精品資料（2021-2022年收藏的）筆記(2)

1、 詞匯詞匯學(xué)習(xí)：詞性，詞的用法，詞的派生1. 常用否定意義的前綴(詞性不變,意思相反)in-, inaccurate, incorrect, insignificantun-, unimportant, unsatisfied, uninterestingim-, impossible, improbabledis-, dislike, disfavor, discourageir-, irresponsible, irregular, irrationalil-, illogical, illegal, illiteratenon-, nonsmoking, nonviolence, non

2、existentmis-錯(cuò), 壞, 不 mislead, misunderstand, misfortune2. 動(dòng)詞詞綴en-使 ensure, enrich, enlarge-en使 brighten, broaden, lengthenre-又，再，重新 regain, rewrite, repaint -ize,(使) realize, recognize-fy(使) satisfy, horrify3. 名詞后綴(指人)-ess, (雌性) actress, hostess, waitress-er, (職業(yè)) buyer , interviewer, teacher-ist, (職

3、業(yè)) scientist, economist, physicist-or, (職業(yè)) actor, visitor, director-ese,(國(guó)籍) Japanese, Chinese, -an(人) American, physician, musician-ant(人) assistant, applicant-ar(人) scholar, liar, beggar-ee(人) employee, interviewee-ent(人) student, opponent4.名詞后綴(抽象名詞)al,(行為) arrival, refusal -ance,(行為, 狀態(tài)) insura

4、nce, performance-ation(行為, 狀態(tài)) information, translation-ence(行為, 狀態(tài)) dependence, confidence-dom, (狀態(tài), 領(lǐng)域) freedom, kingdom -hood,(身份,性質(zhì)) brotherhood, neighborhood -ship,(狀態(tài),身份) friendship, citizenship -ity,(性質(zhì),狀態(tài)) ability, reality -ment,(行為,結(jié)果) movement, achievement -ness,(性質(zhì),狀態(tài)) nervousness, tiredn

5、ess -ion,(行為,結(jié)果) suggestion, question -th,(性質(zhì),狀態(tài)) width, length, depth -ure,(行為,結(jié)果) temperature, departure 5. 形容詞后綴-able/ible,(可的, 能的) capable, responsible-less,(沒有的) hopeless, useless-ful,(有的, 充滿的) careful, helpful-ive, (有傾向的) effective, active-like,(像的)childlike, brotherlike-y,(充滿的)rainy, snowy-al

6、,(具有特點(diǎn)的) personal, national-ed,(具有特點(diǎn)的) excited, interested-ing,(具有特點(diǎn)的)interesting, exciting)-ish,(具有屬性的) selfish, foolish-ous(具有特點(diǎn)的) dangerous, anxious6. 副詞后綴-ly,(在狀態(tài)) angrily, sadly-ward(s）(朝方向) forwards, backwards詞類轉(zhuǎn)換填詞技巧1. 確定空缺詞匯的詞性與詞義.2. 確定使用前綴或后綴3. 填動(dòng)詞時(shí)注意時(shí)態(tài), 語態(tài); 填名詞時(shí)注意單,復(fù)數(shù)Exercise 1. She was en

7、gaged in an (argue) with Roberts about equal pay for men and women.2. These methods are (effect) in English learning.3. The professor has a large (collect) of books.4. The (excite) crowd rushed into the mayors office. 5. The young industrial engineer did everything in a way. (leisure)6. These activi

8、ties help to greatly the ties among the club members. (strong)7. Many foreign words and phrases have the English language. (rich)8. She is always to help others. (will)9. The news that her son failed to pass the exam was so that she hardly believe it. (disappoint)10. It is essential that we informed

9、 of your plans in advance. (be)11. It snowed last year but not enough for us to use our boards. (occasion)12. To everybodys , the actor fell off the stage during the evening performance. (amuse)13. It is that the company will make a big profit in the export trade. (like)14. When college students are

10、 caught in exam, they can be kicked out of school. (cheat)15. more time, the experts will be able to find out the cause of this disease finally. (give) 作文講座 作文基本要求: 作文要寫成三段, 字跡清楚,工整. 注意大,小寫. 字?jǐn)?shù)滿足最低要求. 如字?jǐn)?shù)要求寫120詞作文, 一般字?jǐn)?shù)要寫120到150詞之間, 不能太短. 多數(shù)情況下每段字?jǐn)?shù)可平均分配, 即每段寫40詞. 也可以第二段展開多寫, 首段或第三段少寫. 句子要求多樣化, 不要只用簡(jiǎn)

