定語從句與賓語從句的區(qū)別與聯(lián)系

1、賓語從句一、賓語從句概說 賓語從句是在復(fù)合句中起賓語作用的從句。在謂語動詞，介詞和某些形容詞等后面都可以接賓語從句。同學(xué)們要掌握好賓語從句，主要應(yīng)該注意以下三個關(guān)鍵：1連接詞：根據(jù)從句類型而定。2語序：用陳述句語序。3時態(tài)：根據(jù)主句中謂語動詞的時態(tài)而定。（自然、科學(xué)規(guī)律及真理可以除外）二、賓語從句的連接詞：1 thatthat引導(dǎo)陳述意義的賓語從句，無實際意思，在從句中也不充當(dāng)任何成分。在口語和非正式文體中that常被省略。She said that she missed us very much.她說她非常想念我們。I think she is right.我認(rèn)為她是對的（that被省略）2

2、 whether, if：whether與if引導(dǎo)選擇意義的賓語從句，意思為"是否"。I wonder whether/ if she still lives here after so many years.這不知道經(jīng)過這么之年她是否還住在這里。Have you found out whether/if he is in London?你弄清楚他是否在倫敦了嗎？3 what, who, whom, which這是一組連接代詞，引導(dǎo)疑問意義的賓語從句。 Can you tell me what bread is made from?你能告訴我面包是由什么制造的嗎？I can

3、't remember who has come to my office.我不記得誰來過我的辦公室了。Tom asked me whom/who they were talking about.湯姆問我他們在談?wù)撜l。I want to know which is better.我想知道哪一個更好些。whom引導(dǎo)賓語從句時一般可由who替換，但如果賓語從句的介詞提前，則只能用whom，不能用who。I wonder with who she is angry.（×）I wonder with whom she is angry.我不知道她在跟誰生氣。4 when, where

4、, why, how這是一組連接副詞，引導(dǎo)疑問意義的賓語從句。 I'm not sure when he will be back.我不能肯定他何時回來。I can't tell you where he lives.我不能告訴你他住在哪兒。We don't know why he broke the window.我們不知道他為何打破窗戶。Would you please tell me how I can get to the nearest bus stop?請告訴我如何才能到達(dá)最近的公共汽車站好嗎？5某些形容詞如afraid, sure, glad, happy

5、等后也可以帶賓語從句（也有人認(rèn)為是狀語從句）。I'm afraid (that) we can't get there on time.恐怕我們不能準(zhǔn)時到達(dá)那里了。He's not sure whether he can find her.他不能肯定他是否能夠找到她。三、賓語從句的時態(tài)：賓語從句的時態(tài)原則上應(yīng)與主句的時態(tài)保持一致。1 如果主句是現(xiàn)在時態(tài)（包括一般現(xiàn)在時，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時和現(xiàn)在完成時），賓語從句可以是實際需要的任何時態(tài)。I am wondering whether he has come or not.我不知道他是否已經(jīng)來了。（現(xiàn)在完成時）Please tell

6、 me when we'll have the meeting.請告訴我什么時候開會。（一般將來時）I don't know who they are talking about.我不知道他們正在談?wù)撜l。（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時）I have heard the window was broken by John.我已經(jīng)聽說窗戶是被約翰打破的。 2 如果主句是過去的時態(tài)（包括一般過去時，過去進(jìn)行時），賓語從句必須選用過去的某一時態(tài)（即一般過去時，過去將來時，過去進(jìn)行時或過去完成時等）He said he would kill her.他說他會殺了她。（過去將來時）She told us L

7、ucy had returned home.她告訴我們露茜已經(jīng)回家去了。（過去完成時）Mary was wondering who could answer the question.瑪麗想知道誰能回答這一問題。（一般過去時）I didn't tell them where you were having the meeting.我沒有告訴他們你們正在哪兒開會。（過去進(jìn)行時）3 如果賓語從句表示的是科學(xué)其理、客觀事實或格言警句等，則不管這句是何種時態(tài)，從句一律用一般現(xiàn)在時。Granny told me that the earth moves around the sun.奶奶告訴我地

8、球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)。She said a friend in need is a friend indeed.她說患難朋友才是真正的朋友。四、賓語從句的語序：賓語從句的語序一律使用陳述語序。1 當(dāng)賓語從句原為陳述句時，用that引導(dǎo)，語序不變。（注意時態(tài)的一致）Tom isn't a good student. (The teacher told us)The teacher told us Tom wasn't a good student.老師告訴我們湯姆不是一個好學(xué)生。He has given up smoking. (She said)She said he had give

