外文翻譯--建設(shè)工程質(zhì)量檢測行業(yè)現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展對策-其他專業(yè)

1、外文文獻(xiàn)：Construction Quality Testing Industry Status and Development StrategiesAbstractWith China's accession to the WTO, the foreign advanced detection of a large number of institutions will enter the domestic, For long-term protection of the domestic state of the detection unit is an unprecedente

2、d challenge. 因此，本文通過分析該行業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀，找出行業(yè)發(fā)展中存在的問題以及面臨的挑戰(zhàn)，并對行業(yè)發(fā)展的對策進(jìn)行了探討。Therefore, this paper analyzes the status of the industry, the development of the industry to identify existing problems and challenges, as well as the development of the industry's response are discussed. 關(guān)鍵詞 檢測，行業(yè)，現(xiàn)狀，對策Keywords de

3、tection, industry, strategy 11. 前言Foreword 建筑業(yè)是一個關(guān)系到國計民生的支柱性基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)業(yè)。The construction industry is one of the pillars of the national economy and infrastructure industries. 特別作為我國正處在快速發(fā)展階段，全國上下都加大了基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的建設(shè)。Particularly as China is in a rapid development stage, the whole nation is increasing infrastructure

4、 construction. 同時加上建筑業(yè)作為拉動經(jīng)濟發(fā)展速度的重要力量，因此建筑業(yè)正處在大發(fā)展階段。Meanwhile coupled with the construction industry as a driving force for economic development speed of the important forces that the construction industry is in a phase of great development. 一方面我國的建筑市場正處在十分活躍的階段，同時也是處在市場競爭極不規(guī)范，問題叢生：首先是導(dǎo)致壓級壓價、回扣、墊資“三

5、把刀”盛行，地方保護、行業(yè)保護抬頭；二是建筑領(lǐng)域管理體系缺乏科學(xué)性，法律性文件和管理性文件不配套，與國外先進(jìn)模式相對差距較大；三是建筑隊伍供需嚴(yán)重失衡，建筑隊伍技術(shù)含量和人員素質(zhì)普遍不高1。While China's construction market is in a very active stage, but also at extremely competitive market norms and plagued with problems : The first is to downgrading prices, kickbacks, Loaning "thre

6、e knives," the prevalence of local protectionism, the rise of trade protection; Second, the construction sector's lack of a scientific management system, legal documents and document management do not match and the advanced foreign relatively big gap between the model; three construction te

7、ams is a serious imbalance in supply and demand. construction teams technical content and the quality of personnel is generally not very high 1. 隨著我國加入WTO，對于整個建筑業(yè)的沖擊必將產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。With China's accession to the WTO, the impact on the construction industry as a whole will have a far-reaching impact. 建筑

8、事業(yè)是入世的一個重要方面。WTO construction industry is an important aspect. 主要涉及建筑業(yè)、勘察設(shè)計咨詢業(yè)、房地產(chǎn)業(yè)、城市規(guī)劃、城市市政公用事業(yè)以及與建筑領(lǐng)域相關(guān)的各項中介服務(wù)。Mainly related to the construction industry, the survey design and consulting, real estate, urban planning, cities with municipal utilities and construction fields related to the interme

9、diary services. 在WTO協(xié)議中建設(shè)事業(yè)所屬領(lǐng)域?qū)儆诜?wù)貿(mào)易協(xié)議的范疇。In the WTO agreement, the cause of building a service belonging to the scope of trade agreements. 從服務(wù)貿(mào)易協(xié)議的內(nèi)涵看，目前我國建設(shè)領(lǐng)域在當(dāng)前國際貿(mào)易中基本處在勞動密集型的服務(wù)層次上，而發(fā)達(dá)國家則已經(jīng)是技術(shù)、知識和資本密集型的服務(wù)層次上。From the trade in services agreement connotation, At present, China's current buildi