11、單句表達(dá). 盡量使用過度詞或短語, 使意思之間有連貫性. 同時(shí)要套用一些固定句型使文章少錯(cuò)誤, 并起到表達(dá)流暢的作用. 還要注意主題句的確定能起到承上啟下的作用. 專升本考試的作文題型:現(xiàn)象闡述型(或現(xiàn)象/觀點(diǎn)闡述型); 問題解決型; 對(duì)比選擇型; 觀點(diǎn)論證型; 利弊評(píng)述型 應(yīng)用文.現(xiàn)象闡述型現(xiàn)象闡述型文章: 第一段描述段(描述現(xiàn)象), 要開門見山, 總述現(xiàn)象; 第二段說明段(闡述原因), 承上啟下引出原因 ; 第三段議論斷(表明觀點(diǎn)), 說明我對(duì)此現(xiàn)象的看法并陳述理由.此類型文章常用的開首句:(1) Nowadays, there exists a social/economical/phe

12、nomenon that., which has aroused great concern among people around us. (2) Nowadays, more and more people voice growing concern over the phenomenon that. (3) Nowadays, has becoming a common phenomenon.引出原因常用的主題句:(1) There are a lot of (many) reasons booming this phenomenon.(2) The reasons for this p

13、henomenon are as follows.說明原因時(shí)常用的短語及句型:The first reason is that; the second reason is that; the most important reason is thatFor one thing, . For another thing, . First of all, In addition, FinallyTo begin with, Whats more, Lastly 引出個(gè)人看法時(shí)常用開首句:As far as Im concerned,Personally, I think.In my opinion

14、, .例文： Cards現(xiàn)代城市中持卡的人越來越多原因在于我的看法 Nowadays, holding cards has become a common phenomenon. According to a survey, about 85% of people in big cities hold various cards issued by banks, restaurants, supermarkets, and bus companies. There are a number of reasons for this phenomenon. First of all, it is

15、convenient to consume by cards. Whats more, it is safer to carry cards than cash. For example, if ones cards are lost, the owner neednt worry too much because no one else can get the money out without the password. Lastly, cards can give card holders certain privilege or discount in service. As far

16、as Im concerned, cards will become more and more popular in the future. With the development of science and technology, cards will be much safer and easier to use, so it will be accepted by more people, especially old people. 現(xiàn)象/觀點(diǎn)闡述型:現(xiàn)象/觀點(diǎn)闡述型的基本提綱為: 首段為現(xiàn)象(或問題); 第二段為人們(或各方面)關(guān)于此現(xiàn)象的觀點(diǎn);第三段要求闡述 “我”的看法或以

17、 “我”為例進(jìn)行闡述.根據(jù)這一特點(diǎn), 從交際表達(dá)的角度, 現(xiàn)象/觀點(diǎn)闡述型文章重點(diǎn)在對(duì)觀點(diǎn)的闡述. 所以第一段的現(xiàn)象描述不需很詳細(xì), 簡(jiǎn)單帶過或稍加例證即可. 第二段往往有多方觀點(diǎn)或關(guān)于現(xiàn)象的正反兩方面闡述, 是主體段落. 最后一段不必仔細(xì)闡述, 而只在第二段提供的觀點(diǎn)中選擇相應(yīng)的或干脆折中選擇, 并稍微提一下理由即可.例文：Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? 1. 名校校園正成為旅游新熱點(diǎn) 2. 校園是否應(yīng)對(duì)游客開放,人們看法不同3. 我認(rèn)為 Nowadays, many famous universities campuses

18、 have become popular tourist attractions. Take Beijing University as an example, the past 5 years has witnessed a steady number of 4,360,000 people visiting the famous university every year. When it comes to the topic whether it is a good or bad thing to open university campus for tourists, differen

19、t people hold different views. Some people argue that the beauty of the campuses will impress the middle students and stimulate them to work harder to be admitted to such famous universities. However, others hold the negative view about it because too many tourists will definitely disturb the quietn

20、ess and intellectual atmosphere of campuses. As far as Im concerned, I would lend my support to the second opinion because I firmly believe that university campus should first and foremost be a quiet and peaceful environment for students to study. 問題解決型第一段描述段(描述問題); 第二段說明段(分析原因或危害); 第三段說明段( 根據(jù)話題不同而不

21、同, 或是解決方法或措施,或其他). 此類文章建議重點(diǎn)寫第二段.例文1：How I Finance My College Education大學(xué)的費(fèi)用(tuitions and fees)可以通過多種途徑解決哪種途徑適合我 The past decade has witnessed a steady increase in average university tuition and fees from RMB500 to RMB 3,450. Consequently students voice growing concern on how to finance their college

