2013屆高三英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法要點(diǎn)細(xì)講（配最新高考 模擬） 專題01 定語(yǔ)從句

1、2013屆高三英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法要點(diǎn)精講（配最新高考+模擬）專題01 定語(yǔ)從句【考綱解讀】定語(yǔ)從句在歷年的高考全國(guó)卷及各地卷的單項(xiàng)填空中，都是考試熱點(diǎn)。在今后的高考試題中，定語(yǔ)從句仍是考查的重點(diǎn)。定語(yǔ)從句常被考查的知識(shí)有：（1）九個(gè)不同的關(guān)系代詞或副詞引導(dǎo)的限制性定語(yǔ)從句；（2）七個(gè)不同的關(guān)系代詞或副詞引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句；（3）對(duì)as，which，that，what代詞的理解區(qū)分及運(yùn)用。考查往往是通過(guò)關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)，并考查定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句、名詞性從句的區(qū)別。總之，對(duì)定語(yǔ)從句的考查主要集中在關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選擇上，我們尤其要注意“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句?！局R(shí)要點(diǎn)】一、定語(yǔ)從句

2、的意義形容詞性從句一般稱為定語(yǔ)從句，在句子中起定語(yǔ)作用，修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞，有時(shí)可修飾一個(gè)句子。被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句的位置：一般置于先行詞之后，由關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)。二、關(guān)系詞的用法引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞有which，that，who，whom，whose。關(guān)系副詞有when，where，why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞不僅有連接先行詞和從句的作用，而且在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)句子成分。1.關(guān)系代詞的用法：1)由who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞who只能指人，在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。如：A teacher is a person who passes knowledge to the stu

3、dent.教師是傳授知識(shí)的人。（關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)）The man who can do this work will get 1000 dollars.能夠做此工作的人將獲得1000美元。（關(guān)系代詞who在從句中作主語(yǔ)）2)由whom引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞whom只能指人，是who的賓格，在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，在口語(yǔ)中常常省略。如：The man whom you met on the street is my father.你在街上碰到的那個(gè)人是我父親。（關(guān)系代詞who在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，可以省略）The woman (whom)you talked with yesterday will co

4、me here the day after tomorrow.昨天和你談話的那位婦女后天來(lái)這兒。（關(guān)系代詞whom在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，可以省略）3)由that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞that在從句中既可以作主語(yǔ)，又可作賓語(yǔ)；既可指人，又可指物。如：She is the woman that often comes here.她就是常常來(lái)這兒的那個(gè)婦女。（關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作主語(yǔ)，指人）The book that is on the desk was written by my grandfather.桌子上的那本書是我祖父寫的。（關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作主語(yǔ)，指物。此句中的that可以用wh

5、ich替換）Is there anything that I can do for you? 我能為你做點(diǎn)什么呢？（關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，指物。此句中的that不能用which替換）The passenger and the suitcases that were still waiting had to be transferred to another plane. 仍在等待的乘客和行李只得改乘另一架飛機(jī)。(這句的關(guān)系代詞that不能用which替換，因?yàn)樗诖司渲屑戎溉擞种肝?4)由which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞which一般指物，在從句中可作主語(yǔ)，也可以作賓語(yǔ)。如：He c

6、ame late，which made the teacher angry.他來(lái)晚了，這使老師很生氣。（which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，在從句中作主語(yǔ)）That is the pencil which I lost yesterday.那就是我昨天丟失的鉛筆。（which引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句，在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，which可以省略）5)由whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞whose是who的所有格，在從句中作定語(yǔ)，既可指人，又可指物。如：This is the boy whose parents died last year. 這是那個(gè)父母去年去世的男孩。 （whose作定語(yǔ)，指人）注：“whose+

