美國兒童金屬制品鉛含量測試方法

1、U NITED S TATESC ONSUMER P RODUCT S AFETY C OMMISSIOND IRECTORATE FOR L ABORATORY S CIENCESD IVISION OF C HEMISTRY10901D ARNESTOWN R DG AITHERSBURG , MD 20878 Standard Operating Procedure for Determining Lead (Pb and Its Availability in Childrens Metal Jewelry2/3/2005This document provides detailed

2、information on two test methodologies that will be used by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commissions testing laboratory (LSC in the analysis of childrens metal jewelry. The first methodology is used to determine the total lead content of a jewelry item or component. It will be used as a screening

3、 test for purposes of the Interim Enforcement Policy issued by the Office of Compliance on February 3, 2005. The second methodology is an acid extraction test. It is used to quantify the amount of lead that may migrate from jewelry and result in human exposure through ingestion.These methodologies a

4、re provided to inform interested parties of the methods used by LSC for assessing the availability of lead for estimating potential human exposure. They are not required to be followed by other laboratories in making such assessments; however, other laboratories should consider using these procedure

5、s to ensure they obtain results that are consistent with CPSCs for purposes of the Interim Enforcement Policy announced by the Office of Compliance. CPSC staff has concluded that these test methodologies are sufficient to make appropriate determinations concerning childrens metal jewelry. Accordingl

6、y, we intend to use them in lieu of the test methodologies previously followed.Definitions1. Sample The complete package of a product collected by CPSC field staff and submitted to LSC for analysis. A sample generally contains single or multiple identical units of a particular product. The sample wi

7、ll have an official seal with a sample number, inspector name, and date the package was sealed. Each individual item in a sample is identified with the sample number and sub-numbers, if there is more than one item in the sample. As an example, a sample may contain single or multiple items such as ne

8、cklaces, rings, bracelets, etc.2. Item Individual sub-sample within the total sample, such as a necklace, a ring or a bracelet that can be subjected to lead testing. Ideally, the sample should contain only identical items, not a mix of several different items. An item such as a bracelet may be broke

9、n into its component parts such as bead, hook, pendant, with those component parts individually analyzed.3. Instrument Detection Limit (IDL 3 times the standard deviation of 10 replicatemeasurements of reagent blank. The IDL for Pb is 0.01 ppm.4. Method Detection Limit (MDL - Reagent blank fortified

10、 with 2-3 times the IDL. Seven replicate measurements are made. Calculate the MDL as follows: MDL = t X S, t= 3.14 (99% confidence level for 7 replicates, S= standard deviation. The MDL determined for Pb is 0.01 ppm.5. Laboratory Reagent Blank (LRB extraction or digestion media used for a particular

11、 Pb test. LRB data are used to assess contamination from the laboratory environment. 6. Calibration Blank deionized water acidified with nitric acid (3 ml concentrated nitric acid diluted to 100 ml with deionized water.7. Stock Standard Solution 1000 ppm solution of Pb purchased from reputablecommer

12、cial source, used to prepare calibration standards. Replace before expiration date. 8. Calibration Standards - Solutions containing 1, 5, 10, and 25 ppm of Pb in 3% nitric acid matrix are used for digests and extracts containing high Pb levels. Solutions containing 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 ppm of Pb in

13、 3% nitric acid matrix are used for digests and extracts containing lower Pb levels. Calibration standards shall be prepared weekly.9. Laboratory Performance Check Solution (LPC - A Pb standard used to evaluate the performance stability of the instrument system. One of the calibration standards is g

14、enerally used.10. Quality Control Sample (QCS - A solution containing Pb that is used to evaluate the performance of the instrument system. QCS is obtained from a source external to the laboratory and Stock Standard Solution.11. Laboratory Fortified Blank (LFB LRBs to which known quantities of Pb ar

15、e added in the laboratory. The LFB is extracted and analyzed exactly like a sample. Its purpose is to determine whether method performance is within acceptable control limits.Materials and Reagents: The materials used for sampling and analysis are as follows:1. Nitric Acid, Trace Metal Grade2. Hydro

16、chloric Acid, Trace Metal Grade3. Glass Beakers, 50ml4. Glass Beakers or Erlenmeyer Flasks - Shall be large enough to contain extract solutions that are 50 times greater than individual jewelry item weight.5. Water/Shaker Bath6. Hot Plate7. Lead-free Insulated Wire.8. Metal Cutters9. Parafilm®1

17、0. Distilled WaterI. Screening Test for Total Pb AnalysisEach unique component type from one subsample is analyzed for total Pb content. The procedure for Total Pb Analysis is as follows and is based on methodology found in Canada Product Safety Bureau Method C-02.4:1. If the childrens metal jewelry

18、 is coated with paint or a similar surface coating (it may contain Pb, the coating shall be removed and analyzed, separately from the base metal, for lead content as described in the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC standard AOAC 974.02 (Lead in Paint. Care should be taken to remove