22、 education. To this problem, in my mind, there are at least three approaches. In the first place, the main financial support comes from parents. Parents will try every means to finance their childrens college education. In addition, students can apply for bank loan to support their study, which has

23、become increasingly convenient especially in recent years. Last, taking part-time jobs is also a wise choice. Students can not only earn money but also combine textbook knowledge with social experience through it. Personally, I would like to choose the second method, which will both relieve my paren

24、ts burden and make me concentrate my study to lay a solid foundation for future career.例文2：Traffic Jam 1. 大城市交通堵塞的問題越來越嚴(yán)重2. 造成交通堵塞問題的主要原因3. 如何緩解 Nowadays, the problem of traffic congestion has become increasingly serious in big cities. According to a recent survey conducted by CCTV, a high proportio

25、n of people as high as 74.5% in Beijing and Shanghai admit that traffic jam wastes them more than 2 hours every day. To account for this problem, people have come up with various reasons listed below. To begin with, a great number of people can afford a private car, which gives rise to more serious

26、traffic congestion. In addition, a rising number of people from rural areas are pouring into big cities, among whom many lack the sense of obeying traffic rules, which will undoubtedly have a bad effect on traffic. Owing to the seriousness of this problem, we can take some effective measures to ease

27、 this situation. For example, establishing more convenient public transportation services and educating people to improve the sense of obeying traffic rules should be a better choice. 對(duì)比選擇型第一段議論斷(提出一種觀點(diǎn)并加以闡述); 第二段議論斷(提出另一種觀點(diǎn)并進(jìn)行陳述); 第三段議論斷(做出選擇并總結(jié)觀點(diǎn))對(duì)比選擇型文章常用句型:(1) When asked about , different people

28、 will offer different opinions. (2) Some people take it for granted that. / some people argue that/ some people hold the opinion that .(3) However, others think differently. In their opinion, (4) Weighing up these two arguments, I am for the former/ latter viewpoint/choice 例文1：Whether to Work in a S

29、mall Company or in a Big Enterprise 有些人認(rèn)為在大企業(yè)工作好有些人認(rèn)為在小公司工作好我的選擇 When asked about the question whether to work in a large enterprise or in a small firm, different people may have different answers. Some may choose to work in a big company. They hold that they can derive a sense of pride from being a

30、 member of a famous organization such as General Motors. By contrast, others may prefer to work in a small firm. They argue that in a small company, they can easily get the managers attention and may have more opportunities to demonstrate their talents fully and freely to become successful. Weighing

31、 up these two choices, Im for the later. I prefer to work in a small enterprise, where I can get more chances of promotion. Id rather become an important figure in a small pond.例文2：Spring Festival Gala on CCTV 許多人喜歡在除夕夜觀看春節(jié)晚會(huì)有些人提出取消春節(jié)晚會(huì)我的看法 As regards the Spring Festival Gala there has been a heated

32、 discussion among the general public in our society. People who believe its necessity argue that the Spring Festival Gala performed by CCTV on New Years Eve has already been considered as an indispensable custom by many Chinese people. By contrast, others hold that the 4hour show is gradually its ap

33、peal and should be canceled. For one thing, many old looks performing on stage almost every New Years Eve has given rise to the audiences aesthetic fatigue. For another thing, various mass media come out like bamboo shoots after spring rain, making it increasingly difficult to cater to all tastes.As

34、 far as Im concerned, I prefer the program to stay. Served as an occasion for family to get together, the Spring Festival Gala is a tradition and treasure of the Chinese people. 觀點(diǎn)論證型第一段議論段(提出觀點(diǎn)), 提出普遍存在的某種觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度或做法, 然后進(jìn)一步說明此觀點(diǎn), 轉(zhuǎn)折提出與之相反的本論文觀點(diǎn); 第二段議論斷(論證或反駁觀點(diǎn))列舉論據(jù), 然后說明 ; 第三段(總結(jié)觀點(diǎn)/新觀點(diǎn)) 觀點(diǎn)論證型文章常見寫法: 反

35、駁型：第一段: Up to now, many people hold it true that 某觀點(diǎn). They believe that 進(jìn)一步說明此觀點(diǎn). However, research shows that 與上述觀點(diǎn)相反的論點(diǎn). The arguments for this point of view can be listed as follows.第二段：Above all, 論據(jù)一. For example, 支持論據(jù)一的事例. Furthermore, 論據(jù)二及支持論據(jù)二的事例第三段：All that has been discussed above points to

