21世紀(jì)大學(xué)實(shí)用英語(yǔ)綜合教程 第二冊(cè) Unit 1

1、教 案授課單元21世紀(jì)大學(xué)實(shí)用英語(yǔ)綜合教程 第二冊(cè) Unit 1本（章）節(jié)授課方式課堂講授（ ） 實(shí)踐課（ ）教學(xué)時(shí)數(shù)6授課要點(diǎn)本 （章） 節(jié) 教 學(xué) 目 標(biāo)After studying this unit, the students are expected to 1. master the basic language and skills necessary to ask for and give clarification;2. understand the main ideas of Text A, Text B and Text C, and master the useful s

2、entence structures and words and expressions found in the exercises relevant to the first two texts;3. know how to write a letter of invitation;4. know how to use V+V-ing;5. guess the meaning of unknown words in context.教 學(xué) 重 點(diǎn) 和 難 點(diǎn)Teaching focus: 1. Master the basic language and skills necessary t

3、o make requests2. Explain some language points to the Ss.3. Explain some grammar points to the Ss.Teaching difficulties: 1. How to improve Ss speaking ability.2. How to improve Ss listening ability.思考題或作 業(yè)1. Review the key expressions from the previous lesson. 2. Read Text B of this unit, and deepen

4、 the understanding of the theme in this unit. Share reflections on this theme in class. 3. Review the new words and phrases of this text. Try to use them in daily life. 4. Finish the reading and listening tasks of this unit.教學(xué)內(nèi)容與組織安排1st periodText A (Global Reading)2nd periodText A (Detailed Reading

5、)3rd periodGrammar Review 4 th periodPractical Writing 5th periodText B6th periodImprove Your Reading Skills 1st period Text A (Global Reading)1 Background InformationEnglish Language The English language is the most widely spoken language in the world. It is used as either a primary or secondary la

6、nguage in many countries. During the 1500s, fewer than 2 million people spoke English. All of them lived in what is now Great Britain. Through the centuries, as the result of various historical events, English spread throughout the world. Today, about 400 million people speak English as their native

7、 language. Most of them live in Australia, Canada, Great Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States.Another 100 million people living chiefly in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and in many African countries speak English in addition to their own language. An additional 200 milli

8、on people probably know at least some English. (From the 1998 World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia)Characteristics of EnglishVocabulary. English has a larger vocabulary than any other language. There are more than 600,000 words in the largest dictionaries of the English language. Some English words ha

9、ve been passed on from generation to generation as far back as scholars can trace. These words, such as woman, man, sun, hand, love, go, and eat, express basic ideas and feelings. Later, many words were borrowed from other languages, including Arabic, French, German, Greek, Italian, Latin, Russian,

10、and Spanish. For example, algebra is from Arabic, fashion from French, piano from Italian, and canyon from Spanish.A number of words, such as doghouse and splashdown, were formed by combining other words. New words were also created by blending words. For example, motor and hotel were blended into m

11、otel. Words can be shortened to form new words, as was done with history to form story. Words called acronyms are formed by using the first letter or letters of several words. The word radar is an acronym for radio detection and ranging. Pronunciation and spelling in English sometimes seem illogical

12、 or inconsistent. Many words are spelled similarly though pronounced differently. Examples include cough, though, and through. Other words, such as blue, crew, to, too, and shoe, have similar pronunciations but are spelled differently. Many of these variations show changes that occurred during the d

13、evelopment of English. The spelling of some words remained the same through the centuries, though their pronunciation changed.Grammar is the set of principles used to create sentences. These principles define the elements used to assemble sentences and the relationships between the elements. The ele

14、ments include parts of speech and inflections. Parts of speech are the word categories of the English language. Scholars do not all agree on how to describe the parts of speech. The traditional description lists eight classes: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions,

15、and interjections. The most important relationships of the parts of speech include subject and verb, verb and predicate, and modifier and the word modified.English has fewer inflections than most other European languages. An English noun has only two inflections, the plural and the possessive. Infle

