2018年12月6級真題第二套

1、v1.0可編輯可修改2018年12月大學(xué)英語六級考試真題(第2套)PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayonhowtobalancejobresponsibilitiesandpersonalinterests.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)Section ADirections:Inthissection,thereisa

2、passagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.

3、Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.SurfingtheInternetduringclassdoesn'tjuststealfocusfromtheeducator;italsohurtsstudentswho'realreadystrugglingto26thematerial.AnewstudyfromMichiganStateUniversity,though,arguesthatallstudentsincludinghi

4、ghachieversseeadeclineinperformancewhentheybrowsetheInternetduringclassfornon-academicpurposes.TomeasuretheeffectsofInternet-baseddistractionsduringclass,researchers27500studentstakinganintroductorypsychologyclassatMichiganStateUniversity.ResearchersusedACTscoresasameasureofintellectual28.Becausepre

5、viousresearchhasshownthatpeoplewithhighintellectualabilitiesarebetterat29outdistractions,researchersbelievedstudentswithhighACTscoreswouldnotshowa30decreaseinperformanceduetotheiruseofdigitaldevices.ButstudentswhosurfedthewebduringclassdidworseontheirexamsregardlessoftheirACTscores,suggestingthateve

6、ntheacademicallysmarteststudentsareharmedwhenthey'redistractedinclass.Collegeprofessorsareincreasingly31alarmbellsabouttheeffectssmartphones,laptops,andtabletshaveonacademicperformance.One2013studyofcollegestudentsfoundthat80%ofstudentsusetheirphonesorlaptopsduringclass,withtheaveragestudentchec

7、kingtheirdigitaldevice11times1v1.0可編輯可修改ina32class.Aquarterofstudentsreportthattheiruseofdigitaldevicesduringclasscausestheirgradesto33.Professorssometimesimplementpoliciesdesignedto34students'useofdigitaldevices,andsomeinstructorsevenconfiscate(沒收)tabletsandphones.Inaworldwherepeopleareincreasi

8、nglydependentontheirphones,though,suchstrategiesoftenfail.Oneinternationalstudyfoundthat84%ofpeoplesaytheycouldn'tgoadaywithouttheirsmartphones.Untilstudentsareableto35thepullofsocialnetworking,texting,andendlesslysurfingtheweb,theymaycontinuetostruggleintheirclasses.A)aptitudeI)obscureB)eradica

9、tionJ)obsessC)evaluatedK)raisingD)evaporatedL)resistE)filteringMsignificantF)graspN)sufferG)legacyO)typicalH)minimizeSection BDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinfo

10、rmationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswer Sheet 2APioneeringWomanofScienceRe-Emergesafter300YearsA MariaSibyllaMerian,likemanyEuropeanwomenofthe17thcentury,stayedbusymanagingahouseholdandrearingchild

11、ren.Butontopofthat,Merian,aGerman-bornwomanwholivedintheNetherlands,alsomanagedasuccessfulcareerasanartist,botanist,naturalistandentomologist（昆蟲學(xué)家）B "Shewasascientistonthelevelwithalotofpeoplewespendalotoftimetalkingabout,“saidKayEtheridge,abiologistatGettysburgCollegeinPennsylvaniawhohasbeenst

12、udyingthescientifichistoryofMerian'swork."Shedidn'tdoasmuchtochangebiologyasCharlesDarwin,butshewassignificant.”C Atatimewhennaturalhistorywasavaluabletoolfordiscovery,Meriandiscoveredfactsaboutplantsandinsectsthatwerenotpreviouslyknown.Herobservationshelpeddismissthepopularbeliefthatin

13、sectsspontaneouslyemergedfrommud.Theknowledgeshecollectedoverdecadesdidn'tjustsatisfythosecuriousaboutnature,butalsoprovidedvaluableinsightsintomedicineandscience.Shewasthefirsttobringtogetherinsectsandtheirhabitats,includingfoodtheyate,intoasingleecologicalcomposition.D Afteryearsofpleasingafas

14、cinatedaudienceacrossEuropewithbooksofdetaileddescriptionsandlife-sizepaintingsoffamiliarinsects,in1699shesailedwithherdaughternearly5,000milesfromtheNetherlandstoSouthAmericatostudyinsectsinthejunglesofwhatisnowknownasSuriname.Shewas52yearsold.Theresultwashermasterpiece,MetamorphosisInsectorumSurin

15、amensium.E Inherwork,sherevealedasideofnaturesoexotic,dramaticandvaluabletoEuropeansofthetimethatshereceivedmuchacclaim.Butacenturylater,herfindingscameunderscientificcriticism.Shoddy（粗糙的）reproductionsofherworkalongwithsetbackstowomen'srolesin18th-and19th-centuryEuroperesultedinhereffortsbeingla

