軸承壽命外文翻譯參考文獻(xiàn)

1、外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯（含：英文原文及中文譯文）英文原文EXTENDING BEARING LIFEAbstractNature works hard to destroy bearings, but their chances of survival can be improved by following a few simple guidelines. Extreme neglect in a bearing leads to overheating and possibly seizure or, at worst, an explosion. But even a failed bearing

2、 leaves clues as to what went wrong. After a little detective work, action can be taken to avoid a repeat performance.Keywords: bearings failures lifeThere are many causes of bearing failure, but common ones are improper use, contamination, improper use of lubricants, damage during installation or h

3、andling, and mounting errors. It is not difficult to diagnose the cause of the failure because the traces left on the bearings can determine the cause of the bearing failure.However, when post-hoc investigations provide valuable information, it is best to avoid failures completely by properly select

4、ing the bearings first. In order to do this, it is important to review the manufacturer's dimensional positioning guidelines and the use characteristics of the selected bearings.1 Cause of bearing failureAbout 40% of ball bearing failures are caused by dust, dirt, debris, and corrosion. Contamin

5、ation is usually caused by incorrect use and poor use of the environment. It also causesproblems with torque and noise. Bearing failures caused by the environment and contamination are preventable, and simple visual inspection can determine the cause of such failures.Through post-failure analysis, y

6、ou can find out what aspects of bearings that have failed or are about to fail should be viewed. Understanding the mechanisms of failure such as erosion and fatigue failure can help eliminate the root cause of the problem.As long as it is used and installed properly, erosion of the bearing is easily

7、 avoided. Erosion is characterized by the presence of indentations on the raceways of the bearing ring caused by impact loads or incorrect installation. Erosion usually occurs when the load exceeds the yield limit of the material. If the installation is incorrect so that a load traversing the bearin

8、g ring can also produce erosion. The pits on the bearing rings also produce noise, vibration and additional torque.A similar defect is the elliptical indentation that occurs when the bearing does not rotate due to the ball oscillating between the bearing rings. This kind of damage is called low eros

9、ion. This type of damageoccurs in both the equipment in transit and the equipment that is still vibrating when not in use. In addition, the debris generated by low-frequency chattering act like abrasive particles and further damage the bearing. Unlike denudation, low charge erosion is often characte

10、rized by fretting corrosion that produces a reddish color in the lubricant.Eliminating the source of vibration and maintaining good bearing lubrication can prevent low load chatter. Isolating the device or isolating the base can reduce the vibration of the environment. In addition, adding a small pr

11、eload on the bearing not only helps the ball and the bearing ring to maintain close contact, but also helps to prevent the low load eroding generated during the transportation of the equipment.Causes of bearing seizures are due to lack of internal clearance, improper lubrication and excessive loads.

12、 Before it gets stuck, excessive friction and heat soften the bearing steel. Overheated bearings usually change color and generally turn blue-black or yellowish. Friction also forces the cage, which can damage the support frame and accelerate bearing failure.Premature fatigue failure of materials is

13、 caused by excessive preload after heavy load. If these conditions are unavoidable, the bearing life should be carefully calculated to develop a maintenance plan.Another solution is to change the material. If standard bearing materials do not guarantee adequate bearing life, special materials should

14、 be used. In addition, if this problem is caused by excessive loads, bearings with stronger load carrying capacity or other structures should be used.Creep is not as common as premature fatigue. The creep of the bearing is caused by the excessive clearance between the shaft and the inner ring. The h

15、arm caused by creep is very large. It not only damages the bearings but also destroys other parts.The obvious features of peristaltic motion are scratches, scratches, or changes in the color of the shaft and the inner ring. In order to prevent creep, the components of the bearing housing and the sha

16、ft should be visually inspected first.Creep is related to improper installation. If the bearing ring is not correct or tilted, the ball will move along a non-circular orbit. This problem is caused by incorrect installation or incorrect tolerances or insufficient verticality at the bearing installati

17、on site. If the deflection is more than 0.25 , th°e bearing will prematurely fail.It is much more difficult to check the contamination of the lubricant than to check for improper assembly or creep. Contamination is characterized by premature bearing wear. Solid impurities in lubricants act like

18、 abrasive particles. Poor lubrication between the ball and cage can also wear and weaken the cage. In this case, lubrication is critical to a fully processed form of cage. In contrast, ribbon or crown cages make iteasier to get the lubricant to the entire surface.Rust is a form of moisture pollution

19、, and its presence often indicates that the material is not properly selected. If a material is tested to meet the requirements of the job, the easiest way to prevent rust is to package the bearings until the package opens.2 methods to avoid failureThe best way to solve the bearing failure problem i

20、s to avoid failure. This can be achieved by considering key performance features during the selection process. These characteristics include noise, starting and running torque, stiffness, non-repetitive runout, and radial and axial clearances.The torque requirement is determined by the quality of th

21、e lubricant, cage, bearing ring (roundness of the bend and surface finish) and whether seals or shields are used. The viscosity of the lubricant must be carefully chosen because unsuitable lubricants generate excessive torque, especially in small bearings. In addition, different lubricants have diff

