長難句分析加長版2ppt課件

1、托福閱讀中的長難句托福閱讀中的長難句:長難句的類型長難句的類型一.平行結(jié)構(gòu)和省略。To do and to doThe key factor in the success of these countries (along with high literacy, which contributed to it) was their ability to adapt to the international division of labor determined by the early industrializers and to stake out areas of specializat

2、ion in international markets for which they were especially well suited. :平行結(jié)構(gòu)和省略Key factorTheir abilityTo adapt toTo stake out.:Prep and prep The intention is for the positively perceived attributes of the celebrity to be transferred to the advertised product and for the two to become automatically

3、 linked in the audiences mind. IntentionForFor:Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including

4、, often, their military skills.:that and that.Consumer protection groups and parents believe that children are largely ill-equipped to recognize such techniques and that often exaggeration is used at the expense of product information.李悅-越途:二.復(fù)雜的修飾1.后置定語1)定語從句。 This is an old computer which works ve

5、ry slowly2)介詞短語 There is a book on the table3)形容詞 This is a book difficult to read4)過去分詞 This is an apple eaten by me5)現(xiàn)在分詞 There is girl eating an apple6)不定式 There is a book to read.:2.各種狀語3.主語從句4.同位語5.逗號(hào)，破折號(hào)后置復(fù)雜修飾李悅Jerry:三.固定搭配1Not so much asThe question is not why they would leave the cold of win

6、ter so much as how they find their way around. 2) no morethan.At mid-century, an Antwerp financer only slightly exaggerated when he claimed, one can no more trade without bills of exchange than sail without water.:3) such. as. The actual level of intensity depends on such factors as the physical lay

7、out, population density, and productive activities of a metropolis.Such 屬性 as 具體例子李悅Jerry: 五種句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)主語+謂語 I run主語+謂語+賓語 I have some books主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語I am a student主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語I give you the book主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)語I find the book interesting to read:難句應(yīng)用難句的分析與訓(xùn)練:The city is an extraordinary processor of mas

8、s and energy and has its own metabolism.難句類型：平型結(jié)構(gòu)并列與省略:中文：城市是一個(gè)非同尋常的、物質(zhì)和能量的處理器。城市有它自身的新陳代謝。The city is an extraordinary, material and energy processor and the city has its own metabolism. The city is an extraordinary, material and energy processor and the city has its own metabolism. The city is an

9、extraordinary processor of mass and energy and has its own metabolism. 主語相同的并列句，則并列連詞后的句子的主語省去S1V1O1&S1V2O2=S1V1O1&V2O2主語賓語不同的并列句，若謂語相同，則連詞后的謂語可省去S1V1O1&S2V1O2=S1V1O1&S2O2:每天的水、食物和各種各樣的能量的輸入和廢水，固體垃圾，廢氣，廢能和一些已經(jīng)變形的材料的輸出相當(dāng)。A daily input is matched by an output.A daily input of water, food, and various

10、energy is matched by an output of sewage, solid waste, air pollutants, energy, and transformed materials.A daily input of water, food, and energy of various kinds is matched by an output of sewage, solid waste, air pollutants, energy, and materials that have been transformed in some way. :The quanti

11、ties involved are enormous.難句類型：后置定語過去分詞:這一過程中的量異常大。The quantities are enormous. The quantities which are involved in this process are enormous.The quantities involved are enormous. :In winter the heat produced by a city can equal or surpass the amount of heat available from the Sun.難句類型： 后置定語過去分詞；后

12、置定語形容詞In winter the heat which is produced by a city can equal or surpass the amount of heat which is available from the Sun.:在冬天，城市所產(chǎn)生的熱量可以達(dá)到或超過其從太陽那里所獲得的熱量The heat can equal or surpass the heat.In winter the heat produced by a city can equal or surpass the amount of heat available from the Sun.In

13、winter the heat which is produced by a city can equal or surpass the amount of heat which is available from the Sun.:All the heat that warms a building eventually transfers to the surrounding air, a process that is quickest where houses are poorly insulated. 難句類型：后置定語定語從句；同位語All the heat warming a b

14、uilding eventually transfers to the surrounding air:所有用來對(duì)建筑物供暖的熱量最后都擴(kuò)散至周圍的環(huán)境中，這個(gè)過程在那些隔離效果差的房屋里進(jìn)行得更快。All the heat eventually transfers to the surrounding air.All the heat that warms a building eventually transfers to the surrounding airAll the heat that warms a building eventually transfers to the su