7、名詞中心詞”這一結(jié)構(gòu)在定語(yǔ)從句中既能作主語(yǔ)，又能作賓語(yǔ)。whose 的先行詞常用來(lái)指人，但有時(shí)也可以用來(lái)指具體事物或抽象概念，這時(shí)可以與of which 結(jié)構(gòu)互換，詞序是：“名詞+of which”。如：They came to a house whose back wall had broken down.(= the back wall of which)他們來(lái)到后墻已經(jīng)倒塌的一個(gè)房子。Hes written a book the name of which Ive completely forgotten.(= whose name)他寫了本書，書的名字我徹底忘了。2.使用關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定

8、語(yǔ)從句時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾點(diǎn)1)當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，許多情況下既可以用that也可以用who，但在下列情況下，宜用who而不用that。先行詞是one，ones，anyone時(shí)，宜用who。如：Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.任何觸犯法律的人都應(yīng)該受到懲罰。先行詞為those時(shí)，宜用who。如：Those who want to see the film sign up here. 想看電影的人在這兒簽名。一個(gè)句子帶有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，其中一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞用that，另一個(gè)用who。The boy that you met at the sch

9、ool gate yesterday morning is our monitor who studies very hard.昨天早上你在校門口遇到的那個(gè)男孩是我們班學(xué)習(xí)很用功的班長(zhǎng)。2)當(dāng)先行詞指物時(shí)，許多情況下，既可以用關(guān)系代詞which，也可用關(guān)系代詞that，但在下列情況中，只能用關(guān)系代詞that，而不用which。在there+be 的句型中，句子的主語(yǔ)是先行詞，而且又是物。如：There are two novels that I want to read.我要讀的有兩本小說(shuō)。There is no work that can be done now. 沒(méi)有什么工作現(xiàn)在能做的了。

10、當(dāng)先行詞為主句的表語(yǔ)或者關(guān)系代詞為從句的表語(yǔ)時(shí)。如：This is the book that was bought yesterday.這就是昨天買的書。Our school is no longer the school that it used to be.我們的學(xué)校不再是以前的學(xué)校了。以Here is (are)開頭的句子時(shí)。如：Here is a film that will move anyone.這是一部將使任何人受感動(dòng)的電影。Here are two books that I will buy.這是我要買的兩本書。It is (high)time+定語(yǔ)從句中。如：It is t

11、ime that we should have a rest.我們應(yīng)該休息了。It is high time that they started out.他們?cè)搫?dòng)身了。當(dāng)先行詞是way等詞時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that或者in which在定語(yǔ)從句中作方式狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，在口語(yǔ)中，?？墒÷浴Ｈ纾篢his is the way that my father did this work.這就是我父親做此工作的方式。She admired the way in which I answered the questions.她羨慕我回答問(wèn)題的方式。在雙重限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，如果一個(gè)從句用who或者which引導(dǎo)時(shí)，那么

12、另一個(gè)從句用that引導(dǎo)。如：He is the student that I have ever see who can jump highest.他是我曾經(jīng)看到過(guò)跳的最高的學(xué)生。My brother studies in the school which is the most beautiful in our city that isnt far from here.我的弟弟在我們的城市最美麗的學(xué)校讀書，并且離這兒不遠(yuǎn)。當(dāng)先行詞被the last ，the very 和the only修飾時(shí)。如：This is the very pen that I am looking for.這正是

13、我找的鋼筆。The only book I want to read is missing.我惟一想看的書不見了。在強(qiáng)調(diào)句子中，并且以who，which，what開頭時(shí)。如：Who was it that was lost ?究竟是誰(shuí)迷路了？（此句中，最好不用who來(lái)代替that，避免重復(fù)）What was it that you did last week?你上周究竟做什么了？當(dāng)先行詞前有序數(shù)詞時(shí)。如：You are the first person that I want to ask for. 你是我要見的第一個(gè)人。This is the second book that I have

14、ever written.這是我寫的第二本書。當(dāng)先行詞被all，every，no，some，few，little，much，both等修飾時(shí)，如：This is all that I want to say at the meeting.這就是我在會(huì)上要說(shuō)的。Have you any books that are worth reading? 你有值得看的書嗎？當(dāng)先行詞既指人又指物時(shí)。如：The professor and his achievement that I heard about are admired by them.我聽說(shuō)的那位教授和他的成就得到他們的贊美。Lets talk