22、erent noise characteristics. For example, grease generates more noise than oil. Therefore, lubricants should be selected according to different uses. During the rotation of the bearing, if there is a random eccentricity between the inner ring and the outer ring, a non-repetitive oscillation (NRR) ve

23、ry similar to that of the cam motion occurs. NRR is caused by the size error of the cage and the eccentricity of the bearing ring and the ball. Unlike repetitive vibration, NRR is not compensated.In the industry, bearings of different types and accuracy levels are generally selected according to the

24、 specific application. For example, when the minimum vibration is required, the non-repetitive oscillation of the bearing cannot exceed 0.3m. Similarly, the machine tool spindle canonly tolerate minimal runout to ensure cutting accuracy. Therefore, non-repetitively-oscillating bearings should be use

25、d in machine tool applications.In many industrial products, contamination is unavoidable, so seals or shields are often used to protect the bearings from dust or dirt. However, due to the movement of the inner and outer rings of the bearing, the sealing of the bearing cannot reach a perfect level. T

26、herefore, leakage and contamination of the lubricating oil is always an unsolved problem.Once the bearing is contaminated, the lubricant deteriorates and the operating noise increases. If the bearing overheats, it will get stuck. When the contaminant is between the ball and the bearing ring, its eff

27、ect is the same as that between the metal surface, which can cause the bearing to wear. The use of seals and shields to stop dirt is a method of controlling contamination.Noise is an indicator of bearing quality. Bearing performance can be expressed in different noise levels.The analysis of noise wa

28、s performed using Anderson meters, which can be used to control the quality of the bearings, as well as to analyze the failed bearings. A sensor is attached to the outer ring of the bearing while the inner ring rotates at a spindle speed of 1800r/min. The unit of measurementnoise is anderon. That is

29、, bearing displacement expressed by um/rad.According to experience, observers can identify minor defects based on sound. For example, dust produces irregular hum; ball scratches create a continuous blasting sound that is most difficult to determine; inner ring damage usually produces continuous high

30、-frequency noise, and outer ring damage creates a kind of Intermittent sounds.Bearing defects can be further identified by their frequency characteristics. Bearing defects are usually divided into three bands: low, medium and high. Defects can also be identified based on the number of irregular chan

31、ges that occur each rotation of the bearing.Low-frequency noise is a result of irregular changes in the long-wavelength band. This irregular change in bearing rotation can occur 1.6 to 10 times per revolution, and they are caused by various interferences (such as pits in bearing ring raceways). A pe

32、rceptible pit is a manufacturing defect that is formed during the manufacturing process due to the too tight grip of the multi-jaw chuck.IF noise is characterized by an irregular change of 10 to 60 times per rotation of the bearing. This defect is caused by vibrations that occur inthe grinding of be

33、aring rings and balls. The high-frequency irregular changes of the bearing occur every 60 to 300 times, which indicates that there are dense vibration marks or a large area of roughness on the bearing.Bearings are categorized using the noise characteristics of the bearings. Users can determine the n

34、oise level of the bearings in addition to the ABEC standards used by most manufacturers. The ABEC standard only defines dimensional tolerances such as hole, outside diameter, and runout. As the ABEC level increases (from 3 to 9), the tolerance becomes smaller. However, the ABEC rating does not refle

35、ct other bearing characteristics such as bearing ring quality, roughness, noise, etc. Therefore, the classification of noise levels contributes to the improvement of industry standards.中文譯文如何延長軸承壽命 摘要自然界苛刻的工作條件會(huì)導(dǎo)致軸承的失效,但是如果遵循一些簡單的規(guī)則,軸 承正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的機(jī)會(huì)是能夠被提高的。在軸承的使用過程當(dāng)中,過分的忽視會(huì)導(dǎo)致軸承的過熱現(xiàn)象 ,也可能使軸承不能夠再被使用,甚至完全的破壞

36、。但是一個(gè)被損壞的軸承,會(huì)留下它為什么被損壞的線索。通過一些細(xì)致的偵察工作,我們可以采取行動(dòng)來避免軸承的再 次失效。關(guān)鍵詞 :軸承 失效 壽命導(dǎo)致軸承失效的原因很多,但常見的是不正確的使用、污染、潤滑劑使用不當(dāng)、裝卸或搬運(yùn)時(shí)的損傷及安裝誤差等。診斷失效的原因并不困難,因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)軸承上留下的痕跡可以確定軸承失效的原因。然而,當(dāng)事后的調(diào)查分析提供出寶貴的信息時(shí),最好首先通過正確地選定軸承來完全避免失效的發(fā)生。為了做到這一點(diǎn),再考察一下制造廠商的尺寸定位指南和所選軸承的使用特點(diǎn)是非常重要的。1 軸承失效的原因在球軸承的失效中約有40%是由灰塵、臟物、 碎屑的污染以及腐蝕造成的。污染通常是由不正確的使用

