大學(xué)英語B2備課筆記 Unit 2

1、新世紀(jì)大學(xué)英語第二冊備課筆記Unit Two: Optimism and Positive ThinkingSection One: Warm up1.Are you an optimist or a pessimist?Task 1: Look at the following picture. What do you see?Oral Discussion: Sit in groups of threes or fours and discuss the following questions.1) How do you feel about your present life? 2) A

2、re you in a bad mood sometimes? If so, why?3) Do you know how to keep yourself in a good mood? 4) How do youreact to difficulties in life? Can you give an example?5) Do you think optimism is the key to a happy and better life? Section Two: Quotes Study the following quotes about personality and see

3、if you accept the ideas expressed in the quotes.Laughter is the sun that drives winter from the human face. Victor Hugo What seems to us as bitter trials are often blessings in disguise (偽裝). Oscar Wilde A pessimist sees the difficulty in every opportunity; an optimist sees the opportunity in every

4、difficulty. Winston Churchill Optimism is the faith that leads to achievement. Nothing can be done without hope and confidence. Helen Keller Background: information:About Victor Hugo:Victor Hugo : French writer of poems, plays, and novels. Two of his most famous novels, Notre Dame de Paris (巴黎圣母院);

5、in English also called The Hunchback of Notre Dame (鐘樓怪人) and Les Misérables(悲慘世界), have been made into films, and Les Misérables has also been made into a famous musical (音樂劇). About Oscar Wilde:Oscar Wilde /5CskE(r) waIld/ (1854-1900): Irish writer of poems, stories, and especially humor

6、ous plays. He is best known for his play The Importance of Being Earnest and for his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray.About Winston Churchill:Winston Churchill /5wInstEn 5tF:tFIl/ (1874-1965): British politician who was Prime Minister during most of World War II and again from 1951 to 1955. He is st

7、ill remembered and admired by most British people as a great leader who made possible Britains victory in the war. About Helen Keller:Helen Keller /5helEn 5kelE(r)/ (1880-1968): US writer known especially for the way she learned to speak and write after becoming blind and deaf as a baby. She greatly

8、 helped blind and deaf people by collecting money, making speeches, and trying to change peoples attitudes. She was the subject of a famous book and film about her life called The Miracle Worker (奇跡創(chuàng)造者). Section Three: Read and ExploreText A Part I :Text A can be divided into three parts. Now write

9、down the paragraph numbers of each part and then give the main idea of each in one or two sentences. Answers for Reference:Part Paragraph(s)Main IdeaOne1-3It is necessary to choose optimism to shape our outlook andexpectations.Two 4-7 The author illustrates the effect ofnegativism through his own ex

10、perience. Three 8-10 The author suggests that we direct our attention to positiveand constructive thinking rather than to negativism.Part II: In-depth StudyKey Words and Expressions for Text Areverse n. (of) the opposite; the other way round 常與of連用相反e. g.If you tell these naughty children to do some

11、thing, they will often just do the exact reverse.He did the reverse of what we expected: instead of being angry, he bought us a drink.他所做的和我們的預(yù)料正相反他非但沒有生氣，反而請我們喝酒。in reverse in the opposite way to normal or to the previous situation; vice versa 反過來；反之亦然e. g.The secret number is my phone number in re

12、verse.To stop the engine you repeat the same procedures, but in reverse. 若想停下引擎，則重復(fù)相同的步驟，但要以相反的順序。shape vt.influence and fix the course or form of 影響（的形態(tài)等）；決定（進程等）e. g. She had a leading role in shaping the partys policy.It is said that childhood experiences can shape a persons character. 據(jù)說童年經(jīng)歷能影響一

13、個人的性格。curse vi. & vt. express a wish that great misfortune will happen to (sb.), esp. by calling on magical powers 詛咒e. g.People in many cultures believe witch doctorshave the power to bless or curse their lives.She cursed him for ruining her life. 她詛咒他，說他毀了她一生。perspective n. (on)the way in whic

14、h a situation or problem is judged, so that (proper) consideration and importance is given to each part 常與on連用（觀察問題的）視角e. g.The novel is written from a childs perspective.The new evidence put an entirely different perspective on the case. 新的證據(jù)使我們要從完全不同的視角來看待這個案子。view vt. esp. (as, with)consider; reg

