初三英語(yǔ)講座

1、初三英語(yǔ)講座詞匯與完形填空一、詞匯：2005年 “上海市中等學(xué)校高中階段招生文化考試” 轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)?“上海市初中畢業(yè)生統(tǒng)一學(xué)業(yè)考試”。這是義務(wù)教育階段的終結(jié)性考試。目的是全面、準(zhǔn)確反映初中畢業(yè)生學(xué)科學(xué)習(xí)方面所達(dá)到的水平。05年也是上海市初中英語(yǔ)學(xué)科三套教材（統(tǒng)編教材、牛津教材上海版、新世紀(jì)教材）的考生一起參加學(xué)業(yè)考試的第一年。試卷不再出現(xiàn)分叉，因此詞匯努力表達(dá)了三套教材合一的要求。06年上海市英語(yǔ)教學(xué)詞匯表中共有單詞1677個(gè) 詞組352個(gè)。單詞的記憶是英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中一個(gè)重要的問題，詞匯量的大小關(guān)系到英語(yǔ)聽說(shuō)讀寫能力的發(fā)展。如何掌握與會(huì)運(yùn)用這些詞語(yǔ)是總復(fù)習(xí)中一項(xiàng)重要的任務(wù)。上一講中談了如何擴(kuò)大詞匯量。

2、這一講中就考綱中新增的部分詞組作用法示例。1. a couple of 兩個(gè)；幾個(gè) two things related in some way; a few; several;I found a couple of socks in the bedroom but they dont make a pair.I have a couple of things to do. / I waited a couple of hours. 2. be fond of 愛好 like, be keen on, take pleasure inI am very fond of sports.She l

3、ikes all her children, but shes especially fond of Peter.3compare with 與比較 to exam or judge (one thing) against another If you compare British football with American football, you will find many differences.4. deal with 處理 to treat; take action aboutHow do you deal with this problem?5. enter for 報(bào)名參

4、加 give the name of somebody for a competition, race, etc. You are good at the high jump and the long jump. Why dont you enter for these two items?5. get rid of 擺脫-to free oneself from (something unwanted),How can we get rid of this unwelcome guest? How can we manage to make him leave?7. hold ones br

5、eath 屏住呼吸 - stop breathing for a moment When a whale under water, it closes its nose and holds its breath. 7. keep in touch 接觸；聯(lián)系-connection so as to receive informationI have kept in touch with my host family in Australia by sending emails since I came back home.9. show off 炫耀 to behave so as to tr

6、y to get people to admire one, ones abilitiesDont look at him! Hes just showing off.10. turn out 結(jié)果是，證明是 to happen to be in the endHis statement turned out to be false.What he said turned out to be true later.以上選自新列入考綱的十個(gè)詞組，同學(xué)們可通過(guò)句子準(zhǔn)確理解、掌握、運(yùn)用新增的詞組。并以此方法學(xué)習(xí)考綱中352個(gè)詞組。二完形填空 完形填空是測(cè)試學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)、閱讀理解能力與總體語(yǔ)言水平。

7、在考卷中難點(diǎn)最集中、難度最高,是為了增加區(qū)分度而設(shè)計(jì)的試題。解這類題最能反映學(xué)生運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力。它要求學(xué)生熟練掌握詞匯與語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，同時(shí)也要求學(xué)生具備較高的閱讀理解能力。掌握語(yǔ)言知識(shí)與發(fā)展語(yǔ)言能力是相互促進(jìn)、相輔相成的，因此只有增加了語(yǔ)言知識(shí)，才能為大量的閱讀鋪平道路；而在閱讀實(shí)踐中培養(yǎng)的語(yǔ)感與處理英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)句的技巧又可以增進(jìn)閱讀理解的準(zhǔn)確性、提高英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言水平。閱讀水平高，完形一定好；閱讀不好，完形就做不好。因此要用閱讀引領(lǐng)完形。1、如何提高閱讀能力？1）不斷擴(kuò)大詞匯量a) 利用詞綴來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義，如：im-、dis-、un-、-er、-ist等b) 利用上下文的語(yǔ)義聯(lián)系來(lái)推測(cè)詞義，如反義關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系