15、about the persons and the things that we can remember.讓我們談?wù)撃軌蛳肫鸬娜撕褪?。?dāng)先行詞為anything，everything，nothing時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that,不用which；但用something時(shí)，用which或者that均可。如：Everything we have seen in China is moving.我們?cè)谥袊?guó)看見的東西件件感人。I have nothing that is worth reading.我沒(méi)有什么值得一讀的東西。當(dāng)先行詞是疑問(wèn)代詞who時(shí)。如：Who that you have ever see

16、n can beat him in chess? 你曾見過(guò)誰(shuí)能在棋藝上打敗他？3)that，which，whom在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)可以省略。如：This is the book (which)you were looking for yesterday. 這就是你昨天找的那本書。I dont like the novel (that)you are reading.我不喜歡你看的這本小說(shuō)。4)定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句的人稱、數(shù)與先行詞一致。如：Those who are in their forties are required to have a physical examinati

17、on this afternoon.請(qǐng)那些年齡在四十幾歲的人于今天下午去進(jìn)行體檢。（先行詞those是復(fù)數(shù)，關(guān)系代詞who也就看作是復(fù)數(shù)，所以從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用了復(fù)數(shù)形式are了）This is the magazine which was sent to me by post.這是通過(guò)郵局寄給我的雜志。（先行詞the magazine是單數(shù)，關(guān)系代詞which也就看作是單數(shù)，所以從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用了單數(shù)形式was sent）5)定語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)不要求與主句時(shí)態(tài)一致。如：The story which I read last night is very interesting.我昨天晚上看的那則

18、故事非常有趣。3.關(guān)系副詞的用法1)when 指時(shí)間，在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，它的先行詞通常有time，day，morning，night，week，year 等。如：I still remember the time when I first became a college student.我仍然記得我成為大學(xué)生的那個(gè)時(shí)刻。Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? 你知道林肯出生的日期嗎？注：when時(shí)常可以省略，特別是在某些句型和某些時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)中。如：Each time he came，he did his best to help us.每次他來(lái)

19、，都盡他所能幫我們。2)where指地點(diǎn)，在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。它的先行詞通常有place，spot，street，house，room，city，town，country等。如：This is the hotel where they are staying.這是他們住的旅館。I forget the house where the Smiths lived.我不記得史密斯先生住過(guò)的房子了。注：where有時(shí)也可以省略。如：This is the place (where)we met yesterday. 這是我們昨天見面的地方。3)why指原因或理由，它的先行詞只有reason。如：Tha

20、t is the reason why he is leaving so soon.那就是他為什么要離開的原因。注：why時(shí)常也可以省略。如：That is the real reason he did it.那就是他做此事的真正原因。4.使用關(guān)系副詞應(yīng)注意下列幾點(diǎn)：1)這三個(gè)關(guān)系副詞在意義上都相當(dāng)于一定的介詞+which結(jié)構(gòu)：when = on (in，at，during.)+which;where = in (at，on.)+which;why = for which.如：I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which)he arrived.他到的時(shí)

21、候，當(dāng)時(shí)我正在北京。The office where (=in which)he works is on the third floor.他工作的辦公室在三樓。This is the chief reason why (=for which)we did it.這是我們做這件事的主要原因。2)當(dāng)先行詞是表時(shí)間的time，day等和表地點(diǎn)的place，house等時(shí)，一定要注意分析從句的結(jié)構(gòu)，如果缺少主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系詞應(yīng)該用which或that,缺少時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，才能用when或where，試比較：Ill never forget the day when my hometown wa

22、s liberated.我將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我的家鄉(xiāng)被解放的那一天。Ill never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer.我將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記去年夏天我們共同度過(guò)的那段時(shí)光。3)when和where既可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。而why 只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句。三、“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系代詞若是表示人時(shí)，就只能用whom；關(guān)系代詞若是表示事物時(shí)，就只能用which。1.當(dāng)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞的前面時(shí)，介詞賓語(yǔ)只能用which (指物)或whom 關(guān)系代詞不能省略。如：He h