16、ctions are used to change the tense and number of a verb or the case of a pronoun. Inflections can change adjectives to the comparative or the superlative for example, big, bigger, biggest. American EnglishAmerican English is a variety of the English language spoken in the United States. Although al

17、l Americans do not speak the same way, their speech has enough in common that American English can be recognized as a variety of English distinct from British English, Australian English, and other national varieties. American English has grown up with the country. It began to diverge from British E

18、nglish during its colonial beginnings and acquired regional differences and ethnic flavor during the settlement of the continent.Today it influences other languages and other varieties of English because it is the medium by which the attractions of American culture its literature, motion pictures, a

19、nd television programs are transmitted to the world. Characteristics of American English A. Pronunciation In broad terms, Canadian and American speakers tend to sound like one another. They also tend to sound different from a large group of English speakers who sound more British, such as those in A

20、ustralia, New Zealand, and South Africa. For example, most Canadians and Americans pronounce an r sound after the vowel in words like barn, car, and farther, while speakers from the British English group do not. Also, some British English speakers drop h sounds at the beginning of words, so that he

21、and his are pronounced as if they were spelled ee and is. The English spoken in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa sounds more like British English than American English does because these varieties have had less time to diverge from British English. The process of separate development began l

22、ater in these countries than in North America.In some cases there are differences between American English and British English in the rhythm of words. British speakers seem to leave out a syllable in words like secretary, as if it were spelled secretry, while Americans keep all the syllables. The op

23、posite is true of other words, such as specialty, which Americans pronounce with three syllables (spe-cial-ty) while British speakers pronounce it with five syllables (spe-ci-al-i-ty). Vowels and consonants may also have different pronunciations. British speakers pronounce zebra to rhyme with Debra,

24、 while American speakers make zebra rhyme with Libra. Canadian and British speakers pronounce the word schedule as if it began with an sh sound, while Americans pronounce it as if it began with an sk sound.B. Words The most frequently used words are shared by speakers of different varieties of Engli

25、sh. These words include the most common nouns, the most common verbs, and most function words (such as pronouns, articles, and prepositions). The different varieties of English do, however, use different words for many words that are slightly less common for example, British crisps for American pota

26、to chips, Australian billabong for American pond, and Canadian chesterfield for American sofa. It is even more common for the same word to exist with different meanings in different varieties of English. Corn is a general term in Britain, for which Americans use grain, while corn in American English

27、 is a specific kind of grain. The word pond in British English usually refers to an artificial body of water, whereas ponds also occur naturally in North America. British English chemist is the same as American English drugstore, and in Canada people go to the druggist. Many of the words most easily

28、 recognized as American in origin are associated with aspects of American popular culture, such as gangster or cowboy.C. Spelling American English spelling differs from British English spelling largely because of one man, American lexicographer Noah Webster. In addition to his well-known An American

29、 Dictionary of the English Language (1828), Webster published The American Spelling Book (1783, with many subsequent editions), which became one of the most widely used schoolbooks in American history. Websters books sought to standardize spelling in the United States by promoting the use of an Amer

30、ican language that intentionally differed from British English. The development of a specifically American variety of English mirrored the newcountrys separate political development. Websters most successful changes were spellings with or instead of our (honor, labor for the British honour, labour);

31、 with er instead of re (center, theater for the British centre, theatre); with an s instead of a c (defense, license for the British defence, licence); with a final ck instead of que (check, mask for the British cheque, masque); and without a final k (traffic, public, now also used in British Englis

32、h, for the older traffick, publick). Later spelling reform created a few other differences, such as program for British programme. Canadian spelling varies between the British and American forms, more British in eastern Canada and more American in western Canada.2. Group DiscussionHave you ever had

33、an experience in which you are misunderstood or have failed to understand others? Misunderstandings can result from the spoken form or written form of the language that you use. 2nd periodText A (Detailed Reading)Words and Expressions & Difficult Sentences1) misunderstanding: n. (an example of)

34、wrong understanding 誤解，誤會(huì) e.g. Her poor French often leads to misunderstandings when she visits France. misunderstand: vt. understand wrongly 誤解 e.g. Im sorry, I misunderstood you. It seems that you have misunderstood what I said at the meeting. 2) get on: board (a bus, a train, etc.)登上（公共汽車、火車等） e.

