華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物生理生化之內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)的生理功能

1、現(xiàn)在開始學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)的生理功能，那么內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)呢主要是有機(jī)體內(nèi)各種內(nèi)分泌腺以及分散存在于某些組織器官中間的內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞共同組成的一個(gè)信息傳遞系統(tǒng)。那么這些組織器官可以包括腎啊，肝啊，腸道啊等等Now, we begin to study the physiological functions of the endocrine system. The endocrine system is mainly an information transmission system composed of various endocrine glands and endocrine cells scatt

2、ered in some certain tissues and organs. Then these tissues and organs include kidney, liver, intestine, etc.機(jī)體內(nèi)的內(nèi)分泌腺有很多種，我們可以依次看到下丘腦,松果體，腦垂體，甲狀旁腺，甲狀腺，胸腺，還有腎上腺,胰腺，卵巢以及睪丸等等。There are many endocrine glands in the body. We can see the hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, parathyroid gland, thyr

3、oid gland, thymus gland, and adrenal gland, Pancreas, ovary, testicles in turn.那么內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)在我們動(dòng)物體內(nèi)發(fā)揮著非常重要的作用，首先他能夠維持內(nèi)環(huán)境的穩(wěn)態(tài)，比如說它可以保持這個(gè)酸堿平衡，可以維持溫度的穩(wěn)定等等這些。The endocrine system plays a very important role in our animals. Firstly, it can maintain the steady state of the internal environment, such as maintaini

4、ng acid-base balance and temperature stability.第二個(gè)， 內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)它能夠調(diào)節(jié)新陳代謝，包括我們的三大營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的物質(zhì)代謝以及整個(gè)的能量代謝的過程。Secondly, the endocrine system can regulate metabolism, including the material metabolism of our three major nutrients and the entire energy metabolism process.第三方面，內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)他能夠保證我們機(jī)體的正常的生長發(fā)育和功能的活動(dòng)。此外， 內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)，

5、他還能夠調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體的生殖繁育，那么來保證個(gè)體生命的延續(xù)和種系的繁衍。Thirdly, the endocrine system can ensure the normal growth, development and functional activities of our body. In addition, the endocrine system can also regulate the body's reproduction to ensure the continuation of individual life and the reproduction of germ l

6、ines內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)，它都是通過釋放具有生命活性的物質(zhì)，也就是激素。我們通常稱之為荷爾蒙來調(diào)節(jié)靶細(xì)胞，靶組織或者是靶器官的活動(dòng)。The endocrine system releases substances with vitality, called hormones ， to regulate the activity of target cells, target tissues or target organs.對(duì)于整個(gè)機(jī)體而言，內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)實(shí)際上它是包括靶細(xì)胞在內(nèi)的一個(gè)非常龐大的穩(wěn)態(tài)調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)。For the whole body, the endocrine system is actu

7、ally a very large steady-state regulation system including target cells.我們來了解一下激素。激素是由內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞或者是神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞所分泌出的一類具有高度生物活性的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。他能夠控制或者調(diào)整一定細(xì)胞和器官的生理、生化活動(dòng)。Let's take about hormones. Hormones are a class of highly biologically active chemicals secreted by endocrine cells or neuroendocrine cells. It can c

8、ontrol or adjust the physiological and biochemical activities of certain cells and organs.激素可以通過遠(yuǎn)距離行分泌，旁分泌， 自分泌和神經(jīng)分泌等等多種方式來傳遞相應(yīng)的化學(xué)信息，然后作用于它的靶器官和靶組織。Hormone can transmit chemical information in various of ways ,such as telecrine, paracrine , autocrine and neurocrine, and act on the corresponding targ

9、et organs or target tissues to regulate their metabolism and function.激素可以經(jīng)過血液運(yùn)輸，也就是內(nèi)分泌的這個(gè)方式呢，運(yùn)送到它的靶細(xì)胞發(fā)揮它的作用，如果分泌這個(gè)激素的細(xì)胞又是神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的話呢，這種過程就稱之為神經(jīng)分泌，Hormones can be transported through the blood, which is endocrine, to their target cells for action. If the cell producing the hormone is also a nerve cell,

10、this process is called neurosecretion.當(dāng)然分泌出來的激素也可以通過旁分泌，也就是通過這種擴(kuò)散的方式作用到它的靶細(xì)胞，發(fā)揮生理功能，同時(shí)這種激素它本身還可以對(duì)分泌它的這些細(xì)胞發(fā)揮它的一個(gè)調(diào)節(jié)功能，稱之為自分泌。Of course, the secreted hormone can also act on its target cells through paracrine, that is diffusion, and perform physiological functions. At the same time, the hormone itself