16、rgelyforgotten."Itwaskindofstunningwhenshesortofdroppedoffintooblivion（遺忘），"saidDr.Etheridge."Victoriansstartedputtingwomeninabox,andthey'restilltryingtocrawloutofit.”F Today,thepioneeringwomanofthescienceshasre-emerged.Inrecentyears,feminists,historiansandartistshaveallpraisedMer

17、ian'stenacity（堅(jiān)韌）,talentandinspirationalartisticcompositions.AndnowbiologistslikeDr.Etheridgearediggingintothescientifictextsthataccompaniedherart.Threehundredyearsafterherdeath,MerianwillbecelebratedataninternationalsymposiuminAmsterdamthisJune.G Andlastmonth,MetamorphosisInsectorumSurinamensiu

18、mwasrepublished.Itcontains60plates（插圖）andoriginaldescriptions,alongwithstoriesaboutMerian'slifeandupdatedscientificdescriptions.BeforewritingMetamorphosis,MerianspentdecadesdocumentingEuropeanplantsandinsectsthatshepublishedinaseriesofbooks.Shebeganinher20s,makingtextless,decorativepaintingsoffl

19、owerswithinsects."Thenshegotreallyserious,"Dr.Etheridgesaid.Merianstartedraisinginsectsathome,mostlybutterfliesandcaterpillars."Shewouldsitupallnightuntiltheycameoutofthepupa（蛹）soshecoulddrawthem,“shesaid.H Theresultsofherdecades'worthofcarefulobservationsweredetailedpaintingsandd

20、escriptionsofEuropeaninsects,followedbyunconventionalvisualsandstoriesofinsectsandanimalsfromalandthatmostatthetimecouldonlyimagine.It'spossibleMerianusedamagnifyingglasstocapturethedetailofthesplittonguesofsphinxmoths（斯芬克斯飛蛾）depictedinthepainting.Shewrotethatthetwotonguescombinetoformonetubefor

21、drinkingnectar（花蜜）.Somecriticizedthisdetaillater,sayingtherewasjustonetongue,butMerianwasn'twrong.Shemayhaveobservedtheadultmothjustasitemergedfromitspupa.Forabriefmomentduringthatstageofitslifecycle,thetongueconsistsoftwotinyhalf-tubesbeforemergingintoone.I Itmaynothavebeenladyliketodepictagian

22、tspiderdevouringahummingbird,butwhenMeriandiditattheturnofthe18thcentury,surprisingly,nobodyobjected.Dr.Etheridgecalleditrevolutionary.Theimage,whichalsocontainednoveldescriptionsofants,fascinatedaEuropeanaudiencethatwasmoreconcernedwiththeexoticstoryunfoldingbeforethemthanthegenderofthepersonwhopai

23、ntedit.J "Allofthesethingsshookuptheirnice,neatlittleview,"Dr.Etheridgesaid.Butlater,peopleoftheVictorianerathoughtdifferently.Herworkhadbeenreproduced,sometimesincorrectly.Afewobservationsweredeemedimpossible."She'dbeencalledasillywomanforsayingthataspidercouldeatabird,"Dr.E

24、theridgesaid.ButHenryWalterBates,afriendofCharlesDarwin,observeditandputitinbookin1863,provingMerianwascorrect.K Inthesameplate,Meriandepictedanddescribedleaf-cutterantsforthefirsttime."InAmericatherearelargeantswhichcaneatwholetreesbareasabroomhandleinasinglenight,"shewroteinthedescriptio

25、n.Meriannotedhowtheantstooktheleavesbelowgroundtotheiryoung.Andshewouldn'thaveknownthisatthetime,buttheantsusetheleavestofarmfungi（菌類）undergroundtofeedtheirdevelopingbabies.L Merianwascorrectaboutthegiantbird-eatingspiders,antsbuildingbridgeswiththeirbodiesandotherdetails.Butinthesamedrawing,she

26、incorrectlylumpedtogetherarmyandleaf-cutterants.Andinsteadofshowingjustthetypicalpairofeggsinahummingbirdnest,shepaintedfour.ShemadeothermistakesinMetamorphosisInsectorumSurinamensiumaswell:noteverycaterpillarandbutterflymatched.M PerhapsoneexplanationforhermistakesisthatshecutshortherSurinametripaf

27、tergettingsick,andcompletedthebookathomeinAmsterdam.Anderrorsarecommonamongsomeofhistory'smost-celebratedscientificminds,too."TheseerrorsnomoreinvalidateMs.Merian'sworkthandowell-knownmisconceptionspublishedbyCharlesDarwinorIsaacNewton,"Dr.Etheridgewroteinapaperthatarguedthattooman

