people could no

37、t be found to run the department, and six companies did not provide a reason for not having an internal audit department. In 10 companies an internal audit dInternal audit risks include the inherent risks and control risks. Theinherent risks is the assumption that has nothing to do with internal acc

38、ounting收集于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，如有侵權(quán)請(qǐng)聯(lián)系管理員刪除精品文檔controls, the units being audited financial statements and the overall balance of the account of a business or the possibility of a major error, that is caused by the audit unit economic characteristics of business and accounting work itself the formation of the lack of

39、audit risk. Some enterprises such as the lack of due attention to the accounting system, account system complex, reducing clarity of accounting information, reports, use of difficulty, cost, cost of lack of cost accounting concepts. Control risk refers to as a result of inadequate internal control s

40、ystem perfect, weak internal control behavior, not timely detection and correction of a business account or a major error in the formation of audit risk. Sometimes, even if the auditors audited units to confirm the internal control system is unreasonable or out of control in key areas, the amendment

41、s proposed by the audit can really suitable for operating activities, but will also create a risk amendment.First, the internal audit risk causes1. The independence of the internal audit agency enoughInternal audit body is set up units in institutions, in the unit under the leadership of the respons

42、ible persons to work as a unit of service. Therefore, the independence of internal audit as social audit, the audit process, inevitably affected the interests of the unit constraints. OIA staff faced with the unit leadership was among the leadership and the leadership of the relationship, as well as

43、 with various sections, the relationship between colleagues, people are not involved in the leadership of my colleagues is, non-directly related to also indirectly related to the audit process and conclusions will inevitably involve the interests of specific individuals, which inevitably affected th

44、e audit process for all categories of personnel interference.2. Internal audit operations personnel ill-equippedThe quality of auditors is to determine the size of audit risk factors. The quality of the audit including those engaged in the audit of the policies and regulations need to level of exper

45、tise, experience, skills, audit professional ethics and work responsibilities.Audit experience, the audit staff should have an important skill, the need for the audit practice of the accumulation of experience. China's internal audit staff, many people only familiar with the financial and accoun

46、ting operations, some auditors do not understand the business activities of this unit and internal controls, audit limited experience. In addition, the internal audit staff responsibilities and professional ethics is the impact of audit risk factors. Because of China's internal guidelines for th

47、e work of norms and ethical standards still some gaps, and many internal organs and personnel lack of occupational norms bound and guidance. In short, China's overall quality of the low OIA staff and directly affected the internal audit work carried out by the depth and breadth. Faced with the c

48、omplexity of today's OIA object and content development, internal audit staff and powerful single force book, which will directly lead to the selection of audit risk.3. Internal audit of the scientific method is not strong收集于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，如有侵權(quán)請(qǐng)聯(lián)系管理員刪除精品文檔China's system of internal audit is the basis of

49、 the audit, with the internal operation and management of environmental complicated models are not suited to carry out this audit internal management audit of the needs, because it is overly dependent on the internal management of enterprises controlled test, in itself a huge potential the risk of i

50、nternal audit generally use statistical sampling methods, as a result of the sample itself is based on a sample audit of the results of the review can be inferred from the general characteristics, therefore, between the samples and the overall form is bound to a certain degree of error, the formatio

51、n of audit sampling risk. With the degree of information technology improved, the audited accounting information will be more and more errors and false accounting information doped them, and failed to investigate the possibility of also increasing. Although the survey sample is built on the solid fo

52、undation of mathematical theory, but its existence is to allow a certain degree of audit risk. Similarly, a large number of analytical review will also have associated risks, so that the composition of the contents of audit risk is more complicated.4. Internal Audit management systemsInternal audit

53、management system construction and implementation of internal audit is the prerequisite and foundation. Sound and effective internal management system to detect and control of enterprise economic activity occurring in a variety of errors and fraud. To ensure the quality of internal audit, internal a

54、udit organizations should establish a perfect quality control system, however, some audit institutions still lack of prior audit plan, a matter of auditing procedures and audit review of the reporting period; the audit working papers incomplete, generally only Records of audit matters, not the recor

55、ding of audit staff that the correct audit matters, making the audit review, audit quality control no way; to coordinate the relationship between the audit report as a starting point to certain performance-based, qualitative ambiguous issues. More than the existence of the status quo, making the int

56、ernal audit quality assurance become an empty talk, let alone ward off risks.Second, reduce the risk of internal audit ways1. Strengthen the internal audit of the legal systemImprove and perfect the legal system for the audit of internal audit is the basis of risk control measures. Audit norms, the

57、audit staff code of conduct and guidelines, not only to control and reduce audit risk, but also to measure auditors liability standards. China's internal audit late start compared with Western countries in the relevant system-building there are many imperfections. In order to adapt to the contin

58、uous development of modern internal audit requirements, it is necessary to strengthen the audit work of legalization and standardization construction to minimize the audit work of blindness and randomness.2. To ensure the independence of internal auditThe independence of the internal auditor can make a fair and impartial professional judgment, which