23、as found a good job for which he is qualified.他找到了一份他能勝任的工作。（qualify + 名詞+for意為“使具有資格”）The man to whom you talked just now will chair the meeting tomorrow.你剛才與他談話的那個(gè)人明天主持那個(gè)會(huì)議。（ talk to+名詞意為“與某人談話”）He is bargaining with the landlord over the monthly price at which the apartment rents. 他在與房東就那套公寓出租的月租

24、金進(jìn)行磋商。（名詞+rent at+表示價(jià)格的詞意為“某物以某價(jià)格出租”）2.當(dāng)介詞位于定語(yǔ)從句的末尾時(shí)，可用that/which(指物)，that/whom/who(指人)作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，而且作介詞賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞往往省略。如：This is the hero (that/who/whom)we are proud of.這就是我們引以為豪的英雄。This is the pen ( that/which)I wrote the letter with.這就是我用來(lái)寫信的那枝筆。3.“復(fù)合介詞短語(yǔ)+關(guān)系代詞which”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，這種結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句常與先行詞用逗號(hào)分開，定語(yǔ)從句常用倒裝語(yǔ)序

25、。He lived in a big house，in front of which stood a big tall tree.他住在一所大房子里，房前有一棵大高樹。The monkey crossed the river，in the middle of which he was almost killed.那只猴子過(guò)了河，在河中央它差點(diǎn)淹死。注意：在一些固定搭配的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)中，由于動(dòng)詞和介詞不可分割，因此不能把介詞置于關(guān)系代詞之前。如：This is the pen which Im looking for.這正是我在尋找的那枝筆。The boys he is looking after

26、are very healthy. 他照看的那些小男孩都很健康。4.介詞+關(guān)系代詞=關(guān)系副詞1）這就是我們?nèi)ツ曜∵^(guò)的房間。This is the room which we lived in last year.This is the room in which we lived last year.This is the room where we lived last year.2)我仍然記得我入黨的那一天。I still remember the day on which I joined the Party.I still remember the day when I joined

27、the Party.通過(guò)對(duì)上述知識(shí)的掌握，對(duì)于一個(gè)句子我們可用不同的表達(dá)方法來(lái)表達(dá)。如：那就是他工作的大學(xué)。四、定語(yǔ)從句的種類以及區(qū)別1.定語(yǔ)從句分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，現(xiàn)將它們之間的用法及區(qū)別列表如下限制性定語(yǔ)從句非限制性定語(yǔ)從句和先行詞的關(guān)系密切（刪去后，影響整個(gè)句子意義的表達(dá)）和先行詞的關(guān)系不密切（是一種補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，刪去后不影響整個(gè)句子意義的表達(dá)）不用逗號(hào)分開一般使用逗號(hào)分開可用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)不可用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)可以省略（that，who，which在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略）不可以省略可以替代（whom作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可用who或that替代）不能替代只可以修飾先行詞

28、，不可以修飾主句或主句的一部分修飾整個(gè)主句或主句的一部分，此時(shí)定語(yǔ)從句前有逗號(hào)分開，只能用which或as引導(dǎo)。請(qǐng)看下面例句的不同含義：限制性：她有兩個(gè)當(dāng)解放軍的兒子。She has two sons who are P.L.A.men.(Maybe she has other sons who are not P.L.A.men.)非限制性：她有兩個(gè)兒子，他們都是解放軍。She has two sons，who are P.L.A.men.(She has only two sons.They are both P.L.A.men.)體會(huì)下列非限制性定語(yǔ)從句Yesterday I met L

29、i Ping，who seemed to be busy.昨天我遇到了李平，他看起來(lái)很忙。We will put off the meeting until next week，when we wont be so busy.我們將把會(huì)議推遲到下周舉行，到那時(shí)我們就不會(huì)這么忙了。2.關(guān)系代詞which與as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別which與as都可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，但它們有許多用法上的區(qū)別，現(xiàn)就此簡(jiǎn)要分析如下：1)which與as引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：which只能放在主句后面，而as引導(dǎo)的從句位置相對(duì)較靈活，可在前，可在后。如：As he realized，I was very useful