10、ng in the field of international trade at the basic level of labor-intensive services, while developed countries have technology, knowledge and capital-intensive service levels. 從總體上講，差距比較大。Generally speaking, the gap is relatively large. 我國加入WTO ，必須按照WTO 有關(guān)協(xié)議中關(guān)于權(quán)利和義務(wù)平衡的原則，在享受一定權(quán)利的同時，還要履行相應(yīng)的義務(wù)，承擔(dān)開放市

11、場所面臨的風(fēng)險和壓力。China's accession to the WTO must be in accordance with the WTO agreement on the rights and obligations of the principle of balance to the enjoyment of certain rights, we must also fulfill its obligations, commitments, open markets and the risks facing pressure. 作為建筑行業(yè)的一個組成部分，工程質(zhì)量檢測隨著

12、全民質(zhì)量意識的提高而不斷被人重視。The construction industry as an integral part of quality testing with the quality of people and raise awareness of the people to keep. 檢測行業(yè)從開始出現(xiàn)發(fā)展到今天，都是作為建筑行業(yè)的附屬部分出現(xiàn)：一種是建筑施工企業(yè)的內(nèi)部試驗室；一種是科研院校內(nèi)部的教學(xué)科研性質(zhì)的試驗室；一種是各級質(zhì)量監(jiān)督管理部門設(shè)立的帶有政府色彩的監(jiān)督檢測室。Detection of emerging industries from the beginning

13、 of development today, as the construction industry is a subsidiary portion : A construction enterprises is the internal laboratories; A scientific research institutions within the nature of the teaching and research laboratories; One is the quality of supervision and management at all levels establ

14、ished by the government with the supervision of color detection room. 三種形式的檢測單位一直以來按照各自的工作領(lǐng)域開展檢測工作，并且一直按照附屬于母體的部門形式進(jìn)行運作，還沒有形成獨立企業(yè)運作的理念。Three forms of detection units have been in accordance with their respective fields of work and testing work, and has been affiliated to the parent body in accordanc

15、e with the department for operation is not yet in independent operation of enterprises idea. 但是隨著入世的沖擊，檢測機構(gòu)根據(jù)國際通用要求必須成為具有獨立法人資格的機構(gòu)，應(yīng)該是第三方獨立的服務(wù)中介機構(gòu)，由于定位的逐步明確，各類檢測單位都開始著手進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)變。However, as the impact of the WTO, according to international testing organizations general requirements must become independen

16、t corporate qualifications, should be an independent third-party intermediary services, the position becomes clearer, Detection of various units have started to carry out changes. 在轉(zhuǎn)變的階段，應(yīng)該認(rèn)真從行業(yè)發(fā)展角度研究如何能夠在逐漸規(guī)范化、正規(guī)化的市場經(jīng)濟中成功轉(zhuǎn)變成適應(yīng)市場變化、快速成長發(fā)展。In a transitional stage, it should be seriously from the pers

17、pective of the development of the industry in how to gradually standardized, regularization of the market economy into successful adaptation to changes in the market, the rapid growth and development. 行業(yè)概述Industry Overview 21行業(yè)背景2.1 Background industry Testing Industry Status 檢測行業(yè)從形成到今天大約經(jīng)歷了十五年-二十年的

18、歷史，十幾年時間已經(jīng)使檢測行業(yè)規(guī)模由小變大，工作類型由單一到綜合，檢測市場化概念從無到有，從暗到明，如今全國各種建筑工程檢測機構(gòu)近5000家，其中企業(yè)試驗室數(shù)量大約占40%，監(jiān)督檢測機構(gòu)占30%，科研院校檢測力量占30%。Detection industry from the formation of today approximately 15 years of experience - 20 years of history, 10 years has made detection by the small-scale industries in turn, the type of wor

19、k to a single integrated, Detection market concept from scratch, from covert to overt, various construction projects throughout the country now testing nearly 5,000 institutions, corporate laboratory quantity of approximately 40%, oversight agencies detected 30%, research institutions detection forc

