揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物含量的測定

1、揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物含量的測定(Download .pdf version) (下載。pdf 版本)With certain exceptions noted below, the solvents used in coatings, inks, adhesives, and除了某些例外下consumer products are classified as volatile organic compounds (VOCs).文指出，溶劑在涂料，油墨，粘合劑，以及消費(fèi)類產(chǎn)品被列為揮發(fā)性有機(jī)物（VOCs ）的化合物。Althoughthese products include other VOCs

2、besides solvents, solvents generally account for the largest part oftheir VOC content.雖然這些產(chǎn)品包括除溶劑等揮發(fā)性有機(jī)物，溶劑一般占了最大部分的揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物含量。 Over the last few years, federal and state agencies have set limits on the amount of VOCs that can be used in many of these products.在過去的幾年中，聯(lián)邦和各州機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)置可以在這些產(chǎn)品多用于揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物的數(shù)額

3、限制。In order to comply with these VOC-content limits, product formulators mustunderstand how the VOC content of a product is determined for regulatory purposes.為了遵守這些揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物含量設(shè)定上限，產(chǎn)品配方必須了解該產(chǎn)品的揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物含量為監(jiān)管目的決定的。Emissions of VOCs, in and of themselves, do not necessarily give rise to health or enviro

4、nmentalconcerns.揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物的排放量，其本身并不一定會導(dǎo)致健康或環(huán)境問題。In many areas, however,they react with oxides of nitrogen (NOx) to form ground-level ozone - the primary component of urban"smog."在許多地區(qū)，但是，它們與氮氧化物反應(yīng)(NOx )的形成地面臭氧-城市煙霧的主要組成部分。There are a small number of solvents that do not contribute to ozone

5、formation and are thereforeclassified as "VOCexempt." 有許多溶劑，不利于臭氧的形成，因此為“VOCexempt分類小的數(shù)目。"Although only a few solvents are currently classified as VOC-exempt, they can be an important tool for meeting VOC-content limits while still allowing the use of proven solvent systems.雖然只有少數(shù)溶劑，目

6、前各揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物豁免分類，他們可以成為會議的揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物含量設(shè)定上限，同時仍然允許使用的證明 溶劑系統(tǒng)的重要工具。Consumer Products消費(fèi)性電子產(chǎn)品In September 1998, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established national VOC-content limits for 24 categories of consumer products, including such things as hairsprays, deodorants, air fresheners, and ho

7、usehold cleaners. 1998 年9月，美國環(huán)境保護(hù)署(EPA)，確定了 24消費(fèi)產(chǎn)品，包括 噴發(fā)膠，除臭劑，空氣清新劑等東西分類的國家揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物含量設(shè)定上限，以及家用清潔劑。Although states are allowed to set more stringent limits on consumer products sold within their borders, California is the only state that has done so as of this date.雖然各國都允許在其境內(nèi)設(shè)置銷售消費(fèi)電子產(chǎn)品更嚴(yán)格的限制，加州是唯一的國

8、家有這樣做的，作為這個日期。VOC-content limits for consumer products are typically set in terms of weightpercent VOCs.消費(fèi)產(chǎn)品揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物含量的限制是通常設(shè)置在weightpercent VOCs 的條款。Under the federal rule, for example,hairsprays may contain no more than 80 percent VOCs on a weight-percent basis.根據(jù)聯(lián)邦規(guī)則，例如，噴發(fā)膠可能含有一個重量不超過百分之80的基礎(chǔ)上百分之

9、揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物。仃he correspondingCalifornia limit is 55 percent.) Thus, the ingredients in a hairspray product that are classified as VOCs may not account for more than 80 percent of the weight of the product (or 55 percent for products sold in California).(相應(yīng)的百分之加州上限為55。)因此，在發(fā)膠產(chǎn)品為揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物不得超過百分之八十帳戶的產(chǎn)品(或在

10、加州銷售的產(chǎn)品百分之55的重量分類的成分)。In order to demonstrate compliance with such limits, product manufacturers must keep adequate records of the amounts of constituents usedto manufacture their products.為了證明這種限制的規(guī)定，產(chǎn)品制造商必須保持對用于生產(chǎn)其產(chǎn)品成分的數(shù)量的充分記錄。Although this can be a substantial burden in terms of recordkeeping, th

