the beauty of art

1、 Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci was one of the greatest creative minds of the Italian Renaissance. He was not only hugely influential as an artist and sculptor but also talented as an engineer, scientist and inventor. He was widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time. He w

2、as born on 15 April, 1452 near the town of Vinci in Florence. In about 1483, he moved to Milan to work as an engineer, sculptor, painter and architect. Da Vinci remained in Milan until the city was invaded by the French in 1499. He may have visited Venice before returning to Florence. During his tim

3、e in Florence, he painted several portraits 肖像畫(huà), but the only one that survives is The Mona Lisa. It is primarily as a painter that Leonardo was and is renowned. Two of his works, the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper occupy unique positions as the most famous, most reproduced and most imitated portrait

4、 and religious painting of all time, their fame approached only by Michelangelos Creation of Adam. Leonardos drawing of the Vitruvian Man is also iconic. Perhaps fifteen paintings survive, the small number due to his constant, and frequently disastrous, experimentation with new techniques, and his c

5、hronic procrastination. Nevertheless these few works, together with his notebooks, which contain drawings, scientific diagrams, and his thoughts on the nature of painting, comprise an unmatched contribution to later generations of artists. As an engineer, Leonardo conceived ideas vastly ahead of his

6、 own time, conceptualising a helicopter, a tank, concentrated solar power, a calculator, and the double hull, and outlining a rudimentary theory of plate tectonics. Relatively few of his designs were constructed or even feasible during his lifetime, but some of his smaller inventions such as an auto

7、mated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire entered the world of manufacturing unheralded. As a scientist, he greatly advanced the state of knowledge in the fields of anatomy, civil engineering, optics, and hydrodynamics. 一般說(shuō)來(lái)，“老師概念之形成經(jīng)歷了非常漫長(zhǎng)的歷史。楊士勛唐初學(xué)者，四門(mén)博士?春秋谷梁傳疏?曰：“

8、師者教人以不及，故謂師為師資也。這兒的“師資，其實(shí)就是先秦而后歷代對(duì)老師的別稱(chēng)之一。?韓非子?也有云：“今有不才之子師長(zhǎng)教之弗為變其“師長(zhǎng)當(dāng)然也指老師。這兒的“師資和“師長(zhǎng)可稱(chēng)為“老師概念的雛形，但仍說(shuō)不上是名副其實(shí)的“老師，因?yàn)椤袄蠋煴匦枰忻鞔_的傳授知識(shí)的對(duì)象和本身明確的職責(zé)。 The Mona Lisa was one of Da Vincis favourite paintings, and he carried it with him until he died. Today, it is regarded as the most famous painting in the wor

9、ld, and is visited by many thousands of people every year.家庭是幼兒語(yǔ)言活動(dòng)的重要環(huán)境，為了與家長(zhǎng)配合做好幼兒閱讀訓(xùn)練工作，孩子一入園就召開(kāi)家長(zhǎng)會(huì)，給家長(zhǎng)提出早期抓好幼兒閱讀的要求。我把幼兒在園里的閱讀活動(dòng)及閱讀情況及時(shí)傳遞給家長(zhǎng)，要求孩子回家向家長(zhǎng)朗讀兒歌，表演故事。我和家長(zhǎng)共同配合，一道訓(xùn)練，幼兒的閱讀才能進(jìn)步很快。 The painting, a halflength portrait, depicts a woman with an expression often described as mysterious. Who is

10、 this familiar figure? Many suggestions have been made, but the most likely one is Lisa Gherardini, the wife of a Florentine silk merchant. Another more unlikely but popular theory is that the painting was a selfportrait. There are certainly similarities between the facial features of the Mona Lisa

11、and of the artists selfportrait painted many years later. Could this be why Da Vinci gave the subject such a mysterious smile?我國(guó)古代的讀書(shū)人,從上學(xué)之日起,就日誦不輟,一般在幾年內(nèi)就能識(shí)記幾千個(gè)漢字,熟記幾百篇文章,寫(xiě)出的詩(shī)文也是字斟句酌,瑯瑯上口,成為滿(mǎn)腹經(jīng)綸的文人。為什么在現(xiàn)代化教學(xué)的今天,我們念了十幾年書(shū)的高中畢業(yè)生甚至大學(xué)生,竟提起作文就頭疼,寫(xiě)不出像樣的文章呢?呂叔湘先生早在1978年就鋒利地提出:“中小學(xué)語(yǔ)文教學(xué)效果差,中學(xué)語(yǔ)文畢業(yè)生語(yǔ)文程度低,十幾年上課

12、總時(shí)數(shù)是9160課時(shí),語(yǔ)文是2749課時(shí),恰好是30%,十年的時(shí)間,二千七百多課時(shí),用來(lái)學(xué)本國(guó)語(yǔ)文,卻是大多數(shù)不過(guò)關(guān),豈非咄咄怪事!尋根究底,其主要原因就是腹中無(wú)物。特別是寫(xiě)議論文,初中程度以上的學(xué)生都知道議論文的“三要素是論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、論證,也通曉議論文的根本構(gòu)造:提出問(wèn)題分析問(wèn)題解決問(wèn)題,但真正動(dòng)起筆來(lái)就犯難了。知道“是這樣,就是講不出“為什么。根本原因還是無(wú)“米下“鍋。于是便翻開(kāi)作文集錦之類(lèi)的書(shū)大段抄起來(lái),抄人家的名言警句,抄人家的事例,不參考作文書(shū)就很難寫(xiě)出像樣的文章。所以,詞匯貧乏、內(nèi)容空洞、千篇一律便成了中學(xué)生作文的通病。要解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題,不能單在布局謀篇等寫(xiě)作技方面下功夫,必須認(rèn)識(shí)到

13、“死記硬背的重要性,讓學(xué)生積累足夠的“米。語(yǔ)文課本中的文章都是精選的比較優(yōu)秀的文章,還有不少名家名篇。假如有選擇循序漸進(jìn)地讓學(xué)生背誦一些優(yōu)秀篇目、精彩段落,對(duì)進(jìn)步學(xué)生的程度會(huì)大有裨益。如今,不少語(yǔ)文老師在分析課文時(shí),把文章解體的支離破碎,總在文章的技巧方面下功夫。結(jié)果老師費(fèi)力,學(xué)生頭疼。分析完之后,學(xué)生收效甚微,沒(méi)過(guò)幾天便忘的一干二凈。造成這種事倍功半的為難場(chǎng)面的關(guān)鍵就是對(duì)文章讀的不熟。常言道“書(shū)讀百遍,其義自見(jiàn),假如有目的、有方案地引導(dǎo)學(xué)生反復(fù)閱讀課文,或細(xì)讀、默讀、跳讀,或聽(tīng)讀、范讀、輪讀、分角色朗讀,學(xué)生便可以在讀中自然領(lǐng)悟文章的思想內(nèi)容和寫(xiě)作技巧,可以在讀中自然加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)感,增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言的感受

14、力。久而久之,這種思想內(nèi)容、寫(xiě)作技巧和語(yǔ)感就會(huì)自然浸透到學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言意識(shí)之中,就會(huì)在寫(xiě)作中自覺(jué)不自覺(jué)地加以運(yùn)用、創(chuàng)造和開(kāi)展。 Da Vinci used a technique known as sfumato 渲染層次 the blurring 使模糊不清 of sharp edges by mixing colours to leave the corners of the eyes and the mouth in shadow. It is this technique that makes the Mona Lisas expression ambiguous. Today, the Mona Lisa looks rather s