8、等。2）擴(kuò)大知識(shí)面，增加背景知識(shí)。利用自己原有的知識(shí)，提高理解能力。背景知識(shí)材料多樣，包括天文地理、風(fēng)土人情、政治歷史、人物傳略、科學(xué)技術(shù)等等。3） 把握閱讀技巧，閱讀可分為下列幾種：a) 略讀(skimming)，主要目地是了解文章大意。b) 尋讀(scanning)，主要目的是在文中查找所要信息。c) 細(xì)讀(careful reading)，主要是把握文章細(xì)節(jié)。d) 評(píng)讀 (critical reading)，主要是對(duì)所讀文章進(jìn)行評(píng)論?？傊粩嗵岣唛喿x理解能力是做好完形填空的關(guān)鍵。2、如何做好完形填空？完形填空是測(cè)試學(xué)生閱讀理解能力與語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的綜合性練習(xí)。由于初中生所學(xué)到的英語(yǔ)知識(shí)面還不夠

9、廣，語(yǔ)言功底也比較淺，在做這類練習(xí)時(shí)往往沒把握。其實(shí)只要懂得做這類題目的方法與技巧，并不斷地在做這類練習(xí)時(shí)進(jìn)行總結(jié)，充分發(fā)揮自己的潛力，經(jīng)過(guò)不斷的訓(xùn)練，是能把這類練習(xí)做好的。完形填空分選擇填空與給首字母填空兩部分（或首字母不給）。選擇填空的每小題一般給四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，這四個(gè)選項(xiàng)通常屬于一個(gè)范疇的詞類，干擾項(xiàng)也可以與空格前或后的文字相匹配，具有一定的干擾作用。做四選一選擇題時(shí)，可以從文章意思與語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)兩方面著手選擇正確的答案。可以借助詞匯、句法、以及上下文來(lái)判斷什么是正確答案。如果四個(gè)選項(xiàng)具有不同的詞義，則應(yīng)該根據(jù)上下文來(lái)判斷什么是正確答案。如果四個(gè)選項(xiàng)是近義詞，應(yīng)著重從詞義區(qū)分的角度選擇答案；做給首

10、字母填空題，打頭字母能起到一定的提示作用，但因范圍較廣所以這是較難得分的題目。解這類題的基本功是對(duì)所缺的單詞詞性判斷與大概意思的猜測(cè)。但僅僅判斷所缺詞在該句中的意思與語(yǔ)法特征，有時(shí)也未必能正確解題，有時(shí)需要通讀全文才能解題。無(wú)論做選擇填空還是給首字母填空都應(yīng)做到：1) 通讀全文，仔細(xì)閱讀文章的第一句與最后一句，基本把握語(yǔ)篇的大意。有時(shí)候選擇哪一個(gè)單詞要看到文章的后段才能確定，如果不把全篇內(nèi)容搞清楚，很可能會(huì)造成前后意思矛盾，甚至?xí)乖牡囊馑济婺咳?。因此，做題要顧及文章的整體性與合理性。2）分析句子的成分，確定所缺的詞在句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞峙c該詞的詞性，把考慮選擇單詞的范圍縮小的最低限度。如名詞

11、、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、代詞、連接詞等，確保語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的正確性。再根據(jù)上下文的意思確定該填入的詞。3）所選單詞要根據(jù)篇章內(nèi)容來(lái)定，不要不加思考照搬你所熟悉的句型與詞組。因?yàn)橛袝r(shí)從詞組或單句來(lái)看好像是準(zhǔn)確的，但從全句與全文來(lái)看卻是不合邏輯的。要注意這類題中往往會(huì)故意穿插一些非詞組的搭配，看學(xué)生能不能區(qū)分，以此考查學(xué)生的閱讀能力。（值得注意的是近年來(lái)單純考核句型與詞組搭配完形填空有走弱、甚至出局之勢(shì)。）4）做完后一定要反復(fù)閱讀短文，檢驗(yàn)單詞填入后的句意與全文的意思是否相符，是否符合邏輯；再檢驗(yàn)空格內(nèi)填入的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)，動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)或形式，形容詞、副詞的原級(jí)、比較級(jí)與最高級(jí)等等是否填對(duì)了。檢查所填單詞有沒