15、ard; think about 尤與as或with連用考慮，看，認(rèn)為e. g.They try to view the situation objectively.They viewed the future with some expectation. 他們懷著某種期待看未來。Collocations:view sth. as sth. 把看作view sth. from sth. 從角度來看待view sth. / sb. from a perspectivethink about sth. or sb. in a particular way 從視角來看待某事或某人e. g. Your

16、 point can be viewed from both the womans perspective and the mans.If we view the problem from a different perspective, a solution may become more obvious. 假如我們從另一個視角考慮這個問題，或許會更容易找到解決辦法。highlight vt. pick out (sth.) as an important part; throw attention onto 使顯著突出，使注意力集中于e. g.These figures clearly h

17、ightlight the differences in living standards between the two areas.The report on the accident highlights the need for considerable improvements in safety. 事故報告強調(diào)了提高安全的重要性。slip over neglect; omit 忽視，忽略；遺漏e. g.Dont slip over the important issue.Im sorry I completely slipped over his birthday. 很抱歉，我完全

18、忽略了他的生日。by choice because one has chosen; as a result of choosing; because of wanting to 出于自己選擇地，憑愛好e. g. Everything we do, we do by choice; and every choice we make, we make for a reason.I didnt have to work all weekend I did it by choice. 我并不是非得整個周末都工作，我是自己選擇這樣做的。by nature as a result of inherent

19、qualities; innately 出于本性地，天生地e. g. He is by nature a very happy individual; he seems to have been born with a smile on his lips.Its not in her nature to be rude; shes polite by nature. 她生性并不粗野，倒是很有禮貌。live through remain alive during and in spite of (a difficult or dangerous period) 活過；經(jīng)過（困難、危險）之后仍活著

20、e. g. We were all sad to learn that the old man is in a critical condition and may not live through the winter.He lived through two world wars. 他經(jīng)歷了兩次世界大戰(zhàn)。crisis n. a point or moment of great danger, difficulty, or uncertainty 危機；緊要關(guān)頭e. g.We need someone who can stay calm in a crisis.Relations betwe

21、en the two countries have reached crisis point. 兩國關(guān)系已經(jīng)達(dá)到出現(xiàn)危機的地步。Collocations:cause/stir up a crisis 引起危機lead to a crisis 導(dǎo)致危機overcome/settle a crisis 解決危機in a crisis 處于危機當(dāng)中when all is said and done when everything is considered or explained; after all 結(jié)果，說到底，歸根結(jié)底；畢竟，終究e. g.When alls said and done, h

22、es only a kid and should be excused for his wrongdoing.When all is said and done, she was a most remarkable woman with a strongcharacter.歸根結(jié)底，她是個非常出色的女士，性格堅強。feed on / upon (of a feeling, etc.) become stronger because of; (esp. of an animal or baby) eat（感情等）因變得更強烈；（尤指動物或嬰孩）吃

23、，以為食e. g. Our memory is limited, but our imaginationis unlimited, and it feeds on optimism and hope.His self-confidence fed on encouragement from his father. 由于有了父親的鼓勵，他的自信心更強了。CF: feed, nourish, nurture & supply這些動詞均含有“供養(yǎng)、提供、撫養(yǎng)”之意。feed普通用詞，含義廣泛。既可指給人或動物提供食物，又可指給植物以養(yǎng)料或為機器等加燃料等。例如：

24、* The farmers wife feeds cattle and sheep every morning.nourish指提供生長、健康或維持生存所必需的食物或養(yǎng)料，尤指用促進生長的營養(yǎng)品。句中事物名稱往往做該動詞的主語。例如：* Milk, eggs, and meat nourish the bodies of growing boys and girls.nurture表示在幼兒、幼苗的成長過程中予以細(xì)心的照料、保護或者可以指幫助計劃、想法、感情等發(fā)展。例如：*We want to nurture the new project, not destroy it.supply表示提供

25、所需物品。例如：*Most large towns are supplied with electricity.練習(xí)：1. Milk, eggs, and meat the bodies of growing boys and girls. 2. It is mothers duty to her children. 3. Most large towns are with electricity.4. The farmers wife cattle and sheep every morning. 5. We want to the new project, not to destroy i

