高低語境_跨文化交際

1、1 High context culture（高語境文化）：Cultures in which less has to be said or written because more of the meaning is in the physical environment or already shared by people are labeled high context.（在高語境文化中，在人們交際時，有較多的信息量或者蘊涵在社會文化環(huán)境和情景中，或者內(nèi)化于交際者的心中；相對地講，明顯的語碼則負載較少的信息量。這也意味著，在強交際環(huán)境文化的人們對微妙的環(huán)境提示較為敏感。） 2 Low

2、context culture（低語境文化）：Cultures in which little of the meaning is determined by the context because the message is encoded in the explicit code are labeled low context. （在低語境文化中，交際過程中所產(chǎn)生的信息量的大部分由顯性的語碼負載，相對地講，只有少量的信息蘊涵在隱性的環(huán)境和情景中。這也意味著，在低語境文化中的人們習(xí)慣用語言本身的力量來進行交際。）3General Introduction to High-context a

3、nd Low-context Cultures Anthropologist Edward T. Halls theory of high- and low-context culture helps us better understand the powerful effect culture has on communication. A key factor in his theory is context. This relates to the framework, background, and surrounding circumstances in which communi

4、cation or an event takes place. High-context cultures (including much of the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and South America) are relational, collectivist, intuitive, and contemplative. This means that people in these cultures emphasize interpersonal relationships. Developing trust is an important firs

5、t step to any business transaction. According to Hall, these cultures are collectivist, preferring group harmony and consensus to individual achievement. And people in these cultures are less governed by reason than by intuition or feelings. Words are not so important as context, which might include

6、 the speakers tone of voice, facial expression, gestures, postureand even the persons family history and status. A Japanese manager explained his cultures communication style to an American: We are a homogeneous people and dont have to speak as much as you do here. When we say one word, we understan

7、d ten, but here you have to say ten to understand one. High-context communication tends to be more indirect and more formal. Flowery language, humility, and elaborate apologies are typical. Low-context cultures (including North America and much of Western Europe) are logical, linear, individualistic

8、, and action-oriented. People from low-context cultures value logic, facts, and directness. Solving a problem means lining up the facts and evaluating one after another. Decisions are based on fact rather than intuition. Discussions end with actions. And communicators are expected to be straightforw

9、ard, concise, and efficient in telling what action is expected. To be absolutely clear, they strive to use precise words and intend them to be taken literally. Explicit contracts conclude negotiations. This is very different from communicators in high-context cultures who depend less on language pre

10、cision and legal documents. High-context business people may even distrust contracts and be offended by the lack of trust they suggest. 3 Cross-cultural tips 不同語境文化的三個語言表達特點： （一）言外之意 我們首先注意到是言語中傳情達意成分的多寡。此處的傳意成分不同于信息量：如果說信息量是指言語所傳遞的信息多寡的話，那么傳意成分則偏重于信息背后的意，即那一點點的言外之意。 （二）長話短聽 其次是言語交際中的用語量大小。人們可能會以為，低語境文化的言語交際全靠話語的字面意義來傳遞信息，因此人們在交際時就不得不使用更多的詞語、更長的句子。其實不然。正如我們在前面所提到的，來自低語境文化的人傾向于使用傳意成分高的詞語，在遣詞用字方面講求精確、直接、不拐彎抹角，每一個詞都能起到其實際的傳意效果，因此他們的用語量并不大。 反觀高語境文化。由于人們使用的是傳意成分偏低的言語表達方式，詞語附帶的理解