36、 the fact that 重申本文觀點(diǎn). Therefore, 與該觀點(diǎn)相符合的做法和態(tài)度.例文：Wealth and Happiness1. 每個(gè)人都想獲得財(cái)富， 財(cái)富似乎就是幸福， 其實(shí)不然2. 世界上有許多東西是財(cái)富換不來的 Up to now, many people still hold that wealth can bring happiness. They believe that with a great amount of money, they must live a happy life. However, recent survey shows that weal

37、th is necessarily associated with happiness. The arguments for this point of view can be listed as follows. Above all, good health plays an important role above wealth in a happy life. For example, people can buy machine with money, but can not buy happiness. Furthermore, wealth may encourage those

38、harmful habits which may ruin the owner of wealth, such as addiction to drugs and gambling. Most importantly, there is one thing essential to happiness which can not be bought with wealth-love.All that has been discussed above shows that wealth is not equal to happiness. Therefore, we shouldnt be cr

39、azy about money and should earn it with honest work. 支持型：第一段: It is widely accepted that 某觀點(diǎn)，As we know, 觀點(diǎn)正確性的表現(xiàn)，Therefore, 小結(jié)觀點(diǎn)。第二段：There are numerous examples supporting this argument. A case in point is 例一. For another example, 引出并說明例二 第三段：From what has been discussed above, we should understand

40、 that 重申觀點(diǎn)，But (one thing we have to notice is that)提出個(gè)人建議，Therefore, 總結(jié)全文。例文：Blood Donation獻(xiàn)血有益于身體健康。試舉例說明。 In modern society, it is widely accepted that blood donation is good for health. As we know, donating blood benefits both society and people. Therefore, people should be encouraged to donate

41、blood regularly. Many remarkable facts can support this argument. First of all, according to medical research findings, donating blood can effectively reduce the happening of certain disease. Whats more, donating blood regularly could reduce the pace of aging. Lastly, donating blood regularly could

42、help people keep good mood. All mentioned above tell us that blood donation does more good than harm to health. We should hold a positive attitude towards it. Therefore, it can be concluded that blood donation should be encouraged under the scientific instruction.利弊評(píng)述型 第一段議論段(分析評(píng)論某事物的利/正面); 第二段議論段(分

43、析評(píng)論某事物的弊/反面); 第三段議論段(提出希望或設(shè)想)利弊評(píng)述型文章常見寫法:首段: For the past few years, 某事物 has been widely accepted by people/ has come into peoples daily life. No one can deny its advantages. 第二段: However, just as all coins have two sides, there are also disadvantages about 某事物.第三段: In my opinion, “我” 的建議例文1：On Elec

44、tronic Dictionary有些人認(rèn)為電子詞典優(yōu)點(diǎn)很多有些人不這樣認(rèn)為我的看法 The discussion about electronic dictionary has never stopped in the past few years. Some people hold that it has a lot of advantages. First of all, its very convenient for language learning. Whenever you meet new words and expressions, you can know the mean

45、ing quickly by consulting it. In addition, compared with traditional dictionary, its convenient for you to carry it anywhere. However, other people argue that its negative effects are also obvious. For example, some students rely too much on it; thus, their reading speed will be affected by always l

46、ooking up new words. For another example, some explanations are either incomplete or inaccurate, which may misleads students and prevent them from better understanding. As far as Im concerned, its advantages outweigh its disadvantages. As long as we can make a proper use of it, it can be most helpfu

47、l to us in many aspects. 例文2：The necessity of Examination考試的必要性考試的弊端你對(duì)考試的看法 As regards examination, there has been a heated discussion among the general public in our society. People who believe in its necessity may have some arguments as follows. To begin with, students can know their weak points i

48、n study through examination and then devote more energy to them. Whats more, students abilities are evaluated by examination in most cases. By contrast, some people think that examination may result in a series of negative effects. They maintain that examination can not always faithfully reflect one

49、s study performance. It is believed that too many students may be misled and neglect the improvement of practical ability. Just as any coin has two sides, its no exception with the issue of examination. Students should develop a right attitude toward it and strike a balance between examination and achievement of practical ability. 應(yīng)用文（寫信）寫信注意以下5個(gè)部分：寫信日期（右對(duì)齊）稱呼（左側(cè)頂格寫）信的正文信末客套語簽名 例文1：A Letter in Reply to a Friend建議報(bào)考的專業(yè)及理由報(bào)考該專業(yè)的基本條件應(yīng)當(dāng)如何備考 December 27th, 2009Dear Cathy, Im writing in reply to give you some sugg