26、t. odd a.different from what is ordinary or expected; unusual 奇特的，古怪的，異常的e. g. Its odd of her to dash away without so much as saying goodbye.Its very odd that she didnt reply to our letter. 很奇怪，她沒有回我們的信。CF: strange, odd, peculiar & curious這些形容詞均含有“奇怪的，奇異的，新奇的、好奇的”之意。strange是普通常用詞，含義廣泛，指陌生新奇的、奇怪的

27、人或物。例如：*The doctor thought her strange behavior was caused by stress. odd通常指不同尋常或者出乎意料之外的人或事物，往往令人困惑或感到奇怪。例如：*He is rather an odd man. peculiar常指因為覺得陌生或者不熟悉而感到有點奇怪。例如：*This food has got a peculiar taste. curious通常指非常奇特從而能引起人們的好奇心。例如：*It is a curious fact that he never works but has plenty of money.

28、figure out come to understand or discover by thinking 理解，想出e. g.It took Wyler a couple of days to figure out what had happened.We still havent figured out how to do it. 我們?nèi)韵氩怀鲈趺慈プ鲞@件事。disgusting a.extremely unpleasant and making one feel sick 令人作嘔的；令人厭惡的，討厭的e. g.Smoking is really a disgusting habit.I

29、 cant bear the disgusting food in that restaurant. 我受不了那家餐館那令人作嘔的食物。observation n. C; U an action of noticing or watching 觀察，注意，監(jiān)視e.g. Most information was collected by direct observation of the animalsbehaviour.He left by the back door to escape observation. 他從后門溜走了，以免被人注意到。Collocations:keep/place

30、sb. under observation 監(jiān)視某人；觀察某人be under observation 受到監(jiān)視；被觀察accomplish vt. succeed in doing; finish successfully 完成（任務(wù)等）；做成功e. g.What exactly do you hope to accomplish this year?Shes accomplished a great deal in the last few weeks. 在過去幾周里，她完成了相當(dāng)多的工作。CF: accomplish, achieve, fulfill & complete這些動

31、詞均含有“完成”之意。accomplish指經(jīng)過艱苦的努力之后成功地完成了規(guī)定的工作、計劃、任務(wù)等，側(cè)重達(dá)到預(yù)期目的的整個過程。例如：*They accomplished the difficult task assigned to them.achieve指通過持續(xù)的努力而完成或?qū)崿F(xiàn)某事，特別強調(diào)由于非常努力以及克服困難后達(dá)到目的。例如：*It is more difficult for a woman to achieve success in modern society.fulfill指達(dá)到預(yù)定的目標(biāo)，如計劃的完成、職責(zé)的履行、諾言的實現(xiàn)、任務(wù)的完成等，側(cè)重于完成心愿或者盡義務(wù)的意思。

32、例如：*Brown was a brilliant musician but he had never fulfilled his early plete指完成一件指派或預(yù)定的任務(wù)，或完善、完整未完成的部分，一般指經(jīng)過比較長的時間以后完成了任務(wù)。例如：*The construction work of the new steel plant has already been completed.make a differencehave an important effect or influence 有很大影響或關(guān)系，很重要e. g. The rain did make

33、 a difference to the game.When youre learning to drive, having a good teacher makes a difference.學(xué)習(xí)駕駛時，如有一位好教員指導(dǎo)，效果大不相同。raise vt. collect together 籌集；召集e. g.They hope to raise $1 million to buy land.We made an appeal to raise money for victims of the disaster. 我們呼吁為災(zāi)民籌款。in terms of ; in terms from t

34、he point of view of 從觀點來看，從角度來講e. g.The job is great in terms of salary, but it has its disadvantages.The book has been well reviewed, but in terms of actual sales it hasnt been very successful. 這本書獲得了好評，但是從實際銷售情況來看，它并不太成功。address vt.try to solve 著手解決e. g.We did not expect that the project should fu

35、lly address issues of this kind.He ignored the side issues and addressed himself to the main problem. 他拋開枝節(jié)問題，著手解決主要問題。criticize vt. (for) judge with disapproval; point out the faults of 常與for連用批評；指責(zé)e. g.Ron does nothing but criticize and complain all the time.The report strongly criticizes the poli