30、 to him.（在前）正像他所意識(shí)到的那樣，我對(duì)他非常有用。Air，as we know，is a gas.（在中）空氣，眾所周知，是一種氣體。He was a foreigner，as I know from his accent.(在后)他是個(gè)外國(guó)人，正像我從他的口音判斷的那樣。He came late again，which made his boss angry.（在后）他又來(lái)晚了，這一點(diǎn)使得老板很生氣。在which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞若是am，is，are，則這些系動(dòng)詞不能省略，而as后面若是這種情況，則可以省略。如：He is a teacher，as (is)clear

31、from his manner.(is可以省略)他是個(gè)老師，這從他的言談舉止可看清楚。He said he had never seen her before，which was not true.（was 不可省略）他說(shuō)他從來(lái)沒(méi)見過(guò)她，這一點(diǎn)不對(duì)。當(dāng)which引導(dǎo)的從句在意義上近乎并列關(guān)系時(shí)，可以用and this，and that代替，意思是“這件事”。如：He changed his mind，which (and this，and that)made me very angry.他改變了主意，這使我很生氣。She has married again，which (and this，an

32、d that)was unexpected.出乎意料的是，她又結(jié)婚了。而as主要起與上下文連接的作用，表達(dá)說(shuō)話人的看法、觀點(diǎn)，并指出主句內(nèi)容的出處或根據(jù)等。如：Einstein，as we know，is a famous scientist.愛(ài)因斯坦，眾所周知，是位偉大的科學(xué)家。As is announced in todays newspaper，we must improve our style of work.今天的報(bào)紙上說(shuō)，我們必須改進(jìn)工作作風(fēng)。作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，which既可以作系動(dòng)詞be的主語(yǔ)，也可以作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)，而as只可以作系動(dòng)詞be的主語(yǔ)。如:He married her，wh

33、ich was natural.（可用as代替which）他和她結(jié)婚，這是很自然的事。He won a/the Nobel Prize in chemistry，which made him illustrious.(不可用as代替which)他獲得了諾貝爾化學(xué)獎(jiǎng)，這使他名揚(yáng)天下。當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句位于主句之后，純粹表示主句所述的內(nèi)容，不帶有“如那樣”的意思時(shí)，往往用which，而不用as。如：They were invited to the state banquet，which was a great honor to them.他們被邀請(qǐng)參加國(guó)宴，這對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)是莫大的榮幸。We had to s

34、leep in our wet clothes，which was most uncomfortable.我們不得不穿著濕衣服睡覺(jué)，這簡(jiǎn)直太不舒服了。Mummy always treats me just like a baby，which I cant bear.媽媽老把我當(dāng)成小孩子對(duì)待，這讓我無(wú)法忍受。當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句有“如同那樣”的意思時(shí)，用as比用which更常見，而這些從句幾乎成為固定說(shuō)法。如：Things will turn out contrary to ones wishes，as is often the case.事與愿違，這是常有的事。As was natural， this

35、inordinate hope was followed by an excessive depression.這種過(guò)分希望之后，接著是極度的沮喪，是很自然的事。Chaucer is buried in “Poets Corner”，as might have been expected.正如人們已經(jīng)預(yù)料的，喬叟被葬在“詩(shī)人角”。The material is elastic，as is show in the figure.這種材料有彈性，如圖所示。as we know眾所周知as has been said above/before正如前文所述as has been pointed out

36、正如已經(jīng)指出的as might be imagined可以想像得到當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞指的是先行詞本身時(shí)，只能用which。如：These apple trees，which I planted three years ago，have not borne any fruit.這些蘋果樹是我三年前種下的，沒(méi)結(jié)出任何果實(shí)。The Thames，which is now clean enough to swim in，was polluted for over a hundred years.泰晤士河，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)很干凈，可以在里面游泳，它曾被污染了一百多年。帶介詞的典型的定語(yǔ)從句，必須用which，