20、e for 30%. 數(shù)量眾多的企業(yè)試驗室屬于第一方試驗室，即企業(yè)為了保證自身產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量而設(shè)立的試驗室，由于其自身性質(zhì)很大程度上限制了他們走向檢測市場的步伐，作為企業(yè)內(nèi)部附屬機構(gòu)的地位使其在經(jīng)濟實力、檢測能力、規(guī)模和技術(shù)力量等個環(huán)節(jié)處于劣勢，在檢測市場所占市場分額約20%。The large number of enterprises belonging to the first laboratory to laboratory, which means that enterprises in order to guarantee the quality of their products an

21、d the establishment of the laboratory, Due to its nature to a large extent, limited their testing to the market and As a subsidiary body within enterprises in a position of economic strength, the ability to detect, size and technical strength sessions at a disadvantage in the market testing the mark

22、et share of about 20%. 各級監(jiān)督機構(gòu)設(shè)立的檢測室由于有了政策上的絕對優(yōu)勢，由于其政府背景，使其克服成立時間短的劣勢，通過壟斷檢測任務(wù)的形式很快在規(guī)模和檢測能力上占據(jù)優(yōu)勢，成為目前檢測市場中主流檢測力量。The establishment of oversight bodies at all levels of detection Room With a policy of absolute advantage because of their government background, it formed a short time to overcome the dis

23、advantages of monopoly through inspection missions in the form of rapidly in size and detection capabilities to gain the upper hand. Detection become mainstream market forces detection. 但是壟斷行為的副作用是其長期處在政策保護狀態(tài)，相比其他機構(gòu)效率低下，技術(shù)水平不高，服務(wù)意識差，自身競爭能力差。However, the side effects of monopoly behavior is at its lo

24、ng-term policy to protect the state, compared with other inefficient institutions,technical level is not high, poor sense of service, their competitive ability. 科研院校隨著事業(yè)單位機構(gòu)改革，不斷加大檢測業(yè)務(wù)投入，使其變成主業(yè)發(fā)展，并相繼將其轉(zhuǎn)型為第三方獨立法人檢測企業(yè)。Research institutions with institutional reform of public institutions and to keep s

25、tepping up the detection of operational inputs, it becomes the main development of the industry. and the gradual transition to an independent third party for the detection of corporate enterprises. 它們依靠原來國家科研投入的優(yōu)勢，在技術(shù)力量、硬件設(shè)備和辦公場地方面有著不可比擬的優(yōu)勢。They rely on the original national scientific research stre

26、ngths in technical strength, hardware equipment and share office space due to the advantages. 由于他們最早走向市場，在市場競爭中已經(jīng)總結(jié)了許多經(jīng)驗。Since they first enter the market, and competition in the market has summed up the experience of many. 2.12.1.3 detection industry characteristics 檢測行業(yè)是政策性較強的行業(yè)Detection industry

27、policy is a strong industry 檢測機構(gòu)由于建設(shè)工程質(zhì)量的相關(guān)管理規(guī)定應(yīng)運而生，檢測市場的形成和發(fā)展受政策導(dǎo)向直接影響。The testing organizations as the quality of construction projects related to the regulation came into being. Detection market and the formation and development of policy guidance directly affected. 檢測機構(gòu)的資格認(rèn)可和行業(yè)資質(zhì)管理本身就是政府政策調(diào)節(jié)的手段，

28、檢測市場的大小同樣也是政府質(zhì)量管理政策直接決定，因此，檢測市場是不完全開放的市場，檢測行業(yè)是一個政策導(dǎo)向性很強的行業(yè)。Detection of accreditation and quality management industry itself is the government policy adjustment means Detection of the size of the market is the same quality management policy decision directly, it Detection market is not fully open ma

29、rket, detection industry is a strong policy-oriented industries. 檢測行業(yè)是帶有很強的地域性Detection industry with a strong regional 由于檢測行業(yè)是政策性很強的行業(yè)，因此各級地方行政主管部門都會根據(jù)自己地方實際制訂有地方特色的管理要求，特別是行業(yè)主管部門設(shè)立的資質(zhì)審查注冊制度直接決定了檢測機構(gòu)的服務(wù)范圍以所在地為主，外地機構(gòu)打入本地市場受到嚴(yán)格限制。As the test industry is highly policy-oriented industries, Therefore lo