36、ce for failing to deal with this problem. 報告強烈批評警方?jīng)]有處理好這一問題。result in have as a result; cause 導(dǎo)致，造成e. g. This move will eventually result in the loss of a lot of jobs.The accident resulted in the death of two passengers.這起事故導(dǎo)致兩名乘客喪生。benefit vt.(esp. of an action or event) be useful, profitable, or h

37、elpful to （尤指一行動或事件）有益于，有利于，有助于e. g.Exercise benefits our health.Its an expensive investment but it will benefit the company in the long run. 這是一項花費很大的投資，但從長遠(yuǎn)看來，它對公司有好處。channel vt. (into) direct towards a particular purpose 常與into連用把導(dǎo)向（某一特定目的）；引導(dǎo)；集中；朝向e. g. We should channel our energy into useful a

38、ctivities.The famine relief money was channelled through volunteer groups. 饑荒救濟金是通過志愿者團體的渠道收集來的。channel sth. into sth. direct money, feelings, ideas, etc. towards a particular thing or purpose 把導(dǎo)向（某一特定目的）e. g.Women were more likely to be channeled into the lower-paying jobs.I decided to channel my e

39、nergy into something useful. 我決定把自己的精力用到有益的事上。concerned with having an active personal interest; about 關(guān)心的，感興趣的；與有關(guān)系e. g.Her job is mainly concerned with sales.This story is concerned with a Russian family in the 19th century. 這個故事講的是一個十九世紀(jì)俄國家庭的事情。Grammar In ContextStudy the following sentences that

40、 appear in this unit. Reflect on the use of “as” and do the following two tasks. 1) When the world is seen as a hopeful, positive place, people are given the power to attempt and to achieve. (Para. 8, Text A) 2) In fact, without optimism, issues as big and ongoing as poverty have no hope of solution

41、. (Para. 10, Text A) As的用法1作介詞，表示“作為； 當(dāng)作”。如：As a party member, I must be strict with myself. He works in the school as a teacher of math.  2作連詞，引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句，意為“像；按照”。 如：You must do

42、0;everything as I asked you to. 3作連詞，引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。意為“當(dāng)?shù)臅r候”。 如：She sings as she walks.  He came just as I reached the door.  4作連詞，引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。如：You must hurry up as there is 

43、;little time left. 5引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，常用于倒裝結(jié)構(gòu) 。如：Hard as he worked, he didnt pass this examination.  Child as he is, he knows a lot.6用作關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。如：As we all know, the earth 

44、is round.  She has been late again, as was expected. 7用于一些固定搭配。如： asas 與相同的程度； 與等同The dress is twice as expensive as that.  as if as though 似乎；好像He behaved as if

45、0;nothing had happened. He talked as though he were a leader. as well as 同（一樣也）；和；還  His landlady provided dinner as well as  breakfast.I cannot do the homework as well as look

46、0; after the kids. suchas 像這樣的；such as 例如I bought a lot of fruits, such as apples, oranges, bananas and so on.Such simple actions as eating and drinking become difficult.

47、 as for 至于某人（某事物）As for you, you ought to be ashamed of yourself.  As for the hotel, it was very uncomfortable.  as to 關(guān)于某事物；提到某事物As to correcting our homework, 

48、;the teacher always makes us do it ourselves.  so as to 以便, 為了She saved the money so as to support the family.  as a matter of fact 其實；實際上As a ma

49、tter of fact, Im very fond of housework. as a result 結(jié)果（發(fā)生某種情況）As a result, he had been given an excellent job.  as long as 只要 As long as you work har

50、d, you will succeed sooner or later.Grammatical Explanation：非謂語動詞在句子中充當(dāng)除謂語以外的句子成分的動詞形式叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞分為三種形式:不定式，動名詞，和分詞(分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)。1）不定式時態(tài)語態(tài) 主動被動一般式to do to be done 完成式 to have doneto have been done2）動名詞時態(tài)語態(tài) 主動被動一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done3）分詞時態(tài)語態(tài)

51、 主動被動一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done 否定形式： not +不定式，not + 動名詞，not + 現(xiàn)在分詞不定式是動詞的一種非限定形式。 不定式?jīng)]有人稱和數(shù)的變化，在句中不能單獨做謂語。動詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征， 所以它在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語等。 基本形式：         “to + 動詞原形 ”（有時可以不帶to） “to” 僅僅是個符號，

