機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)常用金屬材料的性能參數(shù)

1、常用數(shù)據(jù)：金屬材料熔點(diǎn)、熱導(dǎo)率及比熱容名稱熔點(diǎn)C熱導(dǎo)率W/(mK)比熱容J(kgK)名稱熔點(diǎn)C熱導(dǎo)率W/(m-K)比熱容J(kgK)灰鑄鐵120046.492.8544.3鋁658203904.3鑄鋼1425489.9鉛32734.8129.5低碳鋼1400150046.4502.4錫23262.6234.5黃銅95092.8393.6鋅419110393.6青銅99563.8385.2銀145259.2452.2材料線膨脹系數(shù)材料溫度范圍（C）202010202002030020400206002070020900701000工程用銅黃銅青銅鑄鋁合金鋁合金碳鋼銘鋼3Cr131Cr18/Ni9

2、Ti鑄鐵饃銘合金磚水泥、混凝土膠木、硬橡皮玻璃有機(jī)玻璃18.4424.59.51014647716.617.117.817.622.024.010.612.211.210.216.68.711.114.5411.513017.117.218.817.923.424.811.31311.811.1178.511.617.620.918.224.025.912.113.512.411.617.210.112.118.18.112.913.91311.917.511.512.718.613.514.313.612.317.912.913.214.71512.818.619.317.6常用材料的密度材

3、料名稱密度3(3)cmm材料名稱密度3(3)cmm材料名稱密度3(3)cmm碳鋼7.87.85鉛11.37無填料的電木1.2合金鋼7.9錫7.29賽璐珞1.4球墨鑄鐵7.3鎂合金1.74酚醛層壓板1.31.45灰鑄鐵7.0硅鋼片7.557.8尼龍61.41.14紫銅8.9錫基軸承合金7.347.75尼龍661.141.15黃銅8.48.85鉛基軸承合金9.3310.67尼龍10101.041.06錫青銅8.78.9膠木板、纖維板1.31.4縱纖維木材0.70.9無錫青銅7.58.2玻璃2.42.6橫纖維木材0.70.9碾壓磷青銅8.8有機(jī)玻璃1.181.19石灰石、花崗石2.42.6冷拉青銅8

4、.8礦物油0.92砌磚1.92.3工業(yè)用鋁2.7橡膠石棉板1.52.0混凝土1.82.45常用材料的彈性模量及泊松比名稱彈性模量EGPa切變模量GGPa泊松比g名稱彈性模量EGPa切變模量GGPa泊松比g灰、白口鑄鐵115160450.230.27鑄鋁青銅105420.25球墨鑄鐵151160610.250.29硬鋁合金7127碳鋼200220810.240.28冷拔黃銅919935370.310.42合金銅210810.25-0.3軋制純銅110400.310.34鑄鋼17570840.250.29軋制鋅84320.27軋制磷青銅115420.320.35軋制鋁6926370.320.36軋

5、制鎰黃銅110400.35鉛1770.42常用法定計(jì)量單位及換算關(guān)系量的名稱法定計(jì)量單位非法定計(jì)量單位換算關(guān)系名稱符號(hào)名稱符號(hào)旋轉(zhuǎn)速度轉(zhuǎn)每分r/min1r/min=(1/60)r/s長(zhǎng)度米m埃英寸?in1?=0.1nm=10-10m1in=0.0254m=25.4mm面積平方米m2公畝公頃aha1a=102m21ha=104m2體積容積立方米升m3L(1)(1=10-3m3)立方英尺英加侖美加侖ft3UkgalUSgal1ft3=0.0283168m3=28.3168dm331Ukgal=4.54609cm31Usgal=3.78541dm3質(zhì)量千克（公斤）噸Kgt磅長(zhǎng)噸（英噸）ebton1e

6、b=0.45359237cm31ton=1016.05kg力重力達(dá)因dyn1dyn=10-5N牛（頓）N千克力，（公斤力）噸力kgftf1kgf=9.80665N1tf=9.806651困3N壓力壓強(qiáng)帕（斯卡）pa巴標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大氣壓毫米汞柱千克力每平方厘米（工程大氣壓）baratmmmHgkgf/cm2(at)1bar=0.1Mpa=105pa(1pa=1N/m2)1atm=101325pa1mmHg=133.3224pa1kgf/cm2=9.80665X04pa應(yīng)力M千克力每平方毫米Kgf/mm21kgf/mm2=9.80665X06pa動(dòng)力粘度帕斯卡秒Pas泊P1P=0O1Pas運(yùn)動(dòng)粘度二次方米