9、n up smoking.她說他已經(jīng)戒煙了。2 當(dāng)賓語從句原為一般疑問句時，用whether或if連接，語序變?yōu)殛愂稣Z序。Is Jim a doctor? (I wonder)I wonder whether Jim is a doctor.我想知道吉姆是否是個醫(yī)生。Does she dance well? (Can you tell me)Can you tell me if she dances well? 你能告訴我她舞跳的是否好嗎？3 當(dāng)賓語從句原為特殊疑問句時，特殊疑問詞即為連接詞，語序變?yōu)殛愂稣Z序。Where are you going? (She asked me)She ask

10、ed me where you were going.她問我你去哪里。What does he want to do. (She wondered)She wondered what he wanted to do.她不知道他想干什么。五、直接引語與間接引語在學(xué)習(xí)賓語從句的過程中，有一個重要的知識就是：如何將直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語。在直接引語變間接引語時，同學(xué)們要注意以下事項：1人稱代詞和物主代詞要做相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。He said, "I'm glad to meet you."- He said that he was glad to meet me.但如果說話者轉(zhuǎn)述自

11、己的話，則不用變?nèi)朔Q。I said to them, "I'll leave a massage on his desk."- I said to them that I'll leave a message on his desk.2在一些情況下，如果人稱代詞所指代的名詞容易發(fā)生混淆，則最好將人稱代詞改為它所指代的名詞。My father thought, "Maybe he is right."- My father thought that maybe the man was right.3當(dāng)直接引語中出現(xiàn)when, while,

12、since等詞引導(dǎo)的表示過去的時間狀語時，在變間接引語時，只改變主句的時態(tài)，不改變該從句的時態(tài)。Our teacher told us, "Jim has made great progress in Chinese since he came to China."- Our teacher told us that Jim had made great progress in Chinese since he came to China.4直接引語變間接引語時，如果報告動詞用say，則不必加間接賓語。如果要加的話，say后就一定要加介詞to.The old man sai

13、d, "It's going to rain."- The old man said that it was going to rain.- The old man said to us that it was going to rain.5直接引語的報告動詞是say to sb時，在變間接引語時，常改成tell sb.The policeman said to the woman, " You should turn right at the first crossing."- The policeman told the woman that

14、 she should turn right at the first crossing.6如果報告動詞在句末，在變?yōu)橹苯右Z時，應(yīng)該把它移到句首。"Is it the right address?" he wondered.- He wondered whether it was the right address.7在疑問句變?yōu)橹苯右Z時，應(yīng)該注意原來的直接引語中的問號要變成句號，疑問語序要變成陳述語序，直接引語中的助動詞do等要去掉，動詞做相應(yīng)的變化。The girl asked me, " How did you finish the work so we

15、ll?"- The girl asked me that how I finished the work so well.8如果直接引語是祈使句，我們經(jīng)常不提出說話的對象；但是在變間接引語時，說話的對象必須出現(xiàn)。The angry man said, " Shut up!"- The angry man ordered us to shut up.9如果是以Let's開頭的祈使句來變間接引語，我們通常用"Suggest +動名詞（或從句）"結(jié)構(gòu)。The twins said happily, " Let's go sc

16、uba diving this afternoon."- The twins suggested happily that they can go scuba diving that afternoon.10如果直接引語是兩個或兩個以上不同類型的句子，可分別將各部分轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語，并用and連接。The manager said, " You did a very nice job. What are you thinking about now?"- The manager said to the young man that he did a very nic

17、e job and asked him what he was thinking about at that time.11如果直接引語是反意疑問句或是選擇疑問句，變間接引語時與一般疑問句一樣，在從句前加連詞if或whether。He asked me, "There is lots of rice in the bag, isn't there?"- He asked me whether/ if there was lots of rice in the bag.六、賓語從句中的否定前移當(dāng)主句的主語為第一人稱，而謂語動詞又是think, believe, fee

18、l等時，賓語從句的否定詞往往前移至主句，即"否定的前移"。該句型變?yōu)榉匆庖蓡柧鋾r尤其應(yīng)注意使附加問句與從句相對應(yīng)。  He isnt a thief. （I think） I dont think he is a thief.我認(rèn)為他不是小偷。I dont think he is a thief, is he？我認(rèn)為他不是小偷，（他）是嗎？Jack doesnt study hard. （I believe）   I dont believe Jack studies hard. 我相信杰克學(xué)習(xí)不努力。I dont believe Jack s

19、tudies hard, does he? 我相信杰克學(xué)習(xí)不努力，是嗎？七、同步練習(xí)單項選擇1. Do you know_ daughter she is?A. whose B. whom C. what D. who2. They wondered if the teacher_  them some English songs the next week.A. would teach B. had taught C. will teach D. taught3. He asked_ picture was John's.A. whose B. who C. whom D.