11、can also play a regulatory function on the cells secreting it, which is called autocrine.:我們通常將激素分為三大類，第一類是多肽或者蛋白質(zhì)類等激素，其中肽類的激素主要包括有下丘腦的激素降鈣素，胰島素胰高血糖素。胃腸道激素，促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素，促黑激素等。蛋白質(zhì)類的激素呢，就主要有生長素，催乳素，促甲狀腺素和甲狀旁腺素等等，We usually divide hormones into three categories. The first category is hormones suchas peptid

12、es or proteins. Among them, peptide hormones mainly include hypothalamic hormones, calcitonin, and insulin glucagon. Gastrointestinal hormones, adrenocorticotropic hormones, melanocyte stimulating hormones, etc. Protein hormones include auxin, prolactin, thyrotropin, and parathyroid hormone, etc.第二類

13、是胺類激素，主要都是酪氨酸衍生物。包括甲狀腺素，兒茶酚胺類激素。褪黑素等等。兒茶酚胺類素呢，通常就是包括有腎上腺素，去甲腎上腺素，多巴胺等。因?yàn)榘奉?、肽類和蛋白質(zhì)類激素都含有氮元素，故把他們又合稱為含氮激素。The second category is amine hormones, mainly tyrosine derivatives, including thyroxine, catecholamine hormones, melatonin and so on. Catecholamines, including epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamin

14、e, etc. Because amines, peptides and protein hormones all contain nitrogen, they are collectively called nitrogen-containing hormones.第三類是脂類激素，他們都是脂質(zhì)的衍生物，包括有類固醇激素。比如皮質(zhì)醇、雌激素、雄激素等等，以及固醇激素，比如 1、25-二羥維生素D3。以及脂肪酸的衍生物，例如前列 腺激素等等這些激素。The third category is lipid hormones, which are derivatives of lipids, in

15、cluding steroids, such as cortisol, estrogen, androgen and so on, as well as sterol hormones, including 1, 25- dihydroxyvitamin D3, and fatty acid derivatives, including prostate hormones.激素它有它的作用特點(diǎn)，首先它是起到一個(gè)信息傳遞的作用，也就是說激素它本身不會(huì)引起機(jī)體的反應(yīng)。它只能將這個(gè)信息傳遞到他的靶細(xì)胞作為一種第一信使的作用，然后引起細(xì)胞內(nèi)產(chǎn)生第二信使的改變，然后引起后續(xù)的效應(yīng)。The charact

16、eristic of hormone is to play a role of information transmission, it does not cause the body's response itself, and can only use the role of the first messenger to send this information to its target cells, and then cause the second messenger changes in the cell, causing the subsequent effect.激素

17、的作用還有特異性，也就是說它具有組織特異性、效應(yīng)特異性。也就是說，他只針對(duì)它的靶組織，它會(huì)發(fā)揮它相應(yīng)的作用。The function of hormone also has the specificity. It has the tissue specificity and the effect specificity. It only acts on its target tissue.第三個(gè)，激素的作用具有高效性，我們來看一下激素作用的一個(gè)高效能生物放大系統(tǒng).我們可以看到下丘腦分泌0.1心g的CRH,腺垂體呢，就分泌 1心g的ACTH,腎上腺皮質(zhì)呢，會(huì)產(chǎn)生40 ag的糖皮質(zhì)激素。這樣的話整

18、個(gè)效益就放大了400倍。這就是體現(xiàn)出來我們激素的高效性。Third, the effects of hormones are highly effective. Let's take a look at a very efficient bioamplification system for hormonal action. We can see that for every 0.1 心 g of CRH secreted by the hypothalamus, the adenohypophysis secretes 1 心 g ACTH, which then causes th

19、e adrenal cortex to produce 40 心 g of glucocorticoids. So the overall benefit is magnified by 400 times, which shows the efficiency of hormones.第四個(gè)作用特點(diǎn)就是激素相互之間它會(huì)有一些相互作用，比如說協(xié)同作用，胰高血糖素和甲狀腺激素，他們可以協(xié)同的升高血液里的血糖濃度。而胰島素是降低血糖激素。它的作用和胰高血糖素就會(huì)起到頡頏的作用。Fourth, there are some interactions between hormones, such as synergy. Glucagon and thyroid hormones can synergistically to raise blood sugar levels. Insulin, on the other