7、每秒m2/s斯托克斯St1St=1cm2/s=10-4m2/s能，功熱量焦耳J千克力米爾格kgfmerg1kgfm=9.80665J1erg=10-7J量的名稱法定計(jì)量單位非法定計(jì)量單位換算關(guān)系名稱符號(hào)名稱符號(hào)卡熱化學(xué)卡calcalth1cal=4.1868J1calth=4.1840J功率瓦特W米制馬力1米制馬力=735.499W比熱容焦耳每千克開爾文J/(kgK)千卡每千克開爾文kcal/(kgk)1kcal/(kgk)=4.1868103J/(KgK)傳熱系數(shù)瓦特每平方米開爾文W/(m2K)卡每平方厘米秒開爾文，2，八cal/(cmsK)1cal/(cm2sK)=4.1868X04W/(

8、m2-K)熱導(dǎo)率（導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)）瓦特每米開爾文W/(m2K)卡每厘米秒開爾文cal/cmsk1cal/(cmsk)=4.1868102W/(m-K)碳素結(jié)構(gòu)鋼（GB70O-88）牌號(hào)等級(jí)機(jī)械性能屈服點(diǎn)bS（MPa）抗拉強(qiáng)度bbMPa屈服點(diǎn)bS（MPa）沖擊試驗(yàn)脫氧方法鋼材厚度（直徑）（mm）鋼材厚度（直徑）（mm）溫度CV型沖擊功（縱向）16404060601001001501501640406060100100150150不小于不/、于不小于Q195(195)(185)一一一一3153903332F、b、ZQ215A215205195185175165335460313029282726一一B2

9、027Q235A235225215205195185375460262524232221一一F、b、ZB20C0ZD2(TZQ255A255245235225215205410510242322212019一一ZB2027Q275一275265255245235225490610201918171615一一優(yōu)質(zhì)碳素結(jié)構(gòu)鋼（GB699-88）牌號(hào)推薦熱處理C試件毛坯尺寸mm機(jī)械性能鋼材交貨狀態(tài)硬度HB應(yīng)用舉例抗拉強(qiáng)度bb屈服強(qiáng)度0-s延伸率S5收縮率小沖擊功(值)Ak(ak)正火淬火回火MPa%1cml不大于未熱處理退火鋼不小于08F930252951753560131用于需塑性好的零件，如管子

10、、墊片墊圈；心部強(qiáng)度要求不高的滲碳和氧化零件，如套筒、短軸、擋塊，支架、靠模，離合器盤10930253352053155137用于制造拉桿、卡頭、鋼管墊片、墊圈、加釘。這種鋼無回火脆性，焊接性好，用來制造焊接零件。15920253752252755143用于受力不大韌性要求較高的零件，滲碳零件、緊固件、沖模鍛件及不需要熱處理的低負(fù)荷零件，如螺栓、螺釘、拉條、法蘭盤及化工貯器、蒸汽鍋爐。20910254102452555156用于不經(jīng)受很大應(yīng)力而要求很大韌性的機(jī)械零件，如杠桿、軸套、螺釘、起重鉤等。也用于制造壓力6Mpa、溫度不小于合金結(jié)構(gòu)鋼20Mn2850880水、油水、油200440水、空氣

11、水、空氣15785588104058.84.4187截面小時(shí)與20Cr相當(dāng)，用于做滲碳小齒輪、小軸、鋼套、鏈板等，滲碳淬火后HRC566235Mn2840水500水25834686124568.74.2207對(duì)于截面較小的零件可代替40Cr,可做直徑015mm的重要用途的冷徽螺栓及小軸等，表面淬火HRC405045Mn2840油550水、油25883735104058.84.1217用于制造在較高應(yīng)力與磨損條件下的零件。在直徑131鑄造平坦的零件，如機(jī)座、機(jī)蓋、箱體、鐵砧臺(tái)，工作溫度在450c以下的管路附件等。焊接性良好。ZG270-500500270182522(3.5)1434045各種形