28、yhavewronglyfocusedonthemistakesofherwork.N Merian'spaintingsinspiredartistsandecologists.Inan1801drawingfromhisbook,GeneralZoologyAmphibia,GeorgeShaw,anEnglishbotanistandzoologist,creditedMerianfordescribingafrogintheaccountofherSouthAmericanexpedition,andnamedtheyoungtreefrogafterherinhisportr

29、ayalofit.Itwouldn'tbefairtogiveMerianallthecredit.Shereceivedassistancenamingplants,makingsketchesandreferencingtheworkofothers.Herdaughtershelpedhercolorherdrawings.O MerianalsomadenoteofthehelpshereceivedfromthenativesofSuriname,aswellasslavesorservantsthatassistedher.Insomeinstancesshewrotemo

30、vingpassagesthatincludedherhelpersindescriptions.Asshewroteinherdescriptionofthepeacockflower,“TheIndians,whoarenottreatedwellbytheirDutchmasters,usetheseedstoaborttheirchildren,sothattheywillnotbecomeslaveslikethemselves.TheblackslavesfromGuineaandAngolahavedemandedtobewelltreated,threateningtorefu

31、setohavechildren.Infact,theysometimestaketheirownlivesbecausetheyaretreatedsobadly,andbecausetheybelievetheywillbebornagain,freeandlivingintheirownland.Theytoldmethisthemselves.”P LondaSchiebinger,aprofessorofthehistoryofscienceatStanfordUniversity,calledthispassageratherastonishing.It'sparticul

32、arlystrikingcenturieslaterwhentheseissuesarestillprominentinpublicdiscussionsaboutsocialjusticeandwomeHsrights."Shewasaheadofhertime,”Dr.Etheridgesaid.36. MerianwasthefirstscientisttostudyatypeofAmericanant.37. TheEuropeanaudiencewasmoreinterestedinMerian'sdrawingsthanhergender.'smaster

33、piececameunderattackacenturyafteritspublication.39. Merian'smistakesinherdrawingsmaybeattributedtohershortenedstayinSouthAmerica.40. Merianoftensatupthewholenightthroughtoobserveanddrawinsects.41. MerianacknowledgedthehelpshegotfromnativesofSouthAmerica.42. Meriancontributedgreatlytopeople's

34、betterunderstandingofmedicineandscience.43. Merianoccasionallymademistakesinherdrawingsofinsectsandbirds.44. Now,Merian'sroleasafemaleforerunnerinscienceshasbeenre-established.madealongvoyagetoSouthAmericatostudyjungleinsectsoverthreecenturiesago.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection

35、.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Whilehumanachievementsinmathe

36、maticscontinuetoreachnewlevelsofcomplexity,manyofuswhoaren'tmathematiciansatheart(orengineersbytrade)maystruggletorememberthelasttimeweusedcalculus(微積分).It'safactnotlostonAmericaneducators,whoamidrisingmathfailureratesaredebatinghowmathcanbettermeetthereal-lifeneedsofstudents.Shouldwechanget

37、hewaymathistaughtinschools,oreliminatesomecoursesentirelyAndrewHacker,QueensCollegepoliticalscienceprofessor,thinksthatadvancedalgebraandother5v1.0可編輯可修改higher-levelmathshouldbecutfromcurriculainfavorofcourseswithmoreroutineusefulness,likestatistics.“Wehearonallsidesthatwe'renotteachingenoughmat

38、hematics,andtheChinesearerunningringsaroundus,"Hackersays."I'msuggestingwe'reteachingtoomuchmathematicstotoomanypeoplenoteverybodyhastoknowcalculus.Ifyou'regoingtobecomeanaeronautical（航空的）engineer,fine.Butmostofusaren't."Instead,Hackerispushingformorecoursesliketheoneh

39、eteachesatQueensCollege:Numeracy101.There,hisstudentsof“citizenstatistics"learntoanalyzepublicinformationlikethefederalbudgetandcorporatereports.Suchcourses,Hackerargues,arearemedyforthenumericalilliteracyofadultswhohavecompletedhigh-levelmathlikealgebrabutareunabletocalculatethepriceof,say,aca

40、rpetbyarea.Hacker'sargumenthasmetwithoppositionfromothermatheducatorswhosaywhat'sneededistohelpstudentsdevelopabetterrelationshipwithmathearlier,ratherthanteachingthemlessmathaltogether.MariaDroujkovaisafounderofNaturalMath,andhastaughtbasiccalculusconceptsto5-year-olds.ForDroujkova,high-lev

41、elmathisimportant,andwhatitcoulduseinAmericanclassroomsisaninjectionofchildlikewonder.“Makemathematicsmoreavailable,"Droujkovasays."Redesignitsoit'smoreaccessibletomorekindsofpeople:youngchildren,adultswhoworryaboutit,adultswhomayhavehadbadexperiences.”PamelaHarris,alecturerattheUniver