12、有拼寫錯(cuò)誤、語(yǔ)法毛病、邏輯矛盾。完形填空要求學(xué)生根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容與上下文的情景，作出符合情節(jié)與邏輯的正確判斷。所以對(duì)全文的正確理解是做好完形填空的關(guān)鍵。3完形填空訓(xùn)練指導(dǎo)1) 選詞填空：四選一的形式，其一所要填的詞語(yǔ)均處于文章所提供的背景下，不僅要考慮一般語(yǔ)言規(guī)律，還必須考慮當(dāng)時(shí)的特定條件。其二所需要的是最佳答案，因此解題時(shí)注重對(duì)文章的理解，加強(qiáng)選項(xiàng)之間的比較，做出最合適的選擇。例1： English today is very different from the English spoken long long ago. _ the 12th century, the language had

13、 already changed a lot.A. From B. In C. Until D By 做這道題的關(guān)鍵在于看清時(shí)態(tài)，就可以毫不猶豫地選擇D。 例2“Isnt it a nice day?” “Do you _1_ it will rain?” “I think its going to rain.” These are the common ways of _2_ conversation.1） A. think B. see C. say D. feel2) A. start B. begin C. talking D. starting1) 應(yīng)選A。 從后面的句子I thin

14、k 就能判斷出A是準(zhǔn)確答案。2) 當(dāng)同學(xué)們看到conversation 會(huì)考慮到 start conversation, 但這時(shí)一定要注意介詞 of 后應(yīng)跟動(dòng)名詞 starting, 所以答案應(yīng)是D。 例3Karl Landsteiner first thought of naming blood types in 1900. He _ four types.A. make blood into B. put blood intoC. keep blood into D. store blood as做這題時(shí)，好多同學(xué)吃不準(zhǔn)應(yīng)用哪一個(gè)搭配，但只要你仔細(xì)區(qū)分，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)這四個(gè)選項(xiàng)看起來(lái)都是動(dòng)詞原形

15、，但其中B項(xiàng)的動(dòng)詞put過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞是同一單詞，而這個(gè)選項(xiàng)的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)該是過(guò)去時(shí)，所以B是正確答案。If the mother has another RH+ baby, the mothers blood will attack the babys blood. The baby may die or _.A. sickness B. illness C. ill D. become sick.這道題同學(xué)們會(huì)誤選C ill, 但如果能仔細(xì)看清情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may, 就不難作出準(zhǔn)確的選擇 D become sick. 請(qǐng)看練習(xí)： The United States covers a large pa

16、rt of the North _1_ continent, when this land first became a nation. After _2_ its freedom from England, it has 13 states. Each of the states has a star on the American flag. As the nation _3_, new states were formed and there were new stars on the flag. _4_ a long time, there were 48 states. In 195

17、9 two _5_ stars were added to the flag, standing for the new states of Alaska and Hawaii.Indians were the first of the land and a great number of people came from England. It is _6_ that reason that the language of the U.S. is English and why its culture and customs are more _7_ those of England tha

18、n any other country in the world.1. A) America B) Americas C) American D) Americans2. A) win B) won C) winning D) have won3. A) grew B) grows C) growing D) have grown4. A) In B) From C) For D) Though5. A) another B) many C) other D) more6. A) on B) in C) because D) because of7. A) as B) like C) as i

19、f D) because of(答案：CCACDDB) 注意：第1題 American 修飾continent 作定語(yǔ)；第2題介詞after 后應(yīng)跟動(dòng)名詞 winning; 第3題 掌握時(shí)態(tài)，不難作出選擇grew;第4題一段時(shí)間用介詞for; 第五題two more stars (注意搭配：another two stars)；第6題because of 后接名詞 that reason (注意：because后接句子)；第7題 more like (更像)。2. 首字母填空完形填空的首句一般都是完整的，其目的是為了給我們一個(gè)整體思路。所以同學(xué)們應(yīng)重視短文的首句。同學(xué)們應(yīng)先通讀一遍，得到一個(gè)整

