順句驅(qū)動.知識講解

1、順句驅(qū)動.*有時句中主位和主語重迭，如：例(1)The term shopping center” / has been /evolving since the early 1950s *主位和主語也可能由不同的成分來充當(dāng)，如：例(2)Interestingly，preciselythe same situationoccurredin North America in the 1980s 例(2)中的主位是interestingly，precisely，主語卻是the same situation例(1)這種既是主語又是主位的成分稱為“無標(biāo)記主位”(unmarked theme)，而不是主語

2、卻是主位的成分叫做“有標(biāo)記主位”(marked theme)如例(2)。簡單主位簡單主位 (simple theme)多重主位多重主位(multiple theme)從句主位從句主位(clausal theme) 語言的三種基本功能：概念功能(Ideatioual)人際功能 (Interpersonal)語篇功能(Textual) (Halliday，1970a) 例(1)The term “shopping center” / has been /evolving since the early 1950s. 例(2)Interestingly，preciselythe same situa

3、tionoccurredin North America in the 1980s 簡單主位簡單主位 (simple theme)簡單主位是指話題主位(topical Theme)由名詞詞組，副詞詞組或介詞短語構(gòu)成例(1)和例(2)的主位都屬于簡單主位。例(3)On the other hand，/in my opinion，surelyshopping center /can thrive east Asia(結(jié)構(gòu))語篇情態(tài)(人際)情態(tài)(人際)，話題(概念)多重主位多重主位(multiple theme)多重主位則由概念、人際和語篇功能成分共同組成，如話題主位前加上情態(tài)副詞(modal /

4、manner adverb)、限定成分(a finite element)或呼告成分(a vocative element。從句主位從句主位(clausal theme)從句主位還可以分為簡單從句從句主位還可以分為簡單從句(simple clause)和復(fù)和復(fù)合從句合從句(clausecomplex)主位，復(fù)合從句主位又分主位，復(fù)合從句主位又分并列從句并列從句(paratactic clause-complex)主位和主從主位和主從復(fù)合從句復(fù)合從句(hypotactic clausecomplex)主位。如主位。如例例(4)中的并列從句主位和例中的并列從句主位和例(5)中的主從從句主位。中的主

5、從從句主位。例(4)The movie / was interesting, but I / did not enjoy it.例(5)While Iknow that we have our areas of divergence, there remains a profound EU interestin a stable, prosperous and open China that embraces democracy，free market principles，and the rule of law*徐盛桓徐盛桓(1 985：23)認為認為作為主位的信息可能有五種作為主位的信息可

6、能有五種情況：情況：(1)已知信息；已知信息；(2)部分已知信息。部分已知信息。(3)相關(guān)信息；相關(guān)信息；(4)新新信息；信息；(5)引導(dǎo)作用。引導(dǎo)作用。*朱永生朱永生 (1990：25) 認為認為有四種可能性：有四種可能性：(1)主位不表示信息。主位不表示信息。(2)主位表示已知信息。主位表示已知信息。(3)主位表主位表示新信息。示新信息。(4)主位表示已知信息主位表示已知信息+新信息。新信息。主位傳遞已知信息，述位傳遞未知信息主位傳遞已知信息，述位傳遞未知信息順譯順譯/順句驅(qū)動順句驅(qū)動: “最小努力、最少移位”的原則主位信息分布的三大類情況: (一一)主位表示已知信息主位表示已知信息(二二

7、)主位表示未知信息主位表示未知信息(三三)主位表示零信息主位表示零信息技巧技巧：“斷句剖析(parsing)” 以下例句：雙斜線()之前斜體的部分為主位，單斜線( )處表示斷句處，等待與儲存用( )表示、做了移位處理的地方增列【譯文】以示對照、增補信息用加號(+)和省略用減號(-)等說明。 (一一)主位表示已知信息主位表示已知信息(Theme carrying given information)1簡單陳述句的主位(Theme in the simple declarative clause)；例(5)Our outstanding achievementis without doubtthe

8、 stability【譯文】我們最大的成就/毫無疑問/就是穩(wěn)定。例(6)/have been asked to speak 0n the role of the European Union，in a changing world【譯文】我們/受邀來談?wù)剼W盟的作用，/在這個瞬息萬變的世界上+扮演的角色。例(7)Our outstanding achievementis without doubt the stability that the creation of the EU has brought/to the whole European continent【譯文】我們最大的成就/毫無疑

9、問就是穩(wěn)定/，歐盟的建立將穩(wěn)定帶給了整個歐洲大陸。2簡單疑問句中的主位簡單疑問句中的主位(Theme in the YesNo question)；例(8)Can you/give me your latest catalogs/with detailed prices?【譯文】你能/給我你們最新的產(chǎn)品目錄和詳細價格表嗎?3祈使句中的功能性成分主位祈使句中的功能性成分主位(Theme realized by the functional elements in the imperative clause例(9)Lets/work togethertoward a complete succes

10、s of the conference【譯文l】讓我們/共同努力，+(爭取)本次大會的圓滿成功!【譯文2】讓我們/一起為本次大會的圓滿成功而努力!例(10) Icome to Chinaat an important time【譯文l】我來到中國，在一個重要的時刻?！咀g文2】我來到中國恰逢一個重要的時刻。(二二)主位帶未知信息的情況主位帶未知信息的情況(Theme carrying new information)1簡單句前置的強調(diào)主位簡單句前置的強調(diào)主位(the thematic fronting in the simple declarative clause given special