42、sityofTexasatAustin,hasasimilarperspective.HarrissaysthatAmericaneducationissufferingfromanepidemicof“fakemath”-anemphasisonrotememorization（死記硬背）offormulasandsteps,ratherthananunderstandingofhowmathcaninfluencethewaysweseetheworld.AndrewHacker,fortherecord,remainsskeptical."I'mgoingtoleave

43、ittothosewhoareinmathematicstoworkoutthewaystomaketheirsubjectinterestingandexcitingsostudentswanttotakeit,"Hackersays."AllthatIaskisthatalternativesbeofferedinsteadofputtingallofusontheroadtocalculus.”46. WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutordinaryAmericans9A)They struggle to solve math problems.B)

44、They think math is a complex subject.C)They find high-level math of little use.D)They work hard to learn high-level math.47. WhatisthegeneralcomplaintaboutAmerica'smatheducationaccordingtoHackerA)America is not doing as well as China.B)Math professors are not doing a good job.C)It doesn't he

45、lp students develop their literacy. D)There years.does Andrew Hacker's Numeracy 101 aim to doA)Allow students to learn high-level math step by step. basic math.C)Lay a solid foundation for advanced math studies. analytical abilities.49. What does Maria Droujkova suggest math teachers do in class

46、has hardly been any innovation forB)Enable students to make practical use ofD)Help studentsto develop theirA)Makecomplexconceptseasytounderstand.B)Startteachingchildrenmathatanearlyage.C)Helpchildrenworkwonderswithcalculus.D)Trytoarousestudents'curiosityinmath.50. WhatdoesPamelaHarristhinkshould

47、bethegoalofmatheducationA)Toenablelearnerstounderstandtheworldbetter.B)Tohelplearnerstotellfakemathfromrealmath.C)TobroadenAmericans'perspectivesonmath.D)Toexertinfluenceonworlddevelopment.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassageForyears,the.hasexperiencedashortageofregisterednurse

48、s.TheBureauofLaborStatisticsprojectsthatwhilethenumberofnurseswillincreaseby19percentby2022,demandwillgrowfasterthansupply,andthattherewillbeoveronemillionunfillednursingjobsbythen.Sowhat'sthesolutionRobots.Japanisaheadofthecurvewhenitcomestothistrend.ToyohashiUniversityofTechnologyhasdevelopedT

49、erapio,aroboticmedicalcartthatcanmakehospitalrounds,delivermedicationsandotheritems,andretrieverecords.Itfollowsaspecificindividual,suchasadoctorornurse,whocanuseittorecordandaccesspatientdata.Thistypeofrobotwilllikelybeoneofthefirsttobeimplementedv1.0可編輯可修改inhospitalsbecauseithasfairlyminimalpatien

50、tcontact.Robotscapableofsocialengagementhelpwithlonelinessaswellascognitivefunctioning,buttherobotitselfdoesn'thavetoengagedirectlyitcanserveasanintermediaryforhumancommunication.TelepresencerobotssuchasMantaroBot,Vgo,andGiraffcanbecontrolledthroughacomputer,smartphone,ortablet,allowingfamilymem

51、bersordoctorstoremotelymonitorpatientsorSkypethem,oftenviaascreenwheretherobot's'face'wouldbe.Ifyoucan'tgettothenursinghometovisitgrandma,youcanuseatelepresencerobottohangoutwithher.A2016studyfoundthatusershadaaconsistentlypositiveattitude"abouttheGiraffrobot'sabilitytoenhan

52、cecommunicationanddecreasefeelingsofloneliness.Arobot'sappearanceaffectsitsabilitytosuccessfullyinteractwithhumans,whichiswhytheRIKEN-TRICollaborationCenterforHuman-InteractiveRobotResearchdecidedtodeveloparoboticnursethatlookslikeahugeteddybear.(RobotforInteractiveBodyAssistance,)alsoknowas'

53、;Robear',canhelppatientsintoandoutofwheelchairsandbedswithitsstrongarms.OnthelesscuteandmorescarysidethereisActroidF,whichissohuman-likethatsomepatientsmaynotknowthedifference.Thisconversationalrobotcompanionhascamerasinitseyes,whichallowittotrackpatientsanduseappropriatefacialexpressionsandbody

54、languageinitsinteractions.Duringamonth-longhospitaltrial,researchersasked70patientshowtheyfeltbeingaroundtherobotand“onlythreeorfoursaidtheydidn'tlikehavingitaround.”It'simportanttonotethatroboticnursesdon'tdecidecoursesoftreatmentormakediagnoses(thoughrobotdoctorsandsurgeonsmaynotbefaroff).Instead,theyperformroutineandlaborioustasks,freeingnursesuptoattendtopatientswithimmediateneeds.Thisisoneindustrywhereitseemstheintegrationofrobotswillleadtocollaboration,notreplacement.51. WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutJapanA)Itdeliversthebestmedica