定語從句語法詳解

1、定語從句語法詳解，希望能夠幫助考生備考英語學(xué)科考試，贏得高分。一、定語句子中修飾名詞或代詞的成分叫做定語。定語可以由形容詞，名詞，不定式，分詞，動名詞或從句來充當。eg:Sheisabeautifulgirl.（形容詞）ImetsomeonefunnyonmywaytoBeijing.（形容詞）（修飾不定代詞的定語后置）HeisanEnglishteacher.（名詞）（名詞作定語時一般用單數(shù)，例外的有sports,女口asportsstar）Ihavealotofworktodo.（不定式）Thebookwrittenbyaschoolboyisverypopularnow.（過去分詞短語）

2、Wecanseetherisingsun.（現(xiàn)在分詞）=thesunisrising.Heisinthereadingroom.（動名詞）=theroomforreadingTheboywhobrokethewindowisTom'sbrother.（）從句注意：1.形容詞作定語一般放在所修飾的詞前面；但當形容詞修飾的是something,anything,everything,nothing,someone,everyone,everybody,somewhere等不定代詞時，要放在這些詞的后面。present（在場的）,absent（缺席的）作定語時需要后置。studentspre

3、sent/absent2.不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后。3分詞作定語時，即可放在所修飾詞前，也可放在所修飾詞后1）分詞前置：單獨的一個分詞作定語，一般放在所修飾詞前。Heisaretiredworker.他是位退休的工人2）分詞后置分詞在以下情況，放在所修飾詞的后面ii. 個別分詞如given,left;Thisisthequestiongiven.這是所給的問題iii. 修飾不定代詞something等Thereisnothinginteresting.沒有有趣的東西過去分詞作定語與其修飾的詞是被動關(guān)系，相當于一個被動語態(tài)的定語從句。Mostofthepeopleinvitedtoth

4、epartywerefamousscientists.=MostofthepeoplewhowereinvitedtothepartywerefromSouthAfrica二、定語從句(AttributiveClauses)在句中做定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞，詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引出。關(guān)系代詞有：who,whom,whose,that,which等。關(guān)系畐U詞有：when,where,why等。IlikethebooksthatarewrittenbyMr.Green.先行詞關(guān)系詞A.關(guān)系詞：關(guān)系詞通常有三個作用：引導(dǎo)定語

5、從句，指代先行詞，在定語從句中充當句子成分。關(guān)系詞類別關(guān)系詞先行詞充當從旬中的旬子成井關(guān)系代詞who人主，鬲*whom人寶f1vhich物主；賓,表that人或物主目表as人或物主J哥表Those人或物關(guān)系副詞There地點狀when時間狀whyxeason狀offcnAnyonewhobreaksthelawwillsurelybepunished.1. 先行詞指人時，定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞：指人時，who和that都可以使用.who和whom都可以作定語從句賓語，但從句中的介詞提前時，不能用who.Heisthemanwho/whomItalkedtoyouabout.=Heisthemanab

6、outwhomItalkedtoyou.先行詞是人時，只用who,不用或少用that的情況：a. 當先行詞是one,ones,anyone時，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞一般只用who,不用that如果先行詞是someone,也可用thatHeisnotonewhoiseasilyfrightened.IthinkJoeistheonewhoborrowedmypeo.Theoneswhotelllieswon'tgainothers'trust.Anyonewhosawtheaccidentshouldphonethepolice.Someonewho/thatclaimstobey

7、ourunclewantstoseeyou.b. 先行詞是those時，關(guān)系代詞一般用who不用thatThosewhodon'twishtogoneednotgo.c. Therebe句型中，修飾人的定語從句的關(guān)系代詞一般只用who來引導(dǎo)Thereisacertainoldmaninthevillagewhononeofuslikes.d. 若一個句子中有兩個定語從句，第一個已經(jīng)用that,則第二個一般用whoThemanthatistalkingwithourteacheristheprofessorwhogaveusareportyesterday.e. 當定語從句與先行詞較遠時

8、，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞一般只用whoIcameacrossmyfirstteacherinthestoreyesterdaywhowasstillbeautiful.f非限定性定語從句只用who來引導(dǎo)，不用thatHehasason,whoisadoctor.當先行詞是人，只用that不用who的情況：a. 以who開頭的特殊疑問句，定語從句的先行詞如果是人，關(guān)系代詞只用that不用whoWhoisthegirlthatsaidhellotoyoujustnow?b. 當先行詞既有人也有物時，定語從句只用that來引導(dǎo)Theyoftertalkaboutthepersonandthingst

9、hattheyremember.c. 當關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作表語時，只用that來引導(dǎo)He'schanged.Heisnotthemanthathewas.d. 當先行詞被形容詞的最高級修飾時，只用that.ThisisthemostbeautifulladythatIhaveevermet.e. 當先行詞是other時，定語從句只用that引導(dǎo)。2. 先行詞是物時that和which一般可以互換使用，但有時不可換用。(1) 下列場合一般用that:a. 先行詞是all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,theone,

