現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)與過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別

1、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)與過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別1. 意義上的區(qū)別一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)只是單純地表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間發(fā)生過(guò)的動(dòng)作或者存在的狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有任何聯(lián)系，只著眼于過(guò)去.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)與現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)系，表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果，屬于現(xiàn)在時(shí)的范疇.試比較下列例句：I have washed my shoes .我刷過(guò)鞋了 .強(qiáng)調(diào)的是過(guò)去的某一時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作”洗”對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響是”鞋是干凈的".I washed my shoes yesterday .我昨天刷了鞋 .強(qiáng)調(diào)昨天做過(guò)”洗”這個(gè)動(dòng)作，與現(xiàn)在鞋是否干凈沒(méi)有關(guān)系.My father has bought a new car .我爸爸買

2、了一輛新車 .強(qiáng)調(diào)在過(guò)去的某一時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作”買",對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果是”他有了一輛新車".My father bought a new car last Su nday .我爸爸上個(gè)周日買了一輛新車.強(qiáng)調(diào)上個(gè)周日”買”這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)，與爸爸現(xiàn)在是否有車無(wú)關(guān).也許這輛車是給別人的.2. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)只能與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，女口 yesterday, last week, three years ago,in 1990, just now 等.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)表達(dá)的時(shí)間是到現(xiàn)在為止.如：just 剛剛，before 以前，"sinee/ e

3、ver since +過(guò)去時(shí)間”自從 開(kāi)始，ever 曾經(jīng)，never 從未，未曾，"already" 已經(jīng)，” for+時(shí)間段"已有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了 .in the last/ past ten years在過(guò)去的十年里，so far 到目前為止.up tonow直到現(xiàn)在，this week 這個(gè)星期等等.二者的根本區(qū)別在于過(guò)去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)事實(shí)，常有具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)標(biāo)志，如，yesterday/5.oeloek/this morni ng,justno w,ago etc-,examples:1.1 met her a week ago.2.We have a En glis

4、h class this morning.而完成時(shí)有兩種用法或意義1，影響性：也是一個(gè)過(guò)去動(dòng)作但卻強(qiáng)調(diào)它對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，沒(méi)具體時(shí)間點(diǎn)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，但常有，already,yet,before,just作狀語(yǔ)。(1) .Have you had your breakfast,yet?(2).l have see n this movie before.(3).He has just fini shed his homework.2.持續(xù)性：表動(dòng)作從過(guò)去的一個(gè)點(diǎn)開(kāi)始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))如果只需到過(guò)去的另一個(gè)點(diǎn)就是 過(guò)去完成時(shí)。動(dòng)詞要用延續(xù)性的，還常有for (引導(dǎo)線狀時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))，since

5、 (引導(dǎo)點(diǎn)狀時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))(1) .I have bee n worked here for 20 years./l have worked here since 20 years ago.(2) .l have been a member of the League for 2 years.這里的 be a member of 代替不可延續(xù)的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)jointhe League 。(3) had been a teacher before I moved here 2 years ago.(過(guò)去完成時(shí)，表達(dá)過(guò)去之過(guò)相同點(diǎn)：都是發(fā)生在過(guò)去。不同點(diǎn)：過(guò)去時(shí)只注重此事已發(fā)生了；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這件事對(duì)現(xiàn)

6、在的影響。比如說(shuō)：我吃過(guò)早飯了。如果 你用過(guò)去時(shí)：I had my breakfast.只是表明吃過(guò)早飯了，至于現(xiàn)在餓不餓，還想不想吃點(diǎn)別的，情況不明。但如果你用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：I have had my breakfast.則表明，我已吃過(guò)早飯了，言外之意是：我現(xiàn)在不餓，我現(xiàn)在不想吃別的了。I已完成用法表示一個(gè)過(guò)去發(fā)生并結(jié)束的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果和影響。這一類情況可以細(xì)致分為下述兩種情況。1） 表示開(kāi)始于過(guò)去的動(dòng)作剛剛結(jié)束。常和just, now, already, yet, notyet等連用。Li Ming has just tur ned off the light.李明剛剛把燈關(guān)上。（說(shuō)