20、 which4. He told me _ Paris is the capital of France.A. which B. the C. that D. what5. He asked me_  during the summer holiday.A. where I had gone B. where I had beenC. where had I gone D. where had I been6. Can you tell us _ ?A. if your father does   B. what does your father doC. you

21、r father does what D. what your father does7. He asked me if I knew_  .A. whose pen was it B. whose pen it wasC. whose pen it is  D. whose pen is it8. Do you know _ ?A. what are you listening    B. what you are listeningC. what you are listening to D. what are you listening

22、to9. -Do you know _ ?-Yes. He is a teacher.A, whom he is B. whom is he C. what is he D. what he is10. I'm not sure whether _ tomorrow.A. they will arrive B. will they arrive C. they arrive D. they have arrived 用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞填空1. Do you remember_  China sent up her first man-made satellite?2. I aske

23、d him _ he knew Mary.3. I am sure _ you said is true.4. We know_ there is no air on the moon.5. He asked me_  she would come or not.6. Can you tell me_  I can get there?7. Do you know _ it is a bird or not?8. Do you know_  way we should take to get to the hospital?9. She knew _ to do

24、it.10. I don't think _ he was wrong.八、同步練習(xí)答案及講解單項選擇1. A "誰的"應(yīng)該用whose.2. A 從句的時態(tài)原本應(yīng)該用一般將來時（因為時間狀語是next week），但是由于主句的時態(tài)是一般過去時，因此從句的時態(tài)應(yīng)該改為過去將來時，即would +動詞原形。 3. D "哪幅畫是約翰的"應(yīng)該是which picture. 4. C 本題應(yīng)該用"是否 (whether)"。 5. B 首先，從句應(yīng)該用陳述句語序，因此只能考慮A或B。然后根據(jù)題目的意思，他問我去了哪里，證明我已經(jīng)回

25、來的，問的是曾經(jīng)去了哪里，因此用been to.6. D 首先確定該題的引導(dǎo)詞是what，然后應(yīng)該用陳述句語序，因此選D. 7. B 首先通過從句應(yīng)該是陳述句語序這一點來排除A和D，然后由于主句的時態(tài)是過去時，因此從句也要用過去的時態(tài)，故選B. 8. C 只有B和C的從句語序是陳述句語序；listen是一個不及物動詞，因此不能丟掉介詞to， 故答案為C. 9 D 從回答來看，詢問的是職業(yè)，因此只能考慮由what來引導(dǎo)；然后發(fā)現(xiàn)D是陳述句語序，因此選C.10. A 該題中的A, C, D都是陳述句語序，都可以考慮；但是只有A符合從句時態(tài)的要求，故選A.用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞填空1. when2. if/

26、whether3. what4. that5. whether6. how7. whether8. which9. how10. that定語從句專題一、什么是定語從句？定語從句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）引出。關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why等。初中階段我們僅僅要求學(xué)生能夠認(rèn)識，并且正確翻譯由關(guān)系代詞that, which, who等引導(dǎo)的定語從句。請觀察下面的句子：

27、This is the mountain village which I visited last year.在這句話中，mountain village為先行詞，which為關(guān)系代詞，關(guān)系代詞其實就是先行詞的化身，它在從句中充當(dāng)主語或者賓語。所以以上的句子可以被翻譯成：這是我去年訪問過的山村。這句話的主干是“This is the mountain village.”這是那個小山村。從句部分是 “which I visited last year”，看上去這句話是缺少賓語的，實際上關(guān)系代詞which就是賓語，它既是從句的引導(dǎo)詞，又是賓語。請看下面的句子：He is the person wh

28、o helped me with my homework last week. 翻譯成：他是上周幫助我做功課的那個人。主句部分是“He is the person”從句部分是“who helped me with my homework last week”看上去，這個從句是缺少主語的，實際上，從句的主語就是who，他跟在先行詞后面，代表先行詞，在從句中充當(dāng)主語。二、關(guān)系代詞：that, which, who.1. 首先：在定語從句中所有的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞都是先行詞的化身，在翻譯的時候，不參照他們本身疑問副詞，疑問代詞的意思，如：I am looking for the photos whi