11、e actualmethodology for determining compliance is straightforward.雖然這可以在保存記錄方面一個重大的負(fù)擔(dān)，確定符合實(shí)際的方法很簡單。There are two classes of exempted compounds that generally do not count against VOC-content limitsfor consumer products: (1) compounds classified as VOC-exempt and (2) low vapor pressure (LVP)compounds

12、.有兩種豁免化合物通常不計算在消費(fèi)產(chǎn)品：揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物含量的限制類(1)化合物列為揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物豁免及(2)低蒸氣壓(LVP )化合物。VOC-Exempt Compounds:The list of compounds that EPA has classified as VOC-exempt is found at40 CFR §51.100(s)(1).揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物豁免化合物：該豁免清單，對化合物的揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物環(huán)保局列為發(fā)現(xiàn)40病死率§51.100 (第)(1)。 This section can be found here .這部分可以找到這里。It i

13、s important to note, however, that each state also has its own list of VOCexempt compounds that willapply in many cases.重要的是要注意，但是，每個國家也有其自身的VOCexempt化合物清單，將適用于在許多情況下。Although the state lists are generally identical to the EPA list, some states take severalyears to add compounds that have been newly

14、 added to the EPA list.雖然國家名單是大致相同的環(huán)保局名單，一些國家需要幾年時間才能添加新的化合物已被添加到環(huán)保局名單。Therefore, a solvent usershould be aware of the list that is in effect in his or her state.因此，用戶應(yīng)該溶劑的列表實(shí)際上是在他或她的國家意識。LVP Compounds:For most types of consumer products, the LVP cut-off is 0.1 mm Hg at 200 C. Anycompound with a vap

15、or pressure less than or equal to the cut-off is not counted against the applicable VOC-content limit. LVP的化合物：小康大多數(shù)類型的消費(fèi)產(chǎn)品，了 LVP截止被削減0.1毫米汞柱在200 C.任何化合物與蒸汽壓力小于或等于不計入其適用的揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物含量的限制。The LVP cut-off limitmay be different for certain types of products. 了 LVP 截止期限可能為某些類型的產(chǎn)品不同。Formulatorsshould consul

16、t the applicable regulations in order to determine the LVP cut-off that applies to their particular products.配方應(yīng)適用法規(guī)咨詢，以便確定了LVP截止適用于他們的特殊產(chǎn)品。Table 7 - Methods for Detenmning VOC Content of Painis and CoatingsPounds/Gallon MethodVOC =pounds of solvent - exempt solventVOC =gallon of coating * exempt so

17、lventPounds/Pound MethodpwrxJs of solvent * exempt solventpounds of s6l»dsPaints and Coatings油漆和涂料 Over the last several years, EPA and several states have also issued regulations that establishVOC-content limits for many types of paints and coatings.在過去的幾年中，美國環(huán)保署和一些國家還頒布條例，是建立油漆和涂料的多種揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物含

18、量設(shè)定上限。 There are three important differences between such limits and the VOC-content limits that apply to consumer products.有 3 間這樣的限制和揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物含量設(shè)定上限，適用于消費(fèi)產(chǎn)品的重要區(qū)別。Use of Thinner or Reducer:If the producer of a coating recommends that a thinner or reducer be addedby the end user, then the recommended

19、 amount of thinner or reducer counts against the applicable VOCcontent limit. 使用稀釋劑或減速： 如果涂料生產(chǎn)商的建議，稀釋劑或還原劑加入由最終用戶，然后減 速或 VOCcontent 限制適用的罪名對建議的金額較薄。No LVP Exemption: Under current law, there is no explicit LVP exemption for compounds used in paints and coatings.1 As a result, some compounds are regu

20、lated as VOCs when used in coatings, but not when used in consumer products. 沒有 LVP 的豁免： 根據(jù)現(xiàn)行法律，沒有明確的 LVP 的結(jié)果豁免的化合 物用于涂料和 coatings.1 為，一些化合物涂料的揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物規(guī)管在使用時， 而不是在產(chǎn)品用于消費(fèi)。Methods for Determining Compliance:The methodology for determining compliance with paint andcoating limits is somewhat more comple

21、x than the method used for consumer products.履約方法確定：限確定方法為涂料油漆和遵守是較為復(fù)雜的產(chǎn)品相比，消費(fèi)者使用方法。 This issue is discussed below. 下文將討論這個問題。Under current regulations, there are two ways of determining the VOC content of a coating: (1) in pounds(or grams) of VOC per gallon (or liter) of solution minus exempt solve