30、cal administrative departments will be in accordance with the actual formulation of their own places of special local regulatory requirements, special departments in charge of the industry is the ability to set up a registration system to review the decision directly detect the scope of services to

31、the main location and overseas institutions to enter the local market under strict restrictions. 另外工程質(zhì)量檢測本身需要大型的檢測設(shè)備，并且樣品的檢測具有明確的實效性，因此從交通、成本、運作方便性考慮，檢測工作跨地區(qū)開展具有難度，從而決定了各行政區(qū)域內(nèi)市場的獨立性。Another quality of the project itself needs to detect large-scale testing equipment, and sample analysis with clear ef

32、fectiveness, and Judging from the traffic, cost, operational convenience considerations, and testing work carried out with difficulty across regions, so as to determine the jurisdiction of the market's independence. 檢測行業(yè)目前技術(shù)門檻不高Testing Industry current threshold is not high technology 因為檢測行業(yè)長期處于

33、政府壟斷經(jīng)營之下，檢測市場化程度較差。Detection of long-term because the industry is monopolized by the government, the degree of market testing poorer. 長期處于保護之下的檢測機構(gòu)往往以附屬部門或科室形式運作，沒有形成一套獨立運作發(fā)展的管理模式，特別是與國外先進(jìn)的檢測同行相比，在檢測工作管理方面缺少科學(xué)的系統(tǒng)的內(nèi)部管理體系和經(jīng)驗。A long time under the protection of the testing agencies often subsidiary dep

34、artments or sections operation, not formed a separate set of operational development management, in particular with foreign advanced detection comparison, Detection of the lack of management of the scientific system of internal management systems and experience. 由于以上原因，通常的檢測單位對設(shè)備場地等硬件和技術(shù)培養(yǎng)等硬件的投入較少，以

35、至于長期停滯在低水平重復(fù)發(fā)展的態(tài)勢，因此造成目前雖然政策壟斷成分高，但技術(shù)門檻低的現(xiàn)狀。Due to the above reasons, the usual detection units to the venue and other hardware equipment and technical training hardware input, the extent of the long-term stagnation of low-level redundant development momentum, thus causing the current policy, the el

36、ement of monopoly, But technical threshold of the low status. 檢測行業(yè)體制單一Detection of a single institutional trades 檢測行業(yè)由于強烈的政府色彩，使其體制往往鎖定在國有事業(yè)或企業(yè)單位，民營資本和外資一直注視著這一領(lǐng)域，但是由于政策所限一直無法進(jìn)入。Detection industry because of strong government color, it is often lock system in state-owned enterprises or enterprise un

37、its Private capital and foreign capital has been watching this area, but the policy has been limited by lack of access. 因此目前的檢測行業(yè)體制單一。Thus the detection system of a single industry. 但是隨著國有事業(yè)機構(gòu)改革，使檢測機構(gòu)股份制改造成為可能，伴隨著我國加入世界貿(mào)易組織的深入，開放建筑市場成為必然，可見目前的格局十分不穩(wěn)，政策的變化立即打破現(xiàn)有的平衡。However, with the reform of state-o

38、wned utilities, testing organizations may become joint-stock reform, With China's accession to the World Trade Organization in-depth, open architecture market has become inevitable, and we can see that the pattern is very unstable, The policy change immediately break the existing balance. 第二章 行業(yè)

39、困境Chapter II trades plight 3.1 行業(yè)面臨困難和挑戰(zhàn)3.1 industries facing difficulties and challenges 作為建筑行業(yè)的一個組成部分，工程質(zhì)量檢測隨著全民質(zhì)量意識的提高而不斷被人重視。The construction industry as an integral part of quality testing with the quality of people and raise awareness of the people to keep. 檢測行業(yè)從開始出現(xiàn)發(fā)展到今天，面臨的困難和挑戰(zhàn)來自各方面。Detecti