37、不能用as。如：There is a great deal of oxygen around us，without which we could not live.我們周圍有許多氧氣，沒(méi)有它我們就無(wú)法生存。The shed in our garden，in which we often played，has lasted for a long time.我們經(jīng)常玩耍的花園里的那個(gè)棚子，已經(jīng)有很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。2)引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)which與as的區(qū)別：先行詞如為表示物的名詞或代詞，在從句中又作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，只能用which。如：This is the pan in which I boiled

38、the milk. 這就是我煮牛奶的鍋。前面有as時(shí),引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞用as，不用which。如：There are as many dictionaries as are needed.所需要的字典都有了。前面有such時(shí)，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞用as,不用which。如：Such women as know Tom thought he was charming.認(rèn)識(shí)湯姆的女人都認(rèn)為他很迷人。I have never heard such stories as he tells.他講的那些故事我從沒(méi)聽過(guò)。He is not such a man as I expected.他不是我期

39、望的那種人。前面有the same時(shí)，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞用as而不用which。如：We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.我們正面臨著和多年以前同樣的困難。This is the same wallet as I lost.這只錢包與我丟失的那只相同。I have the same trouble as you have.我和你有著同樣的困難。總之，which與as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別要在實(shí)踐中多體會(huì)，體會(huì)多了，才能正確運(yùn)用。五、定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與先行詞保持一致的問(wèn)題1.one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞+復(fù)數(shù)形動(dòng)詞。如：T

40、itanic is one of the most wonderful movies that have been produced in Hollywood.泰坦尼克號(hào)是在好萊塢拍的最好的電影之一。2.the (only)one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞+單數(shù)形動(dòng)詞。如：The Great Wall is the (only)one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.長(zhǎng)城是地球上惟一一個(gè)從月球上能夠看到的建筑。3.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞as或which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾主句內(nèi)容時(shí)，若as或which作主語(yǔ)，則從句的謂

41、語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如：Great changes have taken place in China，as is known to all.中國(guó)發(fā)生了巨大的變化，眾所周知。4.其他情況I，who am your teacher，will try my best to help you.我，你的老師，要盡全力幫助你。To own a colour TV set in each family，which we thought was impossible twenty years ago，now becomes true.每家擁有一臺(tái)彩電，這在20年前我們認(rèn)為不可能的事情，現(xiàn)在變成了現(xiàn)實(shí)。Have

42、 you heard of the persons and things that are being talked about?你聽說(shuō)了他們談?wù)摰娜撕褪铝藛幔俊究键c(diǎn)詮釋】定語(yǔ)從句考點(diǎn)1 “介詞+關(guān)系代詞which/whom”中介詞和關(guān)系代詞的選擇介詞后作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞為歷年高考考查的重點(diǎn)，一般來(lái)講有兩個(gè)：指人時(shí)只能用whom，指物時(shí)只能用which。當(dāng)然關(guān)系代詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)也可用whose。如：The pen with which he wrote was made in China他寫字用的鋼筆是中國(guó)制造的。The train on which Tom travelled to Canada

43、was very fast湯姆到加拿大去時(shí)乘坐的火車速度非?？臁he teacher in front of whose house stands a tall tree is very patient with his students那位老師對(duì)他的學(xué)生非常有耐心，他家的房子前面有一棵大樹?？键c(diǎn)2 as與which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的判定1as引導(dǎo)的從句表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)話語(yǔ)的看法、態(tài)度、解釋或評(píng)論。(1)此時(shí)的as意為“正如，正像”。翻譯時(shí)有時(shí)可不必譯出。如：You are clever，as all those who know you can see你很聰明，所有認(rèn)識(shí)你的人都能看出來(lái)。