20、體概念。接下來(lái)邊看邊做，要考慮語(yǔ)義搭配、固定句式、時(shí)態(tài)、詞組等各方面；有的單詞還應(yīng)從上下文的啟示中找到答案。最后一定要通讀全文，進(jìn)行復(fù)查。例1 Today we can enjoy music from far away, music of long ago, and music of h_ and now.這句句子初一讀很多同學(xué)都覺得無(wú)從入手，有的同學(xué)想到了history, 但我們從long ago 對(duì)應(yīng)后面的now, 就應(yīng)從 far away 來(lái)考慮與之相對(duì)應(yīng)的單詞，我們就不難想到應(yīng)該是 here。We can hear great music from all over the worl

21、d on recordings and at c_.這里同學(xué)們想到了concert, 但卻很容易忽略它的復(fù)數(shù)形式concerts, 希望前面的recordings 能起到提示作用。Music is important to e_ of us.這一空格同學(xué)們應(yīng)注意的是 of sb. 前是不能用every 與everyone，所以必須填 each。 例2 ：例2: ( 05區(qū)模擬考題)We just wanted to say thank you for putting us up b_ we caught the plane last week.put up 接待；為提供食宿；供膳宿 thank

22、 sb. for doing sth. 為某事而感謝某人。所以這一格填 because 顯然不對(duì)的。（because 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句主句是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句還應(yīng)是過(guò)去完成時(shí)）。這一格應(yīng)該是 before.We m_ to get to the airport with plenty of time to spare. We even tried to get on an e_ flight, but it wasnt possible.第一格 managed 這里相當(dāng)于succeeded in doing sth. 后一格錯(cuò)誤率較高，很多同學(xué)想到early, 卻沒想到比較級(jí)，想要趕上前一航班（我

23、們航班的前一班）。The weather was fantastic(好極了).The sun didnt stop s_ all the time we were there.這一個(gè)的錯(cuò)誤在于單詞拼寫：shineshining,不少同學(xué)都雙寫詞尾：shinning.(把現(xiàn)在分詞的去e 加 ing 與重讀閉音節(jié)雙寫詞尾搞混在一起，所以掌握基本功是重要的。)Anyway were looking forward to _ from you, and hope to see you soon.look forward to 期待,盼望, 這里to 是介詞，所以應(yīng)填hearing. hear fro

24、m sb.= receive a letter from sb.例3A computer is fast, and never makes a mistake. While people are too slow, and full of m_1_ sometimes. Thats what people often say when they talk about computers. For over a quarter of a century, engineers have been making better and better computers. Now a computer

25、can do a lot of everyday jobs w_2_. It is widely used in factories, hospitals and banks. A computer can report, decide and control in almost every f_3_. Many computer scientists are now t_4_ of making the computer “think” like a human. W_ 5_ the help of a person, a computer can draw pictures, write

26、music, talk with people, play chess, recognize voices, translate languages and so on. P_6_ computers will one day really think and feel. Do you think that people will be a_7_ when they find that the computer is too clever to listen to and serve the people?1. 從第一句make a mistake, 可以得出第一格應(yīng)是 mistakes。(注

27、意復(fù)數(shù)形式)2. 第二格應(yīng)是副詞結(jié)構(gòu)修飾行為動(dòng)詞。Wonderfully3. 第三格從上文可得出講計(jì)算機(jī)領(lǐng)域。field4. 這是詞組搭配的運(yùn)用：think of , 注意時(shí)態(tài)。應(yīng)填thinking。5. 介詞搭配：With。6. 聯(lián)系上下文的假設(shè): Perhaps。7. 通過(guò)下文：由于計(jì)算機(jī)太聰明，如果不接受人類控制，人類會(huì)感到害怕。afraid例4：（05年中考卷完形填空） Reading books is a good hobby for all kinds of reasons. First, reading book is f_1_. You can always keep your

28、self amused if you like reading. This is especially useful when the weather is bad. It is a relaxing hobby too. You can really become lost in a book.Next, you can read a book almost a_2_: in a car, in a waiting-room, on a plane, in bed even in the bath. All you need is a book! Reading is a convenien

29、t hobby as it is easy to stop and then start again.A _3_ good reason for reading books is that it is useful. If you read as a hobby you will get better and better at it. This m_ 4_ that you will read faster and will become better at understanding what you read. As your reading improves, you will probably find your schoolwork becomes much e_5_. Many school subjects depend on good reading and, as you read, you learn more and more.Some people say that reading is out of date. This is not true. You have to be able to read to use a computer and, the better you read, the better your c