35、g. When I got on the bus, I found all the seats were occupied. They felt worried when they realized that they had got on the wrong train. 3) head for: go towards 向走去；朝行進(jìn) e.g. The ship was heading for Britain. He headed for the bus stop. 4) he could ride to New York without paying. 介詞without 解釋為“不、未”

36、，其后跟動(dòng)詞時(shí)，須用V-ing形式。 e.g. Tom was talking to his girlfriend without looking at her. He understood the meaning of the word without looking it up in a dictionary. 5) The message was passed from person to person. 這口信通過(guò)一個(gè)又一個(gè)的乘客傳下去。 注意本句中from to這一結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞前沒(méi)有冠詞。e.g. She went from house to house asking if anyo

37、ne had seen the child. They work hard from morning to night. 6) by the time: 到時(shí)候 e.g. The phone was ringing but by the time she got indoors, it had stopped. 7) not but: 這一結(jié)構(gòu)常常用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)單詞、詞組或句子，表示“并非而是”的意思。 e.g. The animal you saw in this area was not a rabbit, but a wild cat. These youngsters are motiv

38、ated not by a desire for success, but by fear of failure. 8) pull over: drive a vehicle to the roadside 把車開(kāi)到路邊 e.g. The policeman asked the driver to pull over. 9) get off: leave (a bus, a train, a plane, etc.) 下（公共汽車、火車、飛機(jī)等） e.g. Tom was seen to get off the bus near the railway station. When I got

39、off the train at the city on the coast, I could smell the sea. Second Period 10) takeoff: n. the beginning of flight, when a plane, spacecraft, etc. rises from the ground（飛機(jī)的）起飛；（航空器的）升空 e.g. The plane crashed five minutes after takeoff. 11) He thought he heard his flight announced. 他以為聽(tīng)到廣播中宣布了他的航班。

40、句中announced是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 12) uncommon: a. rare or unusual罕見(jiàn)的；不平常的；異乎尋常的 e.g. 20 years ago, supermarkets were uncommon in China. common/: a. found or happening often and in many places; usual常見(jiàn)的；普通的；通常的 Jones is a very common name in Britain. 13) wonder: v. express a wish to know sth., silently or in words

41、對(duì)感到疑惑；想知道 e.g. I was wondering if you are free for lunch. I wondered what his words meant. 14) in the world: used for emphasis after words that ask questions, as who, why, what, etc. (用于疑問(wèn)詞who, why, what等后以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣)究竟，到底 e.g. What in the world is he doing? Where in the world were you when I was in need

42、of your help? 15) be on time: be not late 準(zhǔn)時(shí) e.g. The London train was on time, but I didnt see my Chinese friend. Dont worry, shell be on time. 16) You were 15 minutes late. 你遲到了15分鐘。 英語(yǔ)中表示時(shí)間、距離時(shí)，常將具體的數(shù)字放在形容詞late, long等前面。 e.g. The bus was ten minutes early. The bridge is 140 feet long. During the

43、storm, there were waves of up to 30 meters high off the coast. 17)instead of: in place of 代替；而不是 e.g. Can I have tea instead of coffee? Lets play cards instead of watching television. If you want to have your meal at seven oclock instead of five oclock, you can. 18) feel like: have the feeling of be

44、ing; have a wish for, want有的感覺(jué)；想要 e.g. When my best friend left me alone in the street, I felt like a hurt animal. Do you feel like another drink? 19) all right: good enough, satisfactory but not very good; in good health or spirits; well 令人滿意的；不錯(cuò)的；健康良好的；健康的 e.g. “Whats the food like in this restaur

45、ant?” “Its all right.” Kate looks really unhappy. Youd better make sure shes all right. Are you feeling all right now?3rd periodGrammar Review 動(dòng)詞的-ing形式 動(dòng)詞的-ing形式由動(dòng)詞原形+ -ing構(gòu)成。它可以在句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ),但不能單獨(dú)構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。1. 作主語(yǔ)Making history in my family is yet another important thing I hope to gain from m