22、nts (including water andVOC-exempt organic compounds); or (2) in pounds of VOC per pound of solids, as applied.根據(jù)現(xiàn)行規(guī)定，有兩種確定一個涂料揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物含量：(1)英鎊(或克每加侖揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物(或升溶液減去豁免溶劑(包括水和揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物豁免有機(jī)化合物)的方法;或( 2)在每磅揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物的固體磅，適用。 These two methods are shown on Table 1.這兩種方法都顯示在表 1 。Regulations specify which app

23、roach must be used; formulators are not given the option of choosing between the two methods. 條例規(guī)定必須使用何種方法，配方?jīng)]有考慮到這兩種方法中加以選擇。 For historic reasons, the "per-gallon" approach is more widely used, although the "per-pound-of-solids" method is generally considered a better indicator

24、of a coating's environmental impact because it measures the expected VOC emissions for a given amount of surface area coated to a given film thickness. 由于歷史原因， “每加侖 ”的方法是使用最為廣泛的，雖然 “每磅的固含量 ”的方式被普遍認(rèn)為是一 個涂料對環(huán)境的影響更好的指標(biāo)，因為它衡量的預(yù)期揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物為給定的數(shù)額排放表面涂層，以特 定地區(qū)薄膜厚度。There is also an important practical dif

25、ference in how these two methods treat solvents that are not classified as VOCs, including both VOC-exempt organic solvents and water.還有一個重要的如何對待這兩種方法都不能作為溶劑揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物分類， 包括揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物的免稅有機(jī)溶劑和水的實(shí)際差異。 Both methods show a reduction in the VOC content of a coating when a VOC-exempt solvent is used in place

26、of other solvents. 這兩種方法都顯示在一個時，揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物豁免溶劑是在其他地方使用的溶劑 涂料 VOC 含量減少。 However, the "per-pound-ofsolids" method more accurately measures the VOC reduction that is achieved from the use of VOC-exempt solvents.然而， “每磅 ofsolids 的”方法更準(zhǔn)確地減少揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物的措施是從揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物豁免溶劑來實(shí)現(xiàn)。The disparity between the tw

27、o methods results from the requirement that VOC-exempt solvents must be subtracted from both thenumerator (pounds) and the denominator (gallons) under the "per-gallon" method, while they are only subtracted from the numerator under the "per-pound-of-solids" method.從需求的差距，兩種方法的結(jié)果，

28、揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物豁免溶劑，必須同時從分子(磅減去)和分母(加侖)在每加侖”的方法，而他們只從分子減去下每磅的固含量”的方法。Table J- Methods to Measure VOC Content of a Typical Lacquer Foruiulafiou BeforeAfter RejbrmdalionWith a VOC-Ex&)ipt SolventCoating Containing No VOC Exempt SolventCoaling Coiitaining voc e贈mpi SolentWeight of Coaling Pounds100100 n%

29、Nonvolatile Matter1519Tdal Coaling Volume Gallons133132Toial Weight of Solvent Pounds85aiWeight of VOC-Exempi Solvent032Volume ofVOC-Exennpt Solvent049VOC Contenl Cakuiaied asPounds VOC/Galiai)85 lbs VOC 13 3 gals = 6 39181-32) lbs VOC/ flU-49 grit* 5,90Pounds VOC/Pound Soltds蜀 lb$ VOC/15 lb$solid =

30、 5 70(912 lb$ VOQ 19lbs solids = 2 58Table two compares how the two methods measure the VOC content of a typical lacquer formulation before and after it has been reformulated with a VOCexempt solvent. 表 2 比較了兩種方法如何衡量一個典 型的漆前制訂的揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物含量和后已與VOCexempt溶劑改觀。As shown in the first column, the original fo

31、rmulation contains 85 percent organic solvent, all of which isVOC.正如在第一列，原來的提法顯示含有百分之 85的有機(jī)溶劑，所有這些是揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物。A casestudy showed that such a coating may be reformulated to contain 40 percent VOC-exempt solvent (in this case acetone) by weight, as long as the user takes into account acetone's lower

32、 flash point to ensure safe use and handling, as well as the potential for resin or humidity blush during application.一個案例研究表明，這種涂層可以改寫，以遏制在這種情況下，丙酮百分之四十揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物豁免溶劑(按重量 計算)，只要用戶到丙酮的低閃點(diǎn)需要，以確保安全使用和處理，以及在樹脂中的應(yīng)用潛力或濕度臉紅。Thereformulated coating is shown in the second column.該涂料是重新顯示在第二列。Note that, becaus