19、 as little of the substrate metal as possible.2. Weigh out a 30-50 mg piece of childrens metal jewelry in labeled 50ml beaker.Childrens metal jewelry items generally weigh several grams, and an aliquot piece (with no paint or similar surface coating will have to be clipped from item using metal cutt

20、ers. Samples should be cut into several small pieces or ground to increase the rate ofdissolution. If used, grinding apparatus must be thoroughly cleaned to prevent cross-contamination. Record actual weight to the nearest 0.1 mg.3. Add 8ml of concentrated nitric acid to each beaker and evaporate to

21、approximately 3ml on a hot plate.4. After cooling, add 2ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid and stir.5. Dilute with distilled water, washing side of beaker, to 20ml.6. Warm up solution and gently agitate with stirrer or shaker bath for a minimum of 4 hours.7. Transfer quantitatively into a 50ml vol

22、umetric flask and dilute to 50ml with distilled water.8. Dilute samples so that Pb results are within calibration range of instrument. Generally a 1:50 dilution is sufficient.9. Analyze diluted samples for Pb concentration using ICP spectrometer. High Pb standard calibration curve will be required.

23、Analysis procedure is based on methodology found in ASTM E 1613. (Note: Method C-02.4 describes alternate procedure for analysis by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy.II. Acid Extraction TestThe acid extraction simulates exposure to metal that is ingested into the alimentary tract. The analysis is gener

24、ally performed on an intact item or component. The procedure for the acid extraction is as follows and is based on methodology found in ASTM C927, C738, D5517, and F963:1. Suspend the childrens metal jewelry item in a flask or beaker using insulated wire so that the item does not touch the bottom or

25、 edge of the flask/beaker, but will be submerged by acid.2. Add 0.07N hydrochloric acid (HCL solution to cover the jewelry item. The amount of acid solution added should be equivalent to 50 times the weight of the jewelry item. Record the volume of acid solution added. Ensure that the jewelry item i

26、s submerged.3. Extraction is conducted for 1 hour at 37°C in the shaker bath.4. After the 1 hour extraction period, all the acid extract is taken out, an aliquot saved for analysis, and fresh acid extract is added. The second extraction is conducted for 2 hours at 37°C on shaker bath.5. Af

27、ter the 2 hour extraction period, all the acid extract is taken out, an aliquot saved for analysis, and fresh acid extract is added. The third extraction is conducted for 3 hours at 37°C on shaker bath.6. After the 3 hour extraction period, all the acid extract is taken out, and an aliquot save

28、d for analysis. The product has been exposed to a total time of 6 hours (1 + 2 + 3 = 6 hours of extraction.7. Each of the three extracted solutions is analyzed for Pb content using an ICPspectrometer. The high lead standard curve is generally required. Analysis procedure is based on methodology foun

29、d in ASTM E 1613.ICP Operating Procedures and Quality Control MeasuresAnalysis1. Perform wavelength calibration monthly. This can be done prior to igniting plasma. An internal mercury lamp is used for wavelength calibration.2. Ignite plasma. Set conditions as follows, these are the conditions recomm

30、ended by the instrument manufacturer:a. R.F. Power = 1150 wattsb. Auxiliary flow = 1 liter /minutec. Nebuliser flow = 30.06psid. Pump rate = 100 rpme. Purge Time = 10 seconds3. Allow the instrument to become thermally stable before beginning. This requires at least30 minutes of operation prior to do

31、ing peak search for Pb.4. Open the Lead Method for samples requiring high Pb standards or the Low Lead Method for samples requiring low Pb standards.5. Ensure the following element and wavelength are selected:a. Pb 220.3536. Perform peak search using 5 ppm Pb standard to ensure optimum setting.7. Pe

32、rform calibration using calibration blank and standards. Calibration shall be performed a minimum of once a day when used for analysis, or each time the instrument is set up. Results for each standard shall be within 5% of the true value. If the values do not fall within this range, recalibration is

33、 necessary.8. Analyze the QCS immediately after the calibration. The analyzed value of Pb should be within ±10% of the expected value. If Pb value is outside the ±10% limit recalibration is required.9. Analyze the LPC following QCS analysis, after every 10th sample, and at the end of the s

34、ample run. The analyzed value for Pb should be within ±5% of its expected value. If Pb value is outside the interval, reanalyze the LPC. If the Pb value is again outside the ±5% limit, recalibrate the instrument. All samples following the last acceptable LPC analysis should be reanalyzed.1

35、0. At least one LRB must be analyzed with each sample set. If the Pb value exceeds 3 times the MDL, the laboratory or reagent contamination should be expected. The source of the contamination should be identified and resolved before continuing analyses. The LRBs for the two Pb test procedures are as

36、 follows:a. Total Pb 8ml of concentrated nitric acid are placed in a 50ml beaker and heated on a hot plate with samples until concentrated to about 3ml followed by the addition of 2ml of concentrated HCL solution, then diluted to 50ml withdeionized water after cooling.b. Acid 0.07N HCL solution11. At least one LFB will be analyzed with each batch of samples. The LFB sho