7、明現(xiàn)在燈關(guān)上了）rve fini shed my homework now.現(xiàn)在我已經(jīng)做完作業(yè)了。（說(shuō)明可以交作業(yè)或做別的了）2）.表示過(guò)去動(dòng)作的結(jié)果，現(xiàn)在仍殘留著。一般不用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。I have lost my pen.我把筆丟了。（說(shuō)明過(guò)去某時(shí)丟的，現(xiàn)在我還沒(méi)找到這支筆）She has become a teacher.她已經(jīng)當(dāng)了老師。（說(shuō)明她現(xiàn)在仍是老師）She has become a teacher.她已經(jīng)當(dāng)了老師。（說(shuō)明她現(xiàn)在仍是老師）II未完成用法。表示過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，而且還能繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。往往和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。女口 today, this week （

8、month）, lately , recently , these days, in the past few days, during the last two weeks. since, since yesterday, since 2 days ago, since 1991, for a Iongtime , for a month , so far , up to now , till（until） now 等。He has lived here for 30 years.他住在這兒三十年了。（現(xiàn)在還住在這兒）They've known each other since ch

9、ildhood.他們從小彼此相識(shí)。（現(xiàn)在還繼續(xù)往來(lái)）How long have you studied English ?你學(xué)英語(yǔ)多久了？（現(xiàn)在仍在學(xué)）III經(jīng)驗(yàn)性用法。表示從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在之間曾經(jīng)經(jīng)歷過(guò)的事情。一般譯為漢語(yǔ)過(guò)”，常和often , never , ever ,once , twice , three times , before , si nee 等連用。I have bee n to the Summer Palace twice.我曾經(jīng)去過(guò)頤和園兩次。We have visited your school before.我以前曾去過(guò)你們學(xué)校。（過(guò)去的經(jīng)歷，但現(xiàn)在依然記得） 二

10、，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)I現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)屬于現(xiàn)在時(shí)范圍，故不能和過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。女口： yesterday,last Sunday,in1990,three years ago等。但是，在強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作產(chǎn)生的后果和影響時(shí)，可以和一些表示不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。a. 用副詞already和yet。already 一般用于肯定句中，yet 般用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中。如： We have alreadyfinished our homework.我們已完成作業(yè)了。They have n't fini shed their homework yet.他們還沒(méi)有完成作業(yè)。b. 用ever和never。多用于

11、否定或疑問(wèn)句中，表示 曾經(jīng)"或從未 等。女口：-Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾經(jīng)去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城嗎-I have never been to the Great Wall.我從未去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城。c. 用表示到說(shuō)話為止的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如just,before,up to now,the past few years等。例如：I have seen herbefore,but I can not remember where.我以前見(jiàn)過(guò)她，但記不起在哪里見(jiàn)過(guò)。He has been there three times the last few days.

12、近幾年他去過(guò)那里三次了。d. 用包括 現(xiàn)在"在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如：now,today,this morning(month,year,term)等。例如：-Have you met himtoday?-No,l have n't.今天你見(jiàn)過(guò)他嗎？我沒(méi)有。How many times have you bee n there this year?今年你去過(guò)那里多少次？II短暫性動(dòng)詞不能和表一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：come, go, arrive, reach, see,hear, close, leave, begin, start, lose, buy, close, fa

13、ll, join, die, get up 等。但如果要保留表一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，必須將動(dòng)詞改為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞?，F(xiàn)歸納總結(jié)一下由非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞到延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換，如:fall asleep (ill)宀 be asleep (ill) get to knowknowbegi n,(start)be on ope nbe ope nbuy t have get up be updie t be dead go out t be outcomeT be in closet be closedarrive t be here join t be in，名詞i +fini sh( end )t be ove

14、r leave, move t be away, be out ofborrow t keep go to school t be a stude ntcatch(a cold) t have(a cold) begi n to studyt studycome back t be back put on t weare on女口： He has been a soldier for three years.他參軍三年了。His father has bee n dead for two years.他父親去世二年了。The film has been on for ten minutes.電

15、影已開(kāi)始十分鐘了。We have studied English for three years.我們(開(kāi)始)學(xué)英語(yǔ)已三年了。三，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)都表示在過(guò)去完成的動(dòng)作。但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是這一動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。如對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響等，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示動(dòng)作在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻發(fā)生，不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。試比較：I have lost my new book.我把新書丟了。(現(xiàn)在還未找到)I lost my new book yesterday.我昨天把新書丟了。(昨天丟的，現(xiàn)在找到與否沒(méi)說(shuō)明)The light has gone out.燈已經(jīng)息了 .(現(xiàn)在尚未