12、狀的機(jī)件，如飛輪、機(jī)架、蒸汽錘、樁錘、聯(lián)軸器、水壓機(jī)工作缸、橫梁等。焊接性尚可。ZG310570570310152115(3)1534050各種形狀的機(jī)件，如聯(lián)軸器，氣缸、齒輪、齒輪圈及重負(fù)荷機(jī)架等ZG340-640640340101810(2)1692294555起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)中齒輪，聯(lián)軸器及重要的機(jī)件等球墨鑄鐵（GB1348-88）牌號(hào)參考壁厚emm抗拉強(qiáng)度bbMpa屈服強(qiáng)度0-0.2MPa延伸率%沖擊值（室溫23C），一2、aK（J/cm）供參考用途布氏硬度HB最小值QT400-1840025018141301801 .制造軋輻。不僅在治金工業(yè)上應(yīng)用，造紙，玻璃、橡膠、面粉等工業(yè)在不斷的改用

13、球墨鑄鐵。2 .制造軸類零件，如些油機(jī)曲軸（一般采用QT600-3）、凸輪軸及水泵軸等。3 .投影造齒輪（一般采用QT400-18）,合適的養(yǎng)的鑄件壁厚為1075mm。4 .制造活賽環(huán)、摩擦片、汽車后轎等零件。5 .制造中壓閥門、低壓閥門、軸承座、千斤頂?shù)鬃?、球球磨機(jī)及各種機(jī)床零件和醫(yī)療器材等零件。QT400-1540025015一130180QT4501045031010一160210QT500-75003207一170230QT600-36003703一190270QT700-27004202一205305QT800-2QT400-18A30603902501814130180602003

14、702401212QT400-15A306039025015一1301806020037024012一QT500-7A30604503007一170240602004202905一QT600-3A30606003603一180270602005503401一QT700-2A30607004002一220320602006503801一注：牌號(hào)無后面字母A,表示牌號(hào)系由單鑄試塊測(cè)定的機(jī)械性能。牌號(hào)后面具有字母A,表示牌號(hào)系由附鑄試塊測(cè)定的機(jī)械性能，這些牌號(hào)適用于質(zhì)量大于2000kg及壁厚在30200mm的球軟件。灰鑄鐵(GB943988)牌號(hào)鑄件壁厚（mm）最小抗拉強(qiáng)度bbMPa硬度HB應(yīng)用舉例

15、大于至HT1002.510130110166蓋、外罩、油盤、手輪、手把、支架等1020100931402030908713130508082122HT1502.510175137205端蓋、汽輪泵體、軸承座、閥殼、管子及管路附件、手1020145119179輪、一般機(jī)床底座、床身其他復(fù)雜零件，滑座、工作臺(tái)等。20301301101663050120141157HT2002.510220157236氣缸、齒輪、底架、機(jī)體、飛輪、齒條、襯筒、一般機(jī)慶鑄有導(dǎo)軌的慶身及中等壓力(Mpa以下)油缸、液壓泵和閥的南殼體等。102019514822220301701342003050160128192HT2

16、504.010270175262閥殼、油缸、氣缸、聯(lián)軸器、機(jī)體、齒輪、齒輪臬處殼、飛輪、襯筒、凸輪、軸承座等102024016424620302201572363050200150225HT3001020290182272齒輪、凸輪、車床卡盤、剪床、壓力機(jī)的機(jī)身、導(dǎo)板、六角自動(dòng)車床及其他重負(fù)荷機(jī)床鑄有導(dǎo)軌的床身、高壓油缸、液壓泵和滑閥的殼體等。20302501682513050230161241HT350102034019929920302901822723050260171257注：灰鑄鐵的硬度，系由經(jīng)驗(yàn)關(guān)系式計(jì)算，即，當(dāng)bb496Mpa時(shí)，HB=RH(100+0.438%)。RH一般取o.