46、y college education. 在我的家庭中創(chuàng)造歷史是我希望從大學(xué)教育中得到的又一樣重要的東西。Taking a look back has motivated me to reach farther. 回顧過(guò)去激勵(lì)著我走得更遠(yuǎn)。2.作動(dòng)詞、介詞和短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)He thought that if he hid in the restroom, he could ride to New York without paying.他想如果他躲在洗手間里，便可以不付錢就乘車去紐約。He took up singing recently.他最近對(duì)唱歌發(fā)生了興趣。3. 作表語(yǔ)It is fit

47、ting that January 4, Louiss birthday, is considered Braille Day, in honor of the blind. 把路易的生日1月4日定為向盲人表示敬意的布拉耶日是非常恰當(dāng)?shù)?。My job is training new workers. 我的工作是培訓(xùn)新工人。4. 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)I noticed the young porter of a sleeping car whispering to the conductor and nodding toward me. 我注意到一個(gè)年輕的臥車行李搬運(yùn)員正在跟列車員竊竊私語(yǔ)，并朝著我點(diǎn)頭。

48、Can you get the car going? 你能開(kāi)動(dòng)這輛車嗎？5. 作定語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞-ing形式單獨(dú)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)一般放在被修飾詞之前，動(dòng)詞-ing短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)一般放在被修飾詞之后Ive tried every way to comfort the crying girl. 我已經(jīng)想盡了各種辦法來(lái)安慰那個(gè)哭哭啼啼的女孩。Every day people speaking English ask one another questions like these: “Did you say seventy or seventeen?” 每天講英語(yǔ)的人會(huì)相互問(wèn)這樣的問(wèn)題：“你是說(shuō)七十還是十七呢？”。6

49、. 作狀語(yǔ)，可以表示時(shí)間、原因、讓步、條件和結(jié)果等She answered, wondering what in the world he meant. 她回答道，卻不明白他的話究竟是什么意思。The brothers sat eyeing each other over the tops of the moneybags. 兩兄弟坐在那兒，目光越過(guò)錢袋頂看著對(duì)方.4 th periodPractical Writing Letters of InvitationDo you have an engagement, wedding, or graduation coming up? Is th

50、ere a performance, school event, or meeting to which you want to invite people? Do you want to invite someone to speak at your meeting or conference? Whatever your event is, the following will help you write an effective invitation. Guidelines for writing invitations:l State the occasion, date, time

51、, and place. Include addresses and a map if necessary. Mention if refreshments will be served. List any charges that may apply. Include a telephone number for RSVPs. If there is a dress code, state the preferred dress in the lower left-hand corner of the card. l If you need a response, include a sel

52、f-addressed, stamped reply card or envelope with your invitation. l Express that you are looking forward to seeing the person. l Do not use abbreviations and do not use contractions (dont; well) except for name titles, such as Mr., Mrs., etc. l If dinner will be served, state two separate times: the

53、 time people can start arriving and the time dinner will be served. l If you do not want gifts, briefly state that gifts are not desired or needed. Explain that your guests presence is the only gift you need. l Make sure you send out your invitations with ample advance notice. l If you have guests c

54、oming from out of town or from other countries, you may want to send out your invitation several months in advance (especially if your event takes place around a holiday). This will allow your guests adequate time to make preparations, reservations, save money, etc.l For smaller, less formal events

55、that include local guests or guests from nearby areas, you may only need to provide a few weeks notice. l If you are inviting someone to speak at a conference, your invitation should include the following information: * Name of the conference and the sponsoring organization; * Date, time, place of t

56、he conference and speech; * Type of audience; * Type of speech, topic, and how long the speech should be; * Any accommodations that will be made, including lodging, meals, and transportation; * Name of the contact person along with phone numbers and addresses where that person can be contacted; and * Finally, articulate your pleasure at having the person speak at the meeting or conference. Useful Expressions:1. How to start your letter:l You are invited to attend our companys annual open house. l We invite you to join us in thanking