33、eacetone is a very active solvent, the reformulated coating would actually have a higher solids content than the original formulation and still maintain the same viscocity.請注意，因為丙酮是一個非常活躍的溶劑，將重新涂層具有更高的固體實(shí)際上比原來的表述內(nèi)容，仍然保持同樣的粘度。Because of the highersolids content, it would contain less overall solvent-

34、approximately 81 pounds versus 85 in the original coating.由于較高的固體含量，它將包含較少的整體溶劑-約81英鎊與原來的85層。CMA - SolventsCouncilBP Amoco p,Lc.1-800-272-4367Celanese Ltd.1-800-627-9579Dow Chemical C ompanywv w. dow .com ox>solventEastmaj ( heniical <k>iiipany-vw.eastniancomExxon C hemical Company1-800-526

35、-0749Lyondell ClieiLiieal Company1-800-777-0232Phillips Petroleum C'ompany1-918-661-4400Shell Chemical Companywww. Shell CSunoco. Inc.1-800-825-3500I n ion C arbide C oiporatioii1-800-SOLVENTAs shown in the table, the pergallon method does show a decrease (from 6.39 to 5.90, or about 8%) in the

36、VOC content of the reformulated coating, but this is due mostly to the increase in solids content.如表所示，pergallon方法確實(shí)顯示由 6.39下降(至 5.90，即約8%的重新涂料的揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物含量)，但主要是由于在固體含量增加。This methodseriously understates the actual VOC reduction impact of using a solvent that is not considered to be VOC- regardless o

37、f whether it is water or a VOC-exempt organic solvent such as acetone.這種方法嚴(yán)重低估了實(shí)際使用的溶劑揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物減少的影 響是不被認(rèn)為是揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物-無論是水或揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物豁免丙酮等有機(jī)溶劑。The applicator is not concerned with applying a certain number of gallons of coating to the substrate, but instead applies sufficient solids to achieve the desire

38、d film thickness.該噴頭是不關(guān)心用一加侖的涂料一定數(shù)目為基材，而是適用于足夠的固體，以達(dá)到預(yù)期的薄膜厚 度。Thus, the 55% decrease (from 5.70 to 2.58) in VOC content calculated by the "per-pound-ofsolids" method reflects the actual reduction in VOC emissions obtained by using a VOC-exempt solvent. 因此，減少 55 % (從5.70至2.58揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物含量) 由每磅

39、ofsolids方法計算，反映了通過使用揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物的排放量 得到豁免溶劑實(shí)際減少。Although the "per-pound-ofsolids" method is a better indicator of the true environmental impact of a coating, many current regulations continue to require VOC content to be measured in pounds of VOC per gallon of coating. 雖然 每磅 ofsolids 法

40、是一種真正的一個 更好的指標(biāo)涂料對環(huán)境的影響，許多現(xiàn)行法規(guī)仍需要 VOC含量應(yīng)在每加侖涂料揮發(fā)性有機(jī) 化合物英鎊衡量。Product formulators should be aware of this important distinction andmay want to encourage regulatory officials to adopt the per-pound-of-solids approach as they develop new standards for paints and coatings in the future.產(chǎn)品配方應(yīng)該意識至 U這個重要的區(qū)別，

41、可能要鼓勵管理官員采用的每磅的固含量的方法，因為他們制定油漆和涂料 在未來的新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Solvents Council 溶劑會The Solvents Council serves as a forum for addressing health, safety, and environmental issues that affect producers, distributors, and users of hydrocarbon and oxygenatedorganic solvents.該溶劑會作為一個為解決衛(wèi)生，安全論壇，影響生產(chǎn)者，分銷商的環(huán)境問題，以及用戶的 碳?xì)浠衔锖秃跤袡C(jī)

42、溶劑I。For more information about this bulletin or the Council, please contactBarbara O. Francis, Manager of the Solvents Council at 703/741-5609.欲了解更多有關(guān)此公告或理事會的信息，請聯(lián)系芭芭拉澳弗朗西斯的溶劑會經(jīng)理703/741-5609。Legal Notice法律公告The information contained in this article is offered in good faith and believed to be accurate and reliable as of the date of publication.在這篇文章中包含的信息提供真誠，相信能為出版日期準(zhǔn)確和可靠。However,neither CMA nor the Solvents Council assumes any liability resulting from the use of, or reliance upon the information provided