16、亮)The light gone went out.燈曾經(jīng)息過(guò).(現(xiàn)在已亮了 )四，.幾點(diǎn)注意事項(xiàng)I. have been(to)與have gone( to)的區(qū)別：have been(to)表示 去過(guò)某地(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來(lái)了) ”，可用于各人稱；have gone(to)表示 去某地了(說(shuō)話時(shí)某人不在當(dāng)?shù)?”，常用于第三人稱，前者可與once ,never,several times等連用，后者則不能。如：They have been to Beijing twice.他們?nèi)ミ^(guò)北京兩次。He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。II. 如單純表示一段時(shí)間，或強(qiáng)調(diào)一段時(shí)間，雖

17、有since詞，也不必用完成時(shí)。如：It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父親去世已有三年了。川.不可延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定式，已變成一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，因此可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如：I have n't left here si nee 1997.自從1997年以來(lái)，我一直沒(méi)有離開(kāi)過(guò)這兒。(錯(cuò))I have received his letter for a mon th.(對(duì))I have n't received his letter fo

18、r almost a mon th.五，用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型I .It is the first / second time結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。It is the first time that I have visited the city.It was the third time that the boy had been late.n .This is thetha結(jié)構(gòu)，that從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).This is the best film that rve (ever) see n.這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。This is the first time (that)ve h

19、eard him sing.這是我第一次聽(tīng)他唱歌。典型例題：(1) -Do you know our tow n at all?-No, this is the first time Ihere.A. was B. have bee nC. came D. am coming答案B. This is the first time后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故選B。(2) -Have youbee n to our tow n before?-No, it's the first time Ihere.A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, c

20、ome D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無(wú)論何時(shí)，反意詞為never,此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。This is the largest fish I have eversee n. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，從句要用完成時(shí)。、什么叫過(guò)去完成時(shí)？它是怎樣構(gòu)成的？過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束，也可能是早已完成或結(jié)束，即 過(guò)去的過(guò)去”；也可以指過(guò)去的動(dòng)作延續(xù)到過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)刻。過(guò)去完成時(shí)由“ had +動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞"構(gòu)成，had通常用于任何人稱。二、過(guò)去完成時(shí)有

21、哪些用法？過(guò)去完成時(shí)主要有以下幾點(diǎn)用法：1. 表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。句中常用by , before , when ,un til等詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。它是以過(guò)去某一時(shí)間為起點(diǎn)，所以過(guò)去完成時(shí)是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，表示的是過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。只有和過(guò)去某時(shí)間或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才能用到它。例如：Most of the guests had left whe n he arrived at the party.當(dāng)他到達(dá)晚會(huì)時(shí)，他發(fā)現(xiàn)大多數(shù)客人已經(jīng)離開(kāi)了。2. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)還可表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或持續(xù)下去，常與for ,since等詞連用。例如

22、：When Jack arrived, he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour. 當(dāng)杰克至U時(shí)，他得知瑪麗已經(jīng)離開(kāi)快一個(gè)小時(shí)了。3. 用于并列句：一個(gè)并列句用的是過(guò)去式，如果另一個(gè)并列句表示的動(dòng)作早于過(guò)去式這一動(dòng)作，這時(shí)需用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：Tom flew home, but his father had already died.湯姆乘飛機(jī)回家，他的父親卻已經(jīng)去世了。4. 某些動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、計(jì)劃或打算。常用的動(dòng)詞有hope , expect ,suppose , think , want , wish 等。例

23、如：They had hoped to be able to arrive before ten.他們本來(lái)打算能在10 點(diǎn)之前到達(dá)。5. 在before , after , as soon as等引導(dǎo)的從句中，由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時(shí)間先后，所以可以用過(guò)去時(shí)來(lái)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：三、一般過(guò)去時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)用法有哪些不同？1. 在主從復(fù)合句中的用法不同（1）用在賓語(yǔ)從句中在主句謂語(yǔ)為一般過(guò)去時(shí)的賓語(yǔ)從句中，既可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，也可用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。但兩種時(shí)態(tài)的意義明 顯不同。試比較下列兩組句子：She said she was a doctor .她說(shuō)她是位醫(yī)生。（說(shuō)話時(shí)仍為醫(yī)生）She sai