44、(2)在句法上，as常用作一些實(shí)義動(dòng)詞(如see，know，hear，watch，remember，say，tell，show，expect，guess等)的賓語(yǔ)，這類動(dòng)詞與as幾乎成了一種固定搭配。如：As we all know，China is becoming stronger and stronger眾所周知，中國(guó)正變得越來(lái)越強(qiáng)大。(3)as引導(dǎo)的從句可以前置(而which引導(dǎo)的從句則不可)。如：As is a fact，Mike is expected to make a top student這是一個(gè)事實(shí)，邁克有望成為一名頂尖的學(xué)生。特別提示主句中出現(xiàn)the same，such，

45、so修飾先行詞時(shí)，要選擇as作關(guān)系代詞，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，此時(shí)as引導(dǎo)的是限制性定語(yǔ)從句。另外要注意：(1)the samethat與the sameas引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句在意義上的區(qū)別：前者修飾的名詞與原物是同一個(gè)東西；而后者修飾的是與先行詞同類型的另一樣?xùn)|西。試比較：This is the same bag that I lost yesterday這正是我昨天丟失的那個(gè)書包。(同一個(gè)書包)This is the same bag as I lost yesterday這個(gè)書包和我昨天丟失的那個(gè)一樣。(同類型的另一個(gè))(2)such/soas和such /sothat結(jié)構(gòu)不同，as引導(dǎo)

46、定語(yǔ)從句，而that引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句。如：They talked in such simple English as children could understand他們用孩子們能聽懂的簡(jiǎn)單的英語(yǔ)交談。(定語(yǔ)從句，as代替先行詞simple English作understand的賓語(yǔ))He shut the window with such a force that the glass broke他如此用力地關(guān)窗，結(jié)果玻璃碎了。(結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，that引導(dǎo)的從句表示用力關(guān)窗導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果)2which引導(dǎo)的此類從句對(duì)主句所敘述的事情進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，表明事物的狀態(tài)或結(jié)果。(1)which此時(shí)指前面主句所

47、提到的，常譯為“這一點(diǎn)，這件事”等。主句與從句通常要用逗號(hào)隔開，且從句只能位于被修飾句子的后面。如：He works very well，which makes his boss satisfied他工作干得不錯(cuò)，這使得他的老板很滿意。(2)which在句法上一般用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)，這時(shí)它所引導(dǎo)的從句與主句之間常含有并列、因果關(guān)系。如：She succeeded in the competition，which satisfied her parents她在比賽中取得成功，這使得她的父母很滿意。(3)在從句中作定語(yǔ)或介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，要用which。如：He often works far int

48、o the night，by which time everyone else has left the office他通常工作到深夜，到那時(shí)其他人已下班了。特別提示高考一般不考查as與which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別，但近年高考試題中出現(xiàn)過(guò)這個(gè)考點(diǎn)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，如果從句的含義是順接主句的敘述，那么這兩個(gè)詞都可以使用；如果從句的含義是對(duì)主句的否定，或者語(yǔ)意不是順接的，則只能用which。如：He came late to school，which/as was what we had expected他上學(xué)遲到了，這是我們意料中的。He came late to school，which s

49、urprised US a11他上學(xué)遲到了，這讓我們所有人都很驚訝。(不可用as)考點(diǎn)3 關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的辨別關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)；而關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因等狀語(yǔ)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，關(guān)系副詞在語(yǔ)義上相當(dāng)于”介詞+which”結(jié)構(gòu)。試比較：Ill never forget the days which I spent with you我不會(huì)忘記我們?cè)谝黄鸲冗^(guò)的歲月。(which在定語(yǔ)從句中作spent的賓語(yǔ))Ill never forget the days when(=in which)we studied in Beijing我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我們一

50、起在北京學(xué)習(xí)的時(shí)光。(when在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，studied在此處為不及物動(dòng)詞，后面不再接賓語(yǔ))考點(diǎn)4 定語(yǔ)從句的間隔現(xiàn)象定語(yǔ)從句一般緊接被它修飾的先行詞，但有時(shí)候它和先行詞之間有可能插入其他成分，使它與先行詞分隔開來(lái)，這種定語(yǔ)從句叫做被分隔的定語(yǔ)從句。在這種情況下，對(duì)關(guān)系詞的準(zhǔn)確判斷顯得相當(dāng)重要，而且在閱讀文章時(shí)會(huì)經(jīng)常遇到這種情況，在閱讀時(shí)要注意識(shí)別。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，定語(yǔ)從句被分割開來(lái)大致有以下三種情況：在先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間插入一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)，或被謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分隔開。如：Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to yo

