現(xiàn)代大學(xué)英語精讀5Book unit 5 Love is a Fallacy

1、.Lesson Five Lesson Five Love is a Fallacy - by Max Shulman. Teaching ContentsPreview: a discussion on love and recognition of logical fallaciesBackground: Max Schulman; logic fallaciesText analysis: the structure; writing techniques; the figurative language Extension: Writing-Love is a Fallacy or N

2、ot.uLove is an easy game to play. uLove is blue, like the blue in blue movies. uLove is blind.uLove is a kind of emotion thatu makes you feel up and down.uLove is a fallacy. Once you get used to each other, it becomes life, no more love existing.uLove is in giving rather than in taking. How do you t

3、hink of some of the following viewpoints concerning love? (work in groups)uOne is half when he/she is born. He/She spends most of his/her time in search of the other half. Eventually, he/she finds his/her love. . Yesterday-BeatlesYesterday, All my troubles seemed so far away, Now it looks as though

4、theyre here to stay, Oh, I believe in yesterday. Suddenly, Im not half the man I used to be, Theres a shadow hanging over me, Oh, yesterday came suddenly. Why she Had to go I dont know, she wouldnt say. I said, Something wrong, now I long for yesterday. Yesterday, Love was such an easy game to play,

5、 Now I need a place to hide away, Oh, I believe in yesterday. Why she Had to go I dont know, she wouldnt say. I said, Something wrong, now I long for yesterday. Yesterday, Love was such an easy game to play, Now I need a place to hide away, Oh, I believe in yesterday. .Love is blue.Blue, blue my wor

6、ld is blue Blue is my world now I m without you Grey, grey my life is grey Cold is my heart since you went away Red, red my eyes are red Crying for you alone in my bed Green, green my jealous heart I doubted you and now we re apart When we met how the bright sun shone Then love is die Now the rainbo

7、w is gone Black, black the night Ive known longing for you so lost and alone Gone, gone the love we knew Blue is my world now Im without you .The AuthorLogic Fallacies.Max Shulman (1919 - 1988) is one of the Americas best-known humorists. He is a writer of many talents - he has written novels, stori

8、es, Broadway plays, movie scenarios and television scripts. Max Shulman is best remembered for creating the popular character Dobie Gillis, a typical American teen who frequently suffered from romantic angst, a feeling of persistent worry. The character appeared on a popular television sitcom (i.e.

9、situation comedy情景劇) during the 1950s and was in a feature film in 1953. .Other works by Max Shulman.II. Logic FallaciesII. Logic Fallacies uDicto Simpliciter (絕對判斷絕對判斷) uHasty Generalization(草率結(jié)論草率結(jié)論, 不完全歸納不完全歸納) uPost Hoc (牽強(qiáng)附會牽強(qiáng)附會, 假性因果假性因果) uContradictory Premises (矛盾前提, 二立背反，大前提有毛病 uAd Miserico

10、rdiam：拉丁文，意思為訴諸同情：拉丁文，意思為訴諸同情 (a Latin phrase meaning to pity ; a fallacy in logic of appealing to pity or compassion. ) uFalse Analogy (錯誤類比錯誤類比) uHypothesis Contrary to Fact (與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)) uPoisoning the Well (投毒下井).Argument In order to understand what a fallacy is, one must understand what an

11、 argument is. Very briefly, an argument consists of one or more premises and one conclusion. There are two main types of arguments: deductive and inductive. A deductive argument is an argument such that the premises provide complete support for the conclusion. An inductive argument is an argument su

12、ch that the premises provide some degree of support (but less than complete support) for the conclusion. .歸納法與演繹法 （前提與結(jié)論）某農(nóng)婦養(yǎng)小雞10只，公母各半，她預(yù)備母雞養(yǎng)大生蛋，公雞則養(yǎng)至100天后陸續(xù)殺以佐餐。天天早晨她拿米喂雞。到100天的早晨，一只公雞正這樣想到：第一天早晨有米吃，第二天早晨有米吃，第99天早晨有米吃，所以今天，是第100天，一定有米吃但是農(nóng)婦把這只雞殺了人總是要死的，但死的意義有不同。中國古時候有個文學(xué)家叫做司馬遷的說過：“人固有一死，或重于泰山，或輕于鴻毛

13、。”為人民利益而死，就比泰山還重；替法西斯賣力，替剝削人民和壓迫人民的人去死，就比鴻毛還輕。張思德同志是為人民利益而死的，他的死是比泰山還要重的。 為人民服務(wù)毛澤東.Fallacy Fallacies are defects in an argument - other than false premises - which cause an argument to be invalid, unsound(無根據(jù)的,有缺點(diǎn)地) or weak. By understanding what fallacies are, you can avoid making them and more eas