24、d she had been a doctor.她說(shuō)她曾當(dāng)過(guò)醫(yī)生。（說(shuō)話時(shí)已不是）She said she had been a doctor for twenty years.她說(shuō)她當(dāng)過(guò) 20年的醫(yī)生。（主要強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)話時(shí)已當(dāng)過(guò)20年醫(yī)生，此狀態(tài)可能已經(jīng)結(jié)束，也可能還沒(méi)有）但是，如果從句中有表示具體時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，則常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：He said he was born in 1986.他說(shuō)他是 1986 年出生的。（2）用在含有after的主從復(fù)合句中在含有after的主從復(fù)合句中，一般在從句中使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，主句中使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：After he had done his homew

25、ork, he went out to play football.因連詞after本身能明確表示時(shí)間的先后關(guān)系，因而多數(shù)的主句和從句均使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.（3）用在含有before的主從復(fù)合句中用在含有before的主從復(fù)合句中，一般在從句中使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，主句中使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：Lily had writte n some letters before she went out shopp ing.有時(shí)，也可以在從句中用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，主句中用一般過(guò)去

26、時(shí)，這樣就可使描述更為生動(dòng)。試比較：We got to the statio n before the train had left.火車尚未開(kāi)動(dòng)之前，我們就到了車站。We had got to the statio n before the train left.火車開(kāi)出之前，我們就已經(jīng)到了車站。像after 一樣，before本身就能明確地表示時(shí)間的先后關(guān)系，故多數(shù)主從句均使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，而無(wú) 需使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：Ma ny people left for home before the film en ded.電影尚未放完，許多人就起身回家了。（4）用在含有when的主從復(fù)合句中由于

27、when本身不能明確表示時(shí)間的先后關(guān)系，故先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作只需用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。這樣用過(guò)去完成時(shí)的可能是主句，也可能是從句。例如：When all his money had bee n used up, Peter had to turn to a friend for help.當(dāng)他的錢全者 E用光時(shí)，彼得只好轉(zhuǎn)而求助于一個(gè)朋友。有時(shí)，主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的先后關(guān)系十分明確，兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生，前一動(dòng)作導(dǎo)致后一動(dòng)作，這 時(shí)兩者均用一般過(guò)去時(shí)即可。例如：When the meet ing was over , we left the hall.散會(huì)后，我們就離開(kāi)了大廳。2

28、. 敘述幾個(gè)連續(xù)的動(dòng)作用法不同在敘述兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上接連發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用and , but , so或then等連接并按時(shí)間發(fā)生的先后順序敘述時(shí)，只需用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：She en tered the room, tur ned on the light and found everyth ing stole n.I lost my pen but soon found it.She lost her pen, so I lent her mine.但是，如果兩個(gè)先后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作不是按時(shí)間的順序排列或敘述時(shí)，為明確動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序，先發(fā)生 的動(dòng)作就得用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：The farmers we

29、re in high spirits because they had got ano ther good harvest.農(nóng)民們興高采烈，因?yàn)樗麄冇肢@得了一次好收成。3. 表示與過(guò)去還是現(xiàn)在相反的情況不同一些表示心理活動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞，女口think ， know ， expect ， mean ， hope ， want ， suppose 等，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)可表示存在于過(guò)去而非現(xiàn)在的心理活動(dòng)或事與愿違的情況。例如：I did n't know you were here.我不知道你在這兒。而這些詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)則表示的是過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望、打算、想法或意圖等。例如：We had hoped

30、that you would be able to visit us.我們?cè)鞠Ｍ闳タ次覀?。、什么叫過(guò)去完成時(shí)？它是怎樣構(gòu)成的？過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束，也可能是早已完成或結(jié) 束，即 過(guò)去的過(guò)去”；也可以指過(guò)去的動(dòng)作延續(xù)到過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)刻。過(guò)去完成時(shí)由“ had +動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞"構(gòu)成，had通常用于任何人稱。二、過(guò)去完成時(shí)有哪些用法？過(guò)去完成時(shí)主要有以下幾點(diǎn)用法：1. 表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。句中常用by，before ，when ,un til等詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。它是以過(guò)去某一時(shí)間為起點(diǎn)，所以過(guò)去完成時(shí)

