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1、v1.0可編輯可修改2018年12月大學(xué)英語六級考試真題(第2套)PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayonhowtobalancejobresponsibilitiesandpersonalinterests.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)Section ADirections:Inthissection,thereisa
2、passagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.
3、Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.SurfingtheInternetduringclassdoesn'tjuststealfocusfromtheeducator;italsohurtsstudentswho'realreadystrugglingto26thematerial.AnewstudyfromMichiganStateUniversity,though,arguesthatallstudentsincludinghi
4、ghachieversseeadeclineinperformancewhentheybrowsetheInternetduringclassfornon-academicpurposes.TomeasuretheeffectsofInternet-baseddistractionsduringclass,researchers27500studentstakinganintroductorypsychologyclassatMichiganStateUniversity.ResearchersusedACTscoresasameasureofintellectual28.Becausepre
5、viousresearchhasshownthatpeoplewithhighintellectualabilitiesarebetterat29outdistractions,researchersbelievedstudentswithhighACTscoreswouldnotshowa30decreaseinperformanceduetotheiruseofdigitaldevices.ButstudentswhosurfedthewebduringclassdidworseontheirexamsregardlessoftheirACTscores,suggestingthateve
6、ntheacademicallysmarteststudentsareharmedwhenthey'redistractedinclass.Collegeprofessorsareincreasingly31alarmbellsabouttheeffectssmartphones,laptops,andtabletshaveonacademicperformance.One2013studyofcollegestudentsfoundthat80%ofstudentsusetheirphonesorlaptopsduringclass,withtheaveragestudentchec
7、kingtheirdigitaldevice11times1v1.0可編輯可修改ina32class.Aquarterofstudentsreportthattheiruseofdigitaldevicesduringclasscausestheirgradesto33.Professorssometimesimplementpoliciesdesignedto34students'useofdigitaldevices,andsomeinstructorsevenconfiscate(沒收)tabletsandphones.Inaworldwherepeopleareincreasi
8、nglydependentontheirphones,though,suchstrategiesoftenfail.Oneinternationalstudyfoundthat84%ofpeoplesaytheycouldn'tgoadaywithouttheirsmartphones.Untilstudentsareableto35thepullofsocialnetworking,texting,andendlesslysurfingtheweb,theymaycontinuetostruggleintheirclasses.A)aptitudeI)obscureB)eradica
9、tionJ)obsessC)evaluatedK)raisingD)evaporatedL)resistE)filteringMsignificantF)graspN)sufferG)legacyO)typicalH)minimizeSection BDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinfo
10、rmationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswer Sheet 2APioneeringWomanofScienceRe-Emergesafter300YearsA MariaSibyllaMerian,likemanyEuropeanwomenofthe17thcentury,stayedbusymanagingahouseholdandrearingchild
11、ren.Butontopofthat,Merian,aGerman-bornwomanwholivedintheNetherlands,alsomanagedasuccessfulcareerasanartist,botanist,naturalistandentomologist(昆蟲學(xué)家)B "Shewasascientistonthelevelwithalotofpeoplewespendalotoftimetalkingabout,“saidKayEtheridge,abiologistatGettysburgCollegeinPennsylvaniawhohasbeenst
12、udyingthescientifichistoryofMerian'swork."Shedidn'tdoasmuchtochangebiologyasCharlesDarwin,butshewassignificant.”C Atatimewhennaturalhistorywasavaluabletoolfordiscovery,Meriandiscoveredfactsaboutplantsandinsectsthatwerenotpreviouslyknown.Herobservationshelpeddismissthepopularbeliefthatin
13、sectsspontaneouslyemergedfrommud.Theknowledgeshecollectedoverdecadesdidn'tjustsatisfythosecuriousaboutnature,butalsoprovidedvaluableinsightsintomedicineandscience.Shewasthefirsttobringtogetherinsectsandtheirhabitats,includingfoodtheyate,intoasingleecologicalcomposition.D Afteryearsofpleasingafas
14、cinatedaudienceacrossEuropewithbooksofdetaileddescriptionsandlife-sizepaintingsoffamiliarinsects,in1699shesailedwithherdaughternearly5,000milesfromtheNetherlandstoSouthAmericatostudyinsectsinthejunglesofwhatisnowknownasSuriname.Shewas52yearsold.Theresultwashermasterpiece,MetamorphosisInsectorumSurin
15、amensium.E Inherwork,sherevealedasideofnaturesoexotic,dramaticandvaluabletoEuropeansofthetimethatshereceivedmuchacclaim.Butacenturylater,herfindingscameunderscientificcriticism.Shoddy(粗糙的)reproductionsofherworkalongwithsetbackstowomen'srolesin18th-and19th-centuryEuroperesultedinhereffortsbeingla