40、on of emerging industries from the beginning of development today, we are faced with difficulties and challenges from all quarters. 3.1.1 policy risks 檢測行業(yè)是受政策影響程度很高的行業(yè)。Detection of industries affected by the policy is the high level of the industry. 它的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展都是政策導(dǎo)向的結(jié)果。The emergence and development of

41、 policy-oriented results. 而首先面對的問題就是政策風(fēng)險問題。And the first to face the problem is the policy risk. 我國的檢測類的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、規(guī)范的制定和執(zhí)行與國際接軌程度不高。Our analysis category of standards and standardize the development and implementation of international standards is not that high. 我國目前使用的檢測標(biāo)準(zhǔn)均為幾十年前老標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相差很遠(yuǎn)，隨著我國入世，各種

42、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都面臨更新和接軌問題。China's current testing standards used several decades ago are old standards, those standards with international standards is far below With China's WTO accession, the various standards and are facing a convergence problem. 在這種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的演變中，原有的設(shè)備、技術(shù)力量、運作方法都會進(jìn)行較大的變動。In this evolving sta

43、ndards of the original equipment, and technical forces, methods of operation will be larger changes. 檢測行業(yè)必須面對來自以上政策的變動帶來的風(fēng)險。Detection industry must face from the above policy changes bring risks. 3.1.2 WTO Challenges 從行業(yè)形成到發(fā)展到今天，檢測機構(gòu)中都是作為建筑行業(yè)的附屬部分出現(xiàn)，還沒有形成獨立運作的管理體系。From the formation of industry deve

44、lopment today, institutions are testing the construction industry as part of the subsidiary there. have formed an independent operation of the management system. However, as the impact of the WTO, according to international testing organizations General Requirements - Guideline 25 to laboratory mana

45、gement 2 For the detection of domestic institutions in terms of Guide 25 of regulatory requirements is not only stranger things More importantly for the management thinking which is completely new system, Our testing organizations in the management of this very lack of experience. 因此整個行業(yè)正The entire

46、industry isFacing industries in the transition stage. 3.2 sector the main problems 檢測行業(yè)面臨的不僅僅是各種風(fēng)險和挑戰(zhàn)，應(yīng)該認(rèn)清行業(yè)存在的問題和不足，才可能作到有的放矢。Detection of businesses are facing not only a variety of risks and challenges, there should be a clear understanding of trade issues and inadequate, only be achieved targete

47、d. 3.2.1目前的檢測市場十分混亂，由于部分施工單位對質(zhì)量意識的認(rèn)識停留在資料過關(guān)的階段，并且檢測單位目前是被動的接受施工單位的委托，因此在檢測和被檢測之間的關(guān)系不僅是委托被委托同時又是檢測和被檢測，在經(jīng)濟關(guān)系和公正性的看似矛盾的兩者，許多檢測單位很難把好關(guān)。3.2.1 currently testing the market very confusing. As part of the construction unit of the sense of the quality of information to stay in the clearance stage, and the c

48、urrent detection unit is a passive acceptance of the construction unit entrusted Thus the detection and the detection of not only the relationship between the commission has been tasked also is testing and testing, In economic relations and impartiality of the two seemingly contradictory, and many u

49、nits it is very difficult to detect good relations. 導(dǎo)致檢測市場上評價一個檢測單位工作質(zhì)量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不是嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)而是能否在必要時的靈活和方便。Testing the market to evaluate a detection unit quality standard is not stringent but whether the necessary flexibility and convenience. 在這樣的環(huán)境中，不可能培養(yǎng)出依靠信譽品牌立足的檢測單位。In such an environment, it is impossible t

50、o cultivate brand reputation based on the detection units. 3.2.2目前的檢測單位大部分面臨如何從母體脫離，是否脫離、脫離以后如何生存的困擾。3.2.2 current detection unit faced the question of how to most from the mother, separated from the survival of future troubles. 部分已經(jīng)脫離的單位實質(zhì)上在名義上的脫離，從行政管理和經(jīng)濟來往上仍然不是獨立的。Some units have already moved aw