17、801.20冷軋鋼板和鋼帶(GB708-88)厚度0.2,0.25,0.3,0.4,0.45,0.55,0.6,0.65,0.70,0.75,0.80,0.90,1.001.1,1.2,1.3,1.4,1.5,1.6,1.7,1.8,2.0,2.1,2.2,2.5,2.8,32,3.5,3.8,3.9,4.0,4.5,5.5,60,8.9熱軋鋼板（GB709-88）0.35,050,0.55,0.60,0.65,0.70,0.75,0.80,0.90行行1.0,1.21.6（0.1進(jìn)位）,1.8,2.0,2.2,2.5,2.8,3.0,3.2,3.5,3.8,3.9,4.0,4.5,5,6,7

18、.8,9,厚度10-22（1進(jìn)位），25,2642（2進(jìn)位），45,48,50,52,5595（5進(jìn)位）100,105,110,120,125,130160（10進(jìn)位）,165,170,180200（5進(jìn)位）600,650,700,710,750-100050,1250,1400,14203200380200熱軋圓鋼和方鋼尺寸(GB702-86)圓方5.566.578910*1112131415161718192021鋼鋼22*23242526*27*28*2930*3132*3334*3536384042直邊45485053*55*56*586063*65*6870

19、7580859095100徑長(zhǎng)105110115120125130140150160170180190200220250注：1.本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)適用于直徑為5.5250mm的熱軋圓鋼和邊長(zhǎng)為5.5200mm的熱軋方鋼。2.各種直徑優(yōu)質(zhì)鋼的長(zhǎng)度為26m;普通鋼的長(zhǎng)度當(dāng)直徑或邊長(zhǎng)小于25mm時(shí)為410m.3.表中帶*者不推薦使用。熱軋等邊角鋼(GB9797-88)角鋼號(hào)數(shù)尺寸截面面積2cm參考數(shù)值重心距離Z0cm角鋼號(hào)數(shù)尺寸(mm)截面面積-2Cm參考數(shù)值重心距離Z0Cmbdrxxbdrx-xJxCm4ixCmJxCm4ixCm22033.51.1320.400.590.60770485.57026.392

20、.181.8641.4590.500.580.6456.87532.312.161.912.52531.4320.820.760.7668.16037.772.151.5641.8591.030.740.7679.42443.092.141.9933034.51.7491.460.910.85(7.5)75597.36736.972.332.0442.2761.840.900.8968.76746.952.312.073.63632.1092.581.111.00710.16053.572.302.1142.7563.291.091.04811.50359.962.282.1553.3823.

21、591.081.071014.12671.982.262.22440352.3593.591.231.13880597.19248.792.482.1543.0864.601.221.1769.39757.352.472.1953.7915.531.211.22710.86065.582.462.234.54532.6595.171.401.22812.30373.492.442.2743.4866.651.381.261015.12688.432.422.3554.2928.041.371.3099061010.63782.772.792.4465.0769.331.361.33712.30

22、194.832.782.4855035.52.9717.181.551.34813.944106.472.762.5243.8979.261.541.381017.167128.582.742.5954.80311.21.1531.421220.36149.222.712.6765.68813.051.521.461010061211.932114.953.102.675.656363.34310.191.751.48713.796131.863.092.7144.39013.181.731.53815.638148.243.082.7655.41516.021.721.571019.2611

23、79.513.052.8468.36723.631.681.681222.800208.903.032.916.363474.97819.031.961.701426.256236.533.002.9956.14323.171.941.741629.627262.532.983.0667.28827.121.931.7885.51534.461.901.851011.65741.091.881.93注：1.角鋼長(zhǎng)度為：角鋼號(hào)29,長(zhǎng)度量1014,長(zhǎng)度4-19m-1.2.r1=-d3熱軋槽鋼（GB707-88）Wx,Wy截面系數(shù)標(biāo)記示例：熱軋槽鋼180709-GB707-88Q235-AWB70

24、0-88（碳素結(jié)構(gòu)鋼Q235-A,尺寸為180X70X9mm）型號(hào)尺寸截面面積cm2參考數(shù)值重心距離Z0cmhbdtrr1x-xy-yWxCm3WyCm3880435.08.08.04.010.2425.35.791.4.310100485.38.58.54.212.7439.77.801.5212.61265.59.09.09.04.515.6962.110.21.5914a140586.09.59.54.818.5180.513.01.7114b140608.09.59.54.821.3187.114.11.6716a160636.510.010.05.021.9510816.31.8016160658.510.010.05.025.1511717.61.7518a180687.010.510.55.225.6914120.01.8818180709.010.510.55.226.2915221.51.8420a200737.011.011.0