15、rrounding air, a process that is quickest.All the heat that warms a building eventually transfers to the surrounding air, a process that is quickest where houses are poorly insulated. :The burning of fuel, such as by cars, is not the only source of this increased heat. 難句類型：插入語，省略:燃料的燃燒，比如汽車燃料，并不是這種

16、增加了的熱量的唯一來源。The burning is not the only source.The burning of fuel is not the only source of this increased heat.The burning of fuel, such as the burning of fuel that is produced by cars, is not the only source of this increased heat.The burning of fuel, such as by cars, is not the only source of th

17、is increased heat. :長難句具體分析This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys.難句類型：介賓短語作后置定語 非限定性定語從句李悅Jerry:In the fourteenth century, a number of politica

18、l developments cut Europes overland trade routes to southern and eastern Asia, with which Europe had had important and highly profitable commercial ties since the twelfth century.:When broken open, Allende stones are revealed to contain an assortment of small, distinctive objects, spherical or irreg

19、ular in shape and embedded in a dark gray matrix (binding material), which were once constituents of the solar nebulathe interstellar cloud of gas and dust out of which our solar system was formed.逗號(hào)表示后置定語修飾，which 指代內(nèi)容:For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to t

20、heir well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.形容詞作后置定語賓語后置倒裝尾重的語言現(xiàn)象 12. Which of the sentences below best expresses

21、 the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A societys rites were more likely to be retained in the oral tradition if its myths were admired for artistic qualities.The artistic qualit

22、y of a myth was sometimes an essential reason for a society to abandon it from the oral tradition.Some early societies stopped using myths in their religious practices when rites ceased to be seen as useful for social well-being.Myths sometimes survived in a societys tradition because of their artis

23、tic qualities even after they were no longer deemed religiously beneficial. :Both problems could be solved by returning groundwater that is removed from an underground heat reservoir back to the reservoir after heat is extracted from it. 動(dòng)詞短語拆分 識(shí)別句子主干李悅-越途:Widely reported, if somewhat distrusted, ac

24、counts by figures like the famous traveler from Venice， Marco Polo, of the willingness of people in China to trade with Europeans and of the immensity of the wealth to be gained by such contact made the idea irresistible.介詞短語做后置定語 并列結(jié)構(gòu) 識(shí)別句子主干 :Continued sedimentationthe process of deposits settling

25、on the sea bottomburies the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud and may move into sandy layers nearby. Over long

26、 periods of time (millions of years), accumulations of gas and oil can collect in the sandy layers. Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment. (閱讀中的畫面感） 1Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential inform

27、ation in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. Higher temperatures and pressures promote sedimentation, which is responsible for petroleum formation. Deposits of sediments on top of organic matter increase

28、the temperature of and pressure on the matter. Increase pressure and heat from the weight of the sediment turn the organic remains into petroleum. The remains of microscopic organisms transform into petroleum once they are buried under mud.:Continued sedimentationthe process of deposits settling on

29、the sea bottomburies the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas.破折號(hào)表示后置修飾李悅-越途:The fact that some societies domesticated animals and plants, discovered the use of metal tools, became literate, and developed a state should

30、not make us forget that others developed pastoralism or horticulture (vegetable gardening) but remained illiterate and at low levels of productivity; 同位語:Climatic changes at the end of the glacial period 13,000 years ago have been proposed to account for the emergence of farming. The temperature inc

31、reased dramatically in a short period of time (years rather than centuries), allowing for a growth of the hunting-gathering population due to the abundance of resources. There were, however, fluctuations in the climatic conditions, with the consequences that wet conditions were followed by dry ones,

32、 so that the availability of plants and animals oscillated brusquely. A.The resources needed by the growing hunting and gathering population increased rapidly once temperatures rose.B.Dramatic temperature increases and the simultaneous growth of the hunting and gathering population led to the need f

33、or more resources.C.Higher temperatures led to the existence of increased resources, thus enabling the hunting and gathering population to grow.D.The dramatic temperature increase occurred during the few years when abundant resources allowed the hunting and gathering population to grow. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語表結(jié)果:C

34、ontrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals.同位語； 主語從句 李悅-越途:At one time, the animals present in these fossil beds were assigned to various modern animal groups, but most paleontologists now agree that all Tommotian fossils represent unique body forms that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the e