51、ay from the essence of the name of the detachment, from the administration and from the economy still is not independent. 因此，作為真正意義上的獨立運作的檢測機構(gòu)如何管理、如何生存發(fā)展還沒有太多可借鑒的經(jīng)驗。Therefore, as the true sense of the operation of the independent testing organizations how to manage, How to survival and development h

52、ave not too much experience to draw on. 3.2.3檢測單位由于長期處于附屬地位，因此在技術(shù)、人力、資金的投入不足，因此與其他行業(yè)相比或與其他領(lǐng)域的檢測機構(gòu)相比，技術(shù)含量不高，并且技術(shù)發(fā)展速度很慢。3.2.3 detection units in the subsidiary as a long-term position in technology, human resources, capital investment is insufficient, and So compared with other industries or fields wi

53、th other testing organizations, the technical content is not high, and technological development at a slow pace. 隨著我國建筑業(yè)的蓬勃發(fā)展，特別是我國加入WTO，對盡快提高檢測單位的技術(shù)能力和技術(shù)水平要求迫切。With the vigorous development of industry, especially China's accession to the WTO, right as soon as possible to improve detection unit

54、s the technical capacity and technical requirements of urgency. 第三章 行業(yè)對策Chapter III sectoral responses 建筑業(yè)在我國正處在高速發(fā)展階段，隨著全國質(zhì)量意識提高，檢測行業(yè)充滿發(fā)展的潛力和希望。Construction industry in China is in the stage of rapid development, with the heightened awareness of the national quality, Detecting the development of th

55、e industry is full of potential and hope. 社會一方面對檢測的要求會更迫切。The community of detection to the more urgent. 同時會更高要求。The same time, higher demands. 因此作為檢測行業(yè)的出路必須將檢測變成產(chǎn)業(yè)化，最終成為真正意義上的第三方公正性的中介機構(gòu)。Therefore detection industry as a way of testing must become industrialized, eventually become a true sense of t

56、he impartiality of the third-party intermediaries. 作為檢測機構(gòu)為了適應(yīng)將來的發(fā)展必須作到：As testing organizations in order to adapt to future developments must also : 提高檢測質(zhì)量意識Improve the monitoring and quality awareness 全面引入導(dǎo)則25國際通用的實驗室的管理要求成為大勢所趨。Introduce a comprehensive international Guideline 25 generic laborator

57、y management requirements become the trend of the times. 我國檢測行業(yè)最缺乏的是通過質(zhì)量體系的運作來保證檢測公正性和權(quán)威性。My test industry is most lacking is that through the operation of the quality system to ensure detection of justice and authority. 國內(nèi)的檢測機構(gòu)要與國際接軌必須堅定不移地執(zhí)行導(dǎo)則25的各項要求，而導(dǎo)則25的核心就是全面的質(zhì)量管理。Detection of domestic institu

58、tions and the international community must continue to implement the guidelines of the 25 requirements, Guideline 25 and the core is a comprehensive quality management. 我國檢測行業(yè)普遍的檢測質(zhì)量意識不高，在內(nèi)部質(zhì)量管理方面的經(jīng)驗不多，但是不能因為目前執(zhí)行困難而放棄，而是應(yīng)該一方面努力向國外同行學(xué)習(xí)實驗室管理方面先進(jìn)的經(jīng)驗，一方面因地制宜的逐步摸索一套適合中國國情的質(zhì)量管理模式。My test industry generall

59、y detection quality awareness is not high, the internal quality management experience little, But not because of the current difficulties in implementing abandoned but should on the one hand to the efforts of their counterparts abroad to study advanced laboratory management experience, While local conditions and gradually explore a suitable condition of the quality of its management. 通過不斷的學(xué)習(xí)和摸索盡快縮短我們與國外同行之間的差距。Through continuous learning and exploration as soon as possible to reduce our forei