11、emphasis) 如：如：例(2)Interestingly, /precisely the same situation occurred,/in North America in the 1980【譯文】有趣的是/完全相同的情況也出現(xiàn)/在上世紀八十年代的北美洲。例(12)This design / I am not fond of【譯文】這個設(shè)計 / 我不喜歡。2倒裝句中主位倒裝句中主位(the Theme in the inversion)；例(13)Only when I see with my own eyes the beauty of it/will I decide to i

12、nvest【譯文】只有當(dāng)我親眼見識它的美麗/我才會決定投資。3特殊問句的主位特殊問句的主位(the Theme In the wh-question)；例(14)so what/are the keys to integration?【譯文】那么什么是一體化的關(guān)鍵呢?4感嘆句的主位（感嘆句的主位（Theme in the exclamatory clause)；例(15)What a great idea / it is!【譯文】多好的主意啊(這是)！5分裂句主位分裂句主位(Theme in the cleft-clause)；例(16)It is in the spirit of frien

13、dly cooperation, mutual promotion and common prosperity/that I extend to you the warmest welcome【譯文】(+本著)友好合作共同促進共同繁榮的精神, / 我向各位致以最熱烈的歡迎!6被動句被動句(passive voice)；例(1 7)Tth problem of refugees/should be dealt with in an integrated manner【譯文】難民問題的處理/，應(yīng)采用綜臺的方法。(動詞轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞移位為主位的一部分)例(18)The Olympic spiritis

14、characterized by【譯文】奧林匹克精神的特點是.(動詞轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞移位主為位的一部分)例(19)Liberalization of trade and investmenthas been influencedby the expansion and intensification of regional integration efforts【譯文】貿(mào)易和投資的自由化/已經(jīng)受影響,(+因為)區(qū)域一體化的努力普遍加強了.(BY 處理成”因為”引導(dǎo)的句子)例(20)Proposalsare made to improve political dialogue through more

15、 clearly focusing existing mechanisms【譯文】有人建議(名詞改動詞并增添主語)/應(yīng)該促進進政治對話,方法是進一步強調(diào)現(xiàn)在機制.(上處高翻學(xué)院杜蘊德教授主張將through處理為”方法是”.)7主從復(fù)合句主從復(fù)合句(hypotactic clause)由兩個或多個事件的集合體，在英語中通常是主句在前從句在后。如果主句在前就是非標(biāo)記主位, 而從句在前就成了標(biāo)記主位。通常把英語主從復(fù)合句譯成漢語時要重新調(diào)整句序因為漢語習(xí)慣讓從句成為非標(biāo)記主位(unmarked theme)。在順譯中譯員只能等待或者把句子切分為更多的小句(small clause)。例(21)Th

16、e conference / will resume at 6 pmafter the board directors / have met privately【譯文21】 會議下午六點繼續(xù)進行，在此之前董事會 /先要碰碰頭(22)Our work / would not have been so successfulif we / havent received the support of Canadians【譯文l】我們的工作(等待)如果沒有得到(停頓)加拿大人的幫助就不可能這么成功。當(dāng)然這種句型還可以順譯為：【譯文2】我們的工作之所以這么成功，多虧了加拿大人的幫助。(三三)主位帶零信息

17、主位帶零信息(Theme carrying zero information)例(23)It / was not longbefore John tried to break all his promises【譯文】沒有多久(不久)，約翰就想撕毀全部字據(jù)。例(24)，It / is very difficult/to reach a consensus on it【譯文】很難就這個問題，達成一致意見。例(25)It / is important /to see【譯文】重要的是要看到例(26)，It / is necessary /to safeguard【譯文】有必要保障例(27)It / i

18、s usefulto remind【譯文】有必要提醒例(28) It / is common sense，that【譯文】眾所周知，例(29)It / is saidreportedconfirmedbelieved that【譯文】據(jù)說據(jù)報道，據(jù)證實人們認為例(30)It/is an honor for meto celebrate with you I the lOth an niversary of ABD Co【譯文】我很榮幸，與各位一起慶祝ABC公司的十周年紀念。而另外一些句子則需要在介詞處運用切分與增補的技巧把小句聯(lián)系起來。例(3 1)There/has been a tenden

19、cyto assume that infrastructural concerns call be resolvedby the advent of newer and more expensive technologies【譯文】現(xiàn)在的趨勢就是認為基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施落后的問題可以由更新更昂貴的科技來解決。例(32)Therehas been little investmentin the develop-merit of theory around information technology【譯文】現(xiàn)在很少有人投資于開發(fā)信息技術(shù)理論。Exercises: Page 253-254Unit 9:9.4

20、/9.5Now both sides should change their stiff positions and show their flexibility.2. Both sides agree that in the areas of economy and trade, energy, science and technology, environmental protection, the prevention and treatment of AIDS and law enforcement, they will actively carry out mutual exchan

21、ges and cooperation. In the area of regional economics and finace, they will start strategic dialogue.3. Strength should be concentrated to advance the economy and improve peoples livelihood, as that is our long-term central task.4. I think that within three yearts, most of the unprofitable state-owned enterprises will manage to get out of the difficult situation, and this goal can be realized.5. Just now the journalist asked whether rurtal reform will be more trou