16、rgelyforgotten."Itwaskindofstunningwhenshesortofdroppedoffintooblivion(遺忘),"saidDr.Etheridge."Victoriansstartedputtingwomeninabox,andthey'restilltryingtocrawloutofit.”F Today,thepioneeringwomanofthescienceshasre-emerged.Inrecentyears,feminists,historiansandartistshaveallpraisedMer
17、ian'stenacity(堅(jiān)韌),talentandinspirationalartisticcompositions.AndnowbiologistslikeDr.Etheridgearediggingintothescientifictextsthataccompaniedherart.Threehundredyearsafterherdeath,MerianwillbecelebratedataninternationalsymposiuminAmsterdamthisJune.G Andlastmonth,MetamorphosisInsectorumSurinamensiu
18、mwasrepublished.Itcontains60plates(插圖)andoriginaldescriptions,alongwithstoriesaboutMerian'slifeandupdatedscientificdescriptions.BeforewritingMetamorphosis,MerianspentdecadesdocumentingEuropeanplantsandinsectsthatshepublishedinaseriesofbooks.Shebeganinher20s,makingtextless,decorativepaintingsoffl
19、owerswithinsects."Thenshegotreallyserious,"Dr.Etheridgesaid.Merianstartedraisinginsectsathome,mostlybutterfliesandcaterpillars."Shewouldsitupallnightuntiltheycameoutofthepupa(蛹)soshecoulddrawthem,“shesaid.H Theresultsofherdecades'worthofcarefulobservationsweredetailedpaintingsandd
20、escriptionsofEuropeaninsects,followedbyunconventionalvisualsandstoriesofinsectsandanimalsfromalandthatmostatthetimecouldonlyimagine.It'spossibleMerianusedamagnifyingglasstocapturethedetailofthesplittonguesofsphinxmoths(斯芬克斯飛蛾)depictedinthepainting.Shewrotethatthetwotonguescombinetoformonetubefor
21、drinkingnectar(花蜜).Somecriticizedthisdetaillater,sayingtherewasjustonetongue,butMerianwasn'twrong.Shemayhaveobservedtheadultmothjustasitemergedfromitspupa.Forabriefmomentduringthatstageofitslifecycle,thetongueconsistsoftwotinyhalf-tubesbeforemergingintoone.I Itmaynothavebeenladyliketodepictagian
22、tspiderdevouringahummingbird,butwhenMeriandiditattheturnofthe18thcentury,surprisingly,nobodyobjected.Dr.Etheridgecalleditrevolutionary.Theimage,whichalsocontainednoveldescriptionsofants,fascinatedaEuropeanaudiencethatwasmoreconcernedwiththeexoticstoryunfoldingbeforethemthanthegenderofthepersonwhopai
23、ntedit.J "Allofthesethingsshookuptheirnice,neatlittleview,"Dr.Etheridgesaid.Butlater,peopleoftheVictorianerathoughtdifferently.Herworkhadbeenreproduced,sometimesincorrectly.Afewobservationsweredeemedimpossible."She'dbeencalledasillywomanforsayingthataspidercouldeatabird,"Dr.E
24、theridgesaid.ButHenryWalterBates,afriendofCharlesDarwin,observeditandputitinbookin1863,provingMerianwascorrect.K Inthesameplate,Meriandepictedanddescribedleaf-cutterantsforthefirsttime."InAmericatherearelargeantswhichcaneatwholetreesbareasabroomhandleinasinglenight,"shewroteinthedescriptio
25、n.Meriannotedhowtheantstooktheleavesbelowgroundtotheiryoung.Andshewouldn'thaveknownthisatthetime,buttheantsusetheleavestofarmfungi(菌類)undergroundtofeedtheirdevelopingbabies.L Merianwascorrectaboutthegiantbird-eatingspiders,antsbuildingbridgeswiththeirbodiesandotherdetails.Butinthesamedrawing,she
26、incorrectlylumpedtogetherarmyandleaf-cutterants.Andinsteadofshowingjustthetypicalpairofeggsinahummingbirdnest,shepaintedfour.ShemadeothermistakesinMetamorphosisInsectorumSurinamensiumaswell:noteverycaterpillarandbutterflymatched.M PerhapsoneexplanationforhermistakesisthatshecutshortherSurinametripaf
27、tergettingsick,andcompletedthebookathomeinAmsterdam.Anderrorsarecommonamongsomeofhistory'smost-celebratedscientificminds,too."TheseerrorsnomoreinvalidateMs.Merian'sworkthandowell-knownmisconceptionspublishedbyCharlesDarwinorIsaacNewton,"Dr.Etheridgewroteinapaperthatarguedthattooman
28、yhavewronglyfocusedonthemistakesofherwork.N Merian'spaintingsinspiredartistsandecologists.Inan1801drawingfromhisbook,GeneralZoologyAmphibia,GeorgeShaw,anEnglishbotanistandzoologist,creditedMerianfordescribingafrogintheaccountofherSouthAmericanexpedition,andnamedtheyoungtreefrogafterherinhisportr