52、本身無實義。 動詞不定式的句法作用： 一 作主語。 如：  To ask him for help is necessary.  但在多數(shù)情況下，特別是在口語中，常常用 it 作形式主語，不定式后置。 It is not easy to master a foreign language  二. 作表語。 如：  Our plan is 

53、to finish the work in two weeks. To see is to believe. （注意： 主語是不定式時，表語必須用不定式，不用v-ing） All you have to do is (to) finish the job quickly. （注意：當(dāng)主語部分含有動詞do 時，作表語的不定式可以省略 to ）三

54、60;作賓語。 如： I expect to see you tomorrow. She wanted to borrow my dictionary. 能直接跟不定式作賓語的動詞很多，常見的有want, like , wish, hope, hate, prefer, manage, try, ask, offer, start, conclude, demand,

55、 prepare, pretend, promise, learn, choose, refuse, expect, desire, agree,  care 等等。 四作定語。   不定式作定語時， 通常放在被修飾的名詞或代詞之后。不定式常和它所修飾的詞有動賓關(guān)系。如： I have a lot of work to do. Here are some&#

56、160;books for you to read. She was the first person to think of the idea. 注意： 如果不定式是不及物的，它后面就應(yīng)有必要的介詞。如： He is looking for a room to live in. He use a pen to wri

57、te with. She is a very nice person to work with. There is nothing to worry about.  五作賓語補足語 不定式可以和名詞或代詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)， 作動詞的賓語，不定式作賓語補足語。 1用帶 to 的不定式作賓語補足語，表示致使、希望、要求、請求、允許、命令等意義，常見的動詞有 ask, tell, inv

58、ite, force, advise, get , beg, allow, want, wish, order, expect, prefer, persuade, teach, warn, request, forbid, cause, permit, oblige(迫使)，encourage, lead, 等等。 如：Mother told me

59、0;to come back before 10 oclock. Ill get someone to repair the recorder for you. What caused him to change his mind? I wish you to come as soon as possible. ( 注

60、意 hope雖有“希望”的意思，但其后不能用不定式作賓補, 不能說： hope sb. to do sth ) 2 不定式不用帶 to 的動詞有： 感官動詞（see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe）、使役動詞（have, let, make ）、及動詞詞組 listen to , look at 后

61、的賓語補足語。 如： I often hear them sing this song. I saw her put her hands into the pockets. 注意： 當(dāng)這類動詞轉(zhuǎn)為被動語態(tài)時， 其后的不定式則要加上“ to” 如：  They were made to wait for two hours. 六不

62、定式作狀語 1 表示目的。 如： He went home to see his parents. To get the best result, use clean water.   不定式作目的狀語，還可用 in order to , so as to 引起（in order to 可放在句首，而 so&

63、#160;as to 不能放在句首）  In order to arrive before dark, we started early.  He decided to work harder in order to (so as to ) catch up with the others. 2. 表示結(jié)果。

64、 如：  He returned to his bedroom to find everybody gone.  What have I said to make you so excited? 常見的表結(jié)果的句式有： 1） so. as to , such as to   He was so

65、60;angry as to be unable to speak.  We are not such fools as to believe him. 2)  enough (for sb.) to , tooto  This book is easy enough for me to 

66、read.  He is too young to join the army. 3) only to（常表示未曾料到的結(jié)果）  They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.  I went to see him only to

67、 find him out. 3 表示原因 （與表示目的時形式相似，要根據(jù)句意判斷）如：  We jumped with joy to hear the news. She was surprised to see how angry Mary was. Im sorry to have to say good-bye 

68、;to you. He is anxious to see her. 4不定式作條件狀語、方式狀語  To hear him talk, you would think he owned the whole world.  聽他談話，你會以為他擁有整個世界。  She opened her lips as if to 

69、speak. 她張開嘴唇，仿佛要說話似的。 動詞不定式的時態(tài)用法： 1 不定式的一般式  與謂語動詞表示的動作同時或是在謂語動詞之后發(fā)生。如：  We are glad to see you again. （同時發(fā)生）  They invited us to go there this summer. （之后發(fā)生） 2 不定式的完成式 它所表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)生。 Im sorr

70、y to have given you so much trouble. He seemed to have bought a new dictionary. 3 不定式的進行式 它用來表示當(dāng)謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生時，不定式的動作正在進行。 They are said to be building in that area now. He pretended to be