37、和不良的使用環(huán)境造成的 ,它還會(huì)引起扭矩和噪聲的問題。由環(huán)境和污染所產(chǎn)生的軸承失效是可以預(yù)防的,而且通過簡單的肉眼觀察是可以確定產(chǎn)生這類失效的原 因。通過失效后的分析可以得知對已經(jīng)失效的或?qū)⒁У妮S承應(yīng)該在哪些方面進(jìn)行查看。弄清諸如剝蝕和疲勞破壞一類失效的機(jī)理有助于消除問題的根源。只要使用和安裝合理,軸承的剝蝕是容易避免的。剝蝕的特征是在軸承圈滾道上留有由沖擊載荷或不正確的安裝產(chǎn)生的壓痕。剝蝕通常是在載荷超過材料屈服極限時(shí)發(fā)生的。如果安裝不正確從而使某一載荷橫穿軸承圈也會(huì)產(chǎn)生剝蝕。軸承圈上的壓坑還會(huì)產(chǎn)生噪聲、振動(dòng)和附加扭矩。類似的一種缺陷是當(dāng)軸承不旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)由于滾珠在軸承圈間振動(dòng)而產(chǎn)生的橢圓形壓

38、痕。這種破壞稱為低荷振蝕。這種破壞在運(yùn)輸中的設(shè)備和不工作時(shí)仍振動(dòng)的設(shè)備中都會(huì)產(chǎn)生。此外 ,低荷振蝕產(chǎn)生的碎屑的作用就象磨粒一樣,會(huì)進(jìn)一步損害軸承。與剝蝕不同,低荷振蝕的特征通常是由于微振磨損腐蝕在潤滑劑中會(huì)產(chǎn)生淡紅色。消除振動(dòng)源并保持良好的軸承潤滑可以防止低荷振蝕。給設(shè)備加隔離墊或?qū)Φ鬃M(jìn)行隔離可以減輕環(huán)境的振動(dòng)。另外在軸承上加一個(gè)較小的預(yù)載荷不僅有助于滾珠和軸承圈保持緊密的接觸,并且對防止在設(shè)備運(yùn)輸中產(chǎn)生的低荷振蝕也有幫助。造成軸承卡住的原因是缺少內(nèi)隙、潤滑不當(dāng)和載荷過大。在卡住之前,過大的摩擦和熱量使軸承鋼軟化。過熱的軸承通常會(huì)改變顏色一般會(huì)變成藍(lán)黑色或淡黃色。摩擦還會(huì)使保持架受力,這會(huì)破

39、壞支承架 ,并加速軸承的失效。材料過早出現(xiàn)疲勞破壞是由重載后過大的預(yù)載引起的。如果這些條件不可避免,就應(yīng)仔細(xì)計(jì)算軸承壽命,以制定一個(gè)維護(hù)計(jì)劃。另一個(gè)解決辦法是更換材料。若標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的軸承材料不能保證足夠的軸承壽命,就應(yīng)當(dāng)采用特殊的材料。另外 ,如果這個(gè)問題是由于載荷過大造成的,就應(yīng)該采用抗載能力更強(qiáng)或其他結(jié)構(gòu)的軸承。蠕動(dòng)不象過早疲勞那樣普遍。軸承的蠕動(dòng)是由于軸和內(nèi)圈之間的間隙過大造成的。蠕動(dòng)的害處很大,它不僅損害軸承,也破壞其他零件。為了防止蠕動(dòng)的明顯特征是劃痕、擦痕或軸與內(nèi)圈的顏色變化。蠕動(dòng),應(yīng)該先用肉眼檢查一下軸承箱件和軸的配件。蠕動(dòng)與安裝不正有關(guān)。如果軸承圈不正或翹起,滾珠將沿著一個(gè)非圓周軌道

40、運(yùn)動(dòng)。這個(gè)問題是由于安裝不正確或公差不正確或軸承安裝現(xiàn)場的垂直度不夠造成的。如果偏斜超過0.25 °,軸承就會(huì)過早地失效。檢查潤滑劑的污染比檢查裝配不正或蠕動(dòng)要困難得多。污染的特征是使軸承過早的出現(xiàn)磨損。潤滑劑中的固體雜質(zhì)就象磨粒一樣。如果滾珠和保持架之間潤滑不良也會(huì)磨損并削弱保持架。在這種情況下,潤滑對于完全加工形式的保持架來說是至關(guān)重要的。相比之 下 ,帶狀或冠狀保持架能較容易地使?jié)櫥瑒┑竭_(dá)全部表面。銹是濕氣污染的一種形式,它的出現(xiàn)常常表明材料選擇不當(dāng)。如果某一材料經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)適合工作要求,那么防止生銹的最簡單的方法是給軸承包裝起來,直到安裝使用時(shí)才打開包裝。2 避免失效的方法解決軸承失效問題的最好辦法就是避免失效發(fā)生。這可以在選用過程中通過考慮關(guān)鍵性能特征來實(shí)現(xiàn)。這些特征包括噪聲、起動(dòng)和運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)扭矩