29、ayalofit.Itwouldn'tbefairtogiveMerianallthecredit.Shereceivedassistancenamingplants,makingsketchesandreferencingtheworkofothers.Herdaughtershelpedhercolorherdrawings.O MerianalsomadenoteofthehelpshereceivedfromthenativesofSuriname,aswellasslavesorservantsthatassistedher.Insomeinstancesshewrotemo
30、vingpassagesthatincludedherhelpersindescriptions.Asshewroteinherdescriptionofthepeacockflower,“TheIndians,whoarenottreatedwellbytheirDutchmasters,usetheseedstoaborttheirchildren,sothattheywillnotbecomeslaveslikethemselves.TheblackslavesfromGuineaandAngolahavedemandedtobewelltreated,threateningtorefu
31、setohavechildren.Infact,theysometimestaketheirownlivesbecausetheyaretreatedsobadly,andbecausetheybelievetheywillbebornagain,freeandlivingintheirownland.Theytoldmethisthemselves.”P LondaSchiebinger,aprofessorofthehistoryofscienceatStanfordUniversity,calledthispassageratherastonishing.It'sparticul
32、arlystrikingcenturieslaterwhentheseissuesarestillprominentinpublicdiscussionsaboutsocialjusticeandwomeHsrights."Shewasaheadofhertime,”Dr.Etheridgesaid.36. MerianwasthefirstscientisttostudyatypeofAmericanant.37. TheEuropeanaudiencewasmoreinterestedinMerian'sdrawingsthanhergender.'smaster
33、piececameunderattackacenturyafteritspublication.39. Merian'smistakesinherdrawingsmaybeattributedtohershortenedstayinSouthAmerica.40. Merianoftensatupthewholenightthroughtoobserveanddrawinsects.41. MerianacknowledgedthehelpshegotfromnativesofSouthAmerica.42. Meriancontributedgreatlytopeople's
34、betterunderstandingofmedicineandscience.43. Merianoccasionallymademistakesinherdrawingsofinsectsandbirds.44. Now,Merian'sroleasafemaleforerunnerinscienceshasbeenre-established.madealongvoyagetoSouthAmericatostudyjungleinsectsoverthreecenturiesago.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection
35、.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Whilehumanachievementsinmathe
36、maticscontinuetoreachnewlevelsofcomplexity,manyofuswhoaren'tmathematiciansatheart(orengineersbytrade)maystruggletorememberthelasttimeweusedcalculus(微積分).It'safactnotlostonAmericaneducators,whoamidrisingmathfailureratesaredebatinghowmathcanbettermeetthereal-lifeneedsofstudents.Shouldwechanget
37、hewaymathistaughtinschools,oreliminatesomecoursesentirelyAndrewHacker,QueensCollegepoliticalscienceprofessor,thinksthatadvancedalgebraandother5v1.0可編輯可修改higher-levelmathshouldbecutfromcurriculainfavorofcourseswithmoreroutineusefulness,likestatistics.“Wehearonallsidesthatwe'renotteachingenoughmat
38、hematics,andtheChinesearerunningringsaroundus,"Hackersays."I'msuggestingwe'reteachingtoomuchmathematicstotoomanypeoplenoteverybodyhastoknowcalculus.Ifyou'regoingtobecomeanaeronautical(航空的)engineer,fine.Butmostofusaren't."Instead,Hackerispushingformorecoursesliketheoneh
39、eteachesatQueensCollege:Numeracy101.There,hisstudentsof“citizenstatistics"learntoanalyzepublicinformationlikethefederalbudgetandcorporatereports.Suchcourses,Hackerargues,arearemedyforthenumericalilliteracyofadultswhohavecompletedhigh-levelmathlikealgebrabutareunabletocalculatethepriceof,say,aca
40、rpetbyarea.Hacker'sargumenthasmetwithoppositionfromothermatheducatorswhosaywhat'sneededistohelpstudentsdevelopabetterrelationshipwithmathearlier,ratherthanteachingthemlessmathaltogether.MariaDroujkovaisafounderofNaturalMath,andhastaughtbasiccalculusconceptsto5-year-olds.ForDroujkova,high-lev
41、elmathisimportant,andwhatitcoulduseinAmericanclassroomsisaninjectionofchildlikewonder.“Makemathematicsmoreavailable,"Droujkovasays."Redesignitsoit'smoreaccessibletomorekindsofpeople:youngchildren,adultswhoworryaboutit,adultswhomayhavehadbadexperiences.”PamelaHarris,alecturerattheUniver
42、sityofTexasatAustin,hasasimilarperspective.HarrissaysthatAmericaneducationissufferingfromanepidemicof“fakemath”-anemphasisonrotememorization(死記硬背)offormulasandsteps,ratherthananunderstandingofhowmathcaninfluencethewaysweseetheworld.AndrewHacker,fortherecord,remainsskeptical."I'mgoingtoleave