31、是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，表示的是過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。只有和過(guò)去某時(shí)間或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才能用到它。例如：Most of the guests had left whe n he arrived at the party.當(dāng)他到達(dá)晚會(huì)時(shí)，他發(fā)現(xiàn)大多數(shù)客人已經(jīng)離開(kāi)了。2. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)還可表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或持續(xù)下去，常與for，since等詞連用。例如：When Jack arrived, he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour. 當(dāng)杰克至U時(shí)，他得知瑪麗已經(jīng)離開(kāi)快一個(gè)小時(shí)了。3. 用于并列句：一個(gè)并列句用的是過(guò)去式，

32、如果另一個(gè)并列句表示的動(dòng)作早于過(guò)去式這一動(dòng)作，這時(shí) 需用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：Tom flew home, but his father had already died.湯姆乘飛機(jī)回家，他的父親卻已經(jīng)去世了。4. 某些動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、計(jì)劃或打算。常用的動(dòng)詞有hope , expect ,suppose , think , want , wish 等。例如：They had hoped to be able to arrive before ten.他們本來(lái)打算能在 10 點(diǎn)之前到達(dá)。5. 在before , after , as soon as 等引導(dǎo)的從句中，由于這些連詞

33、本身已經(jīng)表示出時(shí)間先后，所以 可以用過(guò)去時(shí)來(lái)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：三、一般過(guò)去時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)用法有哪些不同？1.在主從復(fù)合句中的用法不同（1）用在賓語(yǔ)從句中在主句謂語(yǔ)為一般過(guò)去時(shí)的賓語(yǔ)從句中，既可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，也可用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。但兩種時(shí)態(tài)的意義明 顯不同。試比較下列兩組句子：She said she was a doctor .她說(shuō)她是位醫(yī)生。（說(shuō)話時(shí)仍為醫(yī)生）She said she had been a doctor.她說(shuō)她曾當(dāng)過(guò)醫(yī)生。（說(shuō)話時(shí)已不是）She said she had been a doctor for twenty years.她說(shuō)她當(dāng)過(guò) 20年的醫(yī)生。（主要強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)話時(shí)已

34、當(dāng)過(guò)20年醫(yī)生，此狀態(tài)可能已經(jīng)結(jié)束，也可能還沒(méi)有）但是，如果從句中有表示具體時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，則常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：He said he was born in 1986.他說(shuō)他是 1986 年出生的。（2）用在含有after的主從復(fù)合句中在含有after的主從復(fù)合句中，一般在從句中使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，主句中使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：After he had done his homework, he went out to play football.因連詞after本身能明確表示時(shí)間的先后關(guān)系，因而多數(shù)的主句和從句均使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：After he arrived in England, Mar

35、x worked hard to improve his English.（3）用在含有before的主從復(fù)合句中用在含有before的主從復(fù)合句中，一般在從句中使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，主句中使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：Lily had writte n some letters before she went out shopp ing.有時(shí)，也可以在從句中用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，主句中用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，這樣就可使描述更為生動(dòng)。試比較：We got to the statio n before the train had left.火車尚未開(kāi)動(dòng)之前，我們就到了車站。We had got to the statio n

36、before the train left.火車開(kāi)出之前，我們就已經(jīng)到了車站。像after 一樣，before本身就能明確地表示時(shí)間的先后關(guān)系，故多數(shù)主從句均使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，而無(wú)需使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：Ma ny people left for home before the film en ded.電影尚未放完，許多人就起身回家了。（4）用在含有when的主從復(fù)合句中由于when本身不能明確表示時(shí)間的先后關(guān)系，故先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作只需用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。這樣用過(guò)去完成時(shí)的可能是主句，也可能是從句。例如：When all his money had bee n used up,

37、 Peter had to turn to a friend for help.當(dāng)他的錢全者 E用光時(shí)，彼得只好轉(zhuǎn)而求助于一個(gè)朋友。有時(shí)，主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的先后關(guān)系十分明確，兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生，前一動(dòng)作導(dǎo)致后一動(dòng)作，這時(shí)兩者均用一般過(guò)去時(shí)即可。例如：When the meet ing was over , we left the hall.散會(huì)后，我們就離開(kāi)了大廳。2. 敘述幾個(gè)連續(xù)的動(dòng)作用法不同在敘述兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上接連發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用and , but , so或then等連接并按時(shí)間發(fā)生的先后順序敘述時(shí)，只需用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：She en tered the room, tur ned on the light and found everyth ing stole n.I lost my pen