10、none等不定代詞Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.ThelittlethatIhaveseenofhisworkissatisfactory.b. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞，形容詞最高級以及first,last,any,only,few,much,no,some,very等詞修飾ThefirstbookthatIboughtinthisbookstoreisadictionary.ThelastpersonthatItalkedwithinLondonismygirlfriendThebestteacherthatIhaveevermethasgoneabroa

11、dYoucantakeanyseatthatisvacant.c. 先行詞有兩個：一個指人，另一個指物Imissallthepeopleandplacesthatwevisitedlastsummerd. 主句是以who或which開頭的特殊疑問句。e. Therebe句型中，Thereisaseatinthecornerthatisfree.f. 先行詞為數(shù)詞時Threebuildingshavebeencompleted,buttherearetwothatarestillunderconstruction.(2) 下列場合不能用that在非限定性定語從句中，即逗號后的定語從句不用that

12、引導(dǎo)，指人時用who或whom,指物時用which.a. 在"介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中不用that,指人時用whom,指物時用which.Thisisthebookaboutwhichwearetalking.b. 先行詞為that,those時，關(guān)系詞用which指物，who指人What'sthatwhichyouhavegotinyourhand?c. 兩個定語從句，一個用了that,另一個則用which.LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.d. 關(guān)系代詞后有插入語時，只用

13、whichHerearesomestampswhichthink-youcantakeaway.3. 當關(guān)系詞在從句中作賓語時，關(guān)系詞可以省略。4. 當先行詞指時間，地點，原因(thereason)時，且關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語，用when,where,why如果關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語，表語或賓語，則用that或which.Iwanttovisittheplacewheremymotherwasborn.=Iwanttovisittheplaceinwhichmymotherwasborn.IstillremembertheyearswhenIstudiedinthemiddleschool.=Is

14、tillremembertheyearsinwhichIstudiedinthemiddleschool.Idon'tknowthereasonwhyhedidn'tagreewithus.=Ididnkntowthereasonforwhichhedidn'tagreewithus.5. 當先行詞是theway,并且關(guān)系詞在從句中作方式狀語時，可以用that,inwhich引導(dǎo)，也可省略。當先行詞是time,time當"次數(shù)”講時，用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，且that可以省略；當time表示"一段時間，時間”講時，定語從句用when或at/durin

15、gwhich引導(dǎo)Idon'tliketheway(that/inwhich)hetalkedtohismother.vefailed.Icanhardlyrememberhowmanytimes(that)II'IIneverforgetthetimewhen/atwhichwevisitedyourhometown.6. 當先行詞family,class,team,army,company等被當作單數(shù)時，定語從句中用which,被當作復(fù)數(shù)時，用who或whom.Thefamily,whichisalargeandrichone,waspoor.Theparty,whoarea

16、llchildren,havelosttheirway.7. 當先行詞是動物時，定語從句一般用whichThedog,whichhehadkeptforfiveyears,waskilledbysomeoneyesterday.B. "介詞+which/whom”引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞的賓語時，常常將介詞前置于作賓語的關(guān)系詞前，IlovethemusicthatIcandanceto.=IlovethemusictowhichIcandance.ThemanwhoItalkedtojustnowismybrother.=ThemantowhomItalkedjust

17、nowismybrother.介詞后面的關(guān)系詞指人時只用whom,不能用who或that;指物時只用which,不能用that.注意，并非所有情況下介詞都可以前移，含有介詞的短語動詞不可拆開，介詞仍需放在動詞后面，如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。"介詞+which/whom”前還可以用ome,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代詞，名詞或數(shù)詞等。Hissons,bothofwhomlovedmusicverymuch,spentmostoftheirmoneyonCDs.Thehouse,ther

18、oofofwhichisblue,willbeusedasalibrary.C. 非限定性定語從句非限定性定語從句和主句的關(guān)系不密切，去掉定語從句，句子的意思仍然完整，形式上用逗號把主句和從句分開，使用時注意以下幾點：l非限定性定語從句不能用that引導(dǎo)l非限定性定語從句中的關(guān)系詞不能省略。D. as引導(dǎo)的定語從句的用法as可引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句，用于suchas.,so.as.,thesame結(jié)構(gòu)a中。Heboughtmesuchawatchaswasadvertisedinthenewspaper.注意：比較thesameas和thesamethat.HeboughtmethesamewatchasIlostlastweek.他買了一塊和我上星期丟的一樣的表。（一樣，但不是同一個）HeboughtmethesamewatchthatIlostlastweek.他把我上星期丟的那塊表又買回來了。（同一個）當非限定性定語從句的先行詞不是主