29、ch you took in Australia. 我正在找你在澳大利亞拍的照片。這里的which代表照片，并不翻譯成“哪一個”，再如He is the photographer who won the photo competition last time.他就是那個贏得上次攝影比賽冠軍的攝影師。這里的who代表photographer，也不翻譯成“誰”2. 其次：（1）who前面的先行詞一定是人物：I got some great shots of the boy who plays the guitar on the left.我給左邊彈吉他的男孩照了一些不錯的相片。 這里的先行詞是th

30、e boy，是人，所以關(guān)系代詞用who，當(dāng)然用that也可以（2）which 前面的先行詞一定是事物：It is a band which gets everyone dancing.這是一支能讓每個人都舞動起來的樂隊。這句話的先行詞是a band，不是人，是樂隊，所以用which,也可以用that.（3）that前面的先行詞既可以是人，也可以是物.注意：這并不代表that是萬能的關(guān)系代詞，到高中的時候我們就會學(xué)到，在某些定語從句，尤其是非限定性定語從句中，我們是不能使用that的，但是我們在初中階段并不要求。3. 定語從句關(guān)系代詞的省略：與許多其它從句一樣，定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞 關(guān)系代詞也是可以

31、省略的，但是省略是需要條件的，就是當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中充當(dāng)賓語的時候，關(guān)系代詞可以省略。重點有兩個：第一就是從句中，所以我們要分清什么是主句，什么是從句，如：I'll never forget the days which I spent in the countryside.我永遠(yuǎn)都忘不了我在鄉(xiāng)下的日子。在這句話里，I will never forget the days.是主句，which I spent in the countryside是從句，再看：Please show me the book which you bought yesterday.請給我看一眼你昨天買的書。在

32、這句話里面，Please show me the book是主句，which you bought yesterday是從句。第二個重點就是充當(dāng)賓語：He is the person who talked to me last time. 他是上次和我說話的那個人。在這句話中，關(guān)系代詞who作為the person的化身，在從句中充當(dāng)主語。He is the person who I met last time. 他是我上次遇見的那個人。在這句話中，關(guān)系代詞who作為the person的化身在從句中充當(dāng)賓語，這個who可以省略。判斷關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)主語還是賓語可以看它后面是否緊跟謂語動詞，如果緊

33、跟謂語動詞（如第一句），則關(guān)系代詞為主語，不能省略；若反之，其后沒有緊跟謂語動詞，而是名詞（從句的主語），則關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語，可以省略關(guān)系代詞。三、定語從句與賓語從句的區(qū)別：顧名思義，定語從句是從句充當(dāng)定語的復(fù)合句，賓語從句是從句充當(dāng)賓語的復(fù)合句，二者迥然不同，但是在使用中，同學(xué)們總是容易混淆這兩個句型。請從以下幾點區(qū)分：（1）通過從句的位置：定語從句的位置在名詞代詞的后面（先行詞一般是由名詞或者代詞充當(dāng)?shù)模Ｙe語從句的位置一般在動詞或者介詞短語之后，因為賓語一般都在動詞或者介詞短語之后。請判斷下面句子是定語從句還是賓語從句：I dont know what you are talkin

34、g about.He is angry with what you said.The tall boy who you met just now is my brother.經(jīng)過判斷，前兩句是賓語從句，第三句是定語從句。（2）通過引導(dǎo)詞：定語從句的關(guān)系代詞只有that, who, which, whom,whose關(guān)系副詞也只有when, where, why，所以如果有的句子是whether, if, how, what等詞引導(dǎo)的，肯定不是定語從句。（3）通過從句的成分：都是that引導(dǎo)的從句，賓語從句和定語從句也有的區(qū)別，我們可以通過that在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞峙袛啵纾篒 know t

35、hat you are right. 我知道你是對的。這是一個賓語從句，that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，that只是連接詞，不充當(dāng)任何成分，所以that后面的句子you are right是一個主語謂語完全的句子。He is the person that I am looking for.這是一個定語從句，that在從句中充當(dāng)look for的賓語，所以看上去look for是沒有賓語的。四、練習(xí)題：1. This is the bag _ my mother bought yesterday.A. that B. who C. whom D. this2. The man _ lives next to us is my English teacher.A. whom B. which C. who D. /3. The girl _ you saw in the street is Mary.A. that B. whose C. which D. as4. Is this the factory _ a lot of students visited