51、ur house and borrowed a diamond necklace?你還記得十年前的一天下午，我來(lái)到你家，找你借了一條鉆石項(xiàng)鏈嗎?(先行詞one afternoon與定語(yǔ)從句被狀語(yǔ)ten years ago分隔開了)A new teacher will eOlTle tomorrow who will teach you German明天，一位新老師將來(lái)教你們德語(yǔ)。(先行詞a new teacher與定語(yǔ)從句被謂語(yǔ)部分和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)will come tomorrow隔開了)關(guān)系代詞在下列情況下常省略：(1)作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)；(2)作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞與介詞分開使用時(shí)，可以省略

52、。但若是關(guān)系代詞與介詞連用，則不能省略。如：The coat(that)I put on the desk is blue我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍(lán)色的。(作動(dòng)詞put的賓語(yǔ))who is the teacher(whom)Li Ming is talking to?正在與李明談話的老師是誰(shuí)?(作介詞to的賓語(yǔ))Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel請(qǐng)告訴我你從誰(shuí)那兒借的這本英文小說(shuō)。(關(guān)系代詞不能省略)有些句型結(jié)構(gòu)如同位語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句和強(qiáng)調(diào)句與定語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)較相似，稍不認(rèn)真就會(huì)出錯(cuò)。1定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別定語(yǔ)從句是

53、對(duì)其先行詞的修飾或限制，屬于形容詞性從句的范疇；而同位語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)前面抽象名詞的進(jìn)一一步說(shuō)明和解釋，屬于名詞性從句的范疇。如：He makes a promise that if he Call get the job，he will work hard to make as much money as he can for the eompany他許諾如果他能獲得那份工作，他將努力為公司掙盡可能多的錢。(that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)先行詞a promise的進(jìn)一步解釋和說(shuō)明)Mikes parents made a special promise to Tom that surprisedTo

54、m邁克的父母對(duì)湯姆許下了一個(gè)特別的諾言，這使得湯姆很驚奇。(that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)先行詞promise的修飾和限制)2定語(yǔ)從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句的區(qū)別定語(yǔ)從句和強(qiáng)調(diào)句的判斷方法：若將句中的“It is/wasthat/who”去掉，而句子不缺成分，結(jié)構(gòu)完整，說(shuō)明原句是強(qiáng)調(diào)句。如：It was in 1 998 that the flood destroyed many houses in Jiangxi在1998年，洪水毀壞了江西地區(qū)很多的房屋。(強(qiáng)調(diào)句)(判斷方法：如果去掉it was和that，剩下in 1998 the flood destroyed many houses in Jiangx

55、i，句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整，可判定原句為強(qiáng)調(diào)句)3定語(yǔ)從句與狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別定語(yǔ)從句在句子中作定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞、代詞或句子；并且，這個(gè)被修飾的名詞、代詞或句子稱為先行詞，通常放在定語(yǔ)從句之前。狀語(yǔ)從句在句子中作狀語(yǔ)，修飾動(dòng)詞；通常不同的狀語(yǔ)從句有不同的連詞，位置較靈活，通常放在句首或句末，有時(shí)也放在句中。以where為例來(lái)說(shuō)明：Lets have a short meeting where we met last time我們?cè)谏洗我娒娴牡胤介_個(gè)短會(huì)吧。(Where we met last time是地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句，在句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，表示開會(huì)的地方)This is the place where we had a meeting last time這就是我們上次開會(huì)的地方。(Where we had a meeting last time是定語(yǔ)從句，在句中作定語(yǔ)修飾the place)【試題放送】【2012山東卷】23. Maria has written two novels, both of _ have been made into television series. A. them B. that C. which D. what【答案】【解析】此處先行詞是two novels，后面是一個(gè)非限