43、ittothosewhoareinmathematicstoworkoutthewaystomaketheirsubjectinterestingandexcitingsostudentswanttotakeit,"Hackersays."AllthatIaskisthatalternativesbeofferedinsteadofputtingallofusontheroadtocalculus.”46. WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutordinaryAmericans9A)They struggle to solve math problems.B)
44、They think math is a complex subject.C)They find high-level math of little use.D)They work hard to learn high-level math.47. WhatisthegeneralcomplaintaboutAmerica'smatheducationaccordingtoHackerA)America is not doing as well as China.B)Math professors are not doing a good job.C)It doesn't he
45、lp students develop their literacy. D)There years.does Andrew Hacker's Numeracy 101 aim to doA)Allow students to learn high-level math step by step. basic math.C)Lay a solid foundation for advanced math studies. analytical abilities.49. What does Maria Droujkova suggest math teachers do in class
46、has hardly been any innovation forB)Enable students to make practical use ofD)Help studentsto develop theirA)Makecomplexconceptseasytounderstand.B)Startteachingchildrenmathatanearlyage.C)Helpchildrenworkwonderswithcalculus.D)Trytoarousestudents'curiosityinmath.50. WhatdoesPamelaHarristhinkshould
47、bethegoalofmatheducationA)Toenablelearnerstounderstandtheworldbetter.B)Tohelplearnerstotellfakemathfromrealmath.C)TobroadenAmericans'perspectivesonmath.D)Toexertinfluenceonworlddevelopment.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassageForyears,the.hasexperiencedashortageofregisterednurse
48、s.TheBureauofLaborStatisticsprojectsthatwhilethenumberofnurseswillincreaseby19percentby2022,demandwillgrowfasterthansupply,andthattherewillbeoveronemillionunfillednursingjobsbythen.Sowhat'sthesolutionRobots.Japanisaheadofthecurvewhenitcomestothistrend.ToyohashiUniversityofTechnologyhasdevelopedT
49、erapio,aroboticmedicalcartthatcanmakehospitalrounds,delivermedicationsandotheritems,andretrieverecords.Itfollowsaspecificindividual,suchasadoctorornurse,whocanuseittorecordandaccesspatientdata.Thistypeofrobotwilllikelybeoneofthefirsttobeimplementedv1.0可編輯可修改inhospitalsbecauseithasfairlyminimalpatien
50、tcontact.Robotscapableofsocialengagementhelpwithlonelinessaswellascognitivefunctioning,buttherobotitselfdoesn'thavetoengagedirectlyitcanserveasanintermediaryforhumancommunication.TelepresencerobotssuchasMantaroBot,Vgo,andGiraffcanbecontrolledthroughacomputer,smartphone,ortablet,allowingfamilymem
51、bersordoctorstoremotelymonitorpatientsorSkypethem,oftenviaascreenwheretherobot's'face'wouldbe.Ifyoucan'tgettothenursinghometovisitgrandma,youcanuseatelepresencerobottohangoutwithher.A2016studyfoundthatusershadaaconsistentlypositiveattitude"abouttheGiraffrobot'sabilitytoenhan
52、cecommunicationanddecreasefeelingsofloneliness.Arobot'sappearanceaffectsitsabilitytosuccessfullyinteractwithhumans,whichiswhytheRIKEN-TRICollaborationCenterforHuman-InteractiveRobotResearchdecidedtodeveloparoboticnursethatlookslikeahugeteddybear.(RobotforInteractiveBodyAssistance,)alsoknowas'
53、;Robear',canhelppatientsintoandoutofwheelchairsandbedswithitsstrongarms.OnthelesscuteandmorescarysidethereisActroidF,whichissohuman-likethatsomepatientsmaynotknowthedifference.Thisconversationalrobotcompanionhascamerasinitseyes,whichallowittotrackpatientsanduseappropriatefacialexpressionsandbody
54、languageinitsinteractions.Duringamonth-longhospitaltrial,researchersasked70patientshowtheyfeltbeingaroundtherobotand“onlythreeorfoursaidtheydidn'tlikehavingitaround.”It'simportanttonotethatroboticnursesdon'tdecidecoursesoftreatmentormakediagnoses(thoughrobotdoctorsandsurgeonsmaynotbefaroff).Instead,theyperformroutineandlaborioustasks,freeingnursesuptoattendtopatientswithimmediateneeds.Thisisoneindustrywhereitseemstheintegrationofrobotswillleadtocollaboration,notreplacement.51. WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutJapanA)Itdeliversthebestmedica
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