14、ily detect them in the work of others 1) an idea which many people believe to be true but which is in fact false because it is based on incorrect information or faulty reasoning.2) a weakness and lack of logic or good sense in an argument or piece of arguing. E.g. The belief that women are always we

15、aker than men is just a fallacy. . PractisingPractising Analyze the following fallacies with the help of the text. .1) People all over the world are peace-loving. 2) His parents love him. His Miss Right loves him, too. So, everybody he knows loves him. 3) Dont eat eggs before an exam. I am flunked（不

16、及格） every time when I take an exam after eating an egg. 4) He decided to give up all his decisions. (Dicto Simpliciter) (絕對判斷絕對判斷）(Hasty Generalization)（草率結(jié)論）（草率結(jié)論）(Post Hoc.)（牽強(qiáng)附會）（牽強(qiáng)附會）(Contradictory Premises)（矛盾前提）（矛盾前提） Analyze the following fallacies.5) When the interviewer asks the job-hunter

17、to make a brief self-introduction, he replies that he has to find a job to afford his old parents and young children who are now suffering from hunger. (Ad Misericordiam)（ 訴諸同情）6) We can take books and food in the train, then shouldnt we take a bomb with us in the train? (False Analogy)（錯誤類比）7) If C

18、hinese people had not overthrown the Kuomingtang Regime, we would not live a happy life today. (Hypothesis Contrary to Fact)（與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)）.8) When the new teacher asked Peter to answer the question, Tom rose to his feet and said: “Peter is a dunce(蠢材，笨學(xué)生）, he knows nothing about what you are talking abo

19、ut.” (Poisoning the Well)（井下投毒）9) All students in this university can speak English well. (Dicto Simpliciter)（絕對判斷） 10. I will not go to the library any more, because every time I go there, it rains. (Post Hoc.) （牽強(qiáng)附會）.Learning of Logic FallaciesAppreciation of logic fallacies. 1.Dicto Simpliciter (

20、絕對判斷）the fallacy is committed by an argument that applies a general rule to a particular case in which some special circumstances make the rule inappropriate.Examples:Car is fast. Therefore every time we hang out, we should drive a car.Dog is a pet. Everyone likes it.Post education is beneficial. so

21、 everyone should at least get a bachelor degree. Japanese waged a war to Chinese, which had nothing to do with humanity but everything to do with aggression. Therefore every Japanese is guilty and should be condemned. .2. Hasty Generalization（草率結(jié)論）- The fallacy argues improperly from a special case

22、to a general rule. Examples:A sports program is interesting. An entertainment program is interesting. A TV series is interesting. Therefore every TV program is interesting. I havent seen a UFO; Jason hasnt either; Ms Yan hasnt probably; so no UFO at all. . Hasty Generalization (Cont.)lMr Wangs handw

23、riting is terrible. Mr. Hus handwriting is also terrible and you know how terrible mens handwriting is .l- It applies a special case to general rule. That fact that certain persons handwriting is bad doesnt imply that all mens handwriting is bad.3. Post Hoc（牽強(qiáng)附會）- This fallacy assumes that if event

24、Y happened after event X, then X must be the cause of Y.Examples:Dont sing this song. Every time you sing this song, the baby gets sick. I never drink purified water, each time I do Ill get diarrhea. dari:（腹瀉）His eyes are very big, so he must have good eyesight. .4. Contradictory Premises（矛盾前提）-The

25、conclusion is contradictory to the premise This is the mightiest sword which is able to shatter any shield, and that is the most indestructible shield which is capable of enduring any stroke.I think he is the invincible不可戰(zhàn)勝的 man in the world, and nothing is powerful enough to defeat him. But, of cou

26、rse, he has certain drawbacks that might cause him lose. .5. Ad Misericordiam （訴諸同情，文不對題）-The fallacy of irrelevant conclusion is committed when the conclusion changes the point that is at issue in the premises“He was late to the class today.” “Because he was scolded by his mother yesterday.”“ Have

27、you had lunch?” “ I got up late this morning, and unfortunately I fell down from my bike when riding to school.” .Ad misericordian (an appeal to pity) Look at this fourteen-year-old child whos run away from home to hide her shame- pregnant, unwashed, friendless. penniless, at the mercy of our social

28、 service agencies. Can you till claim that sex should be taught in the classroom?“l(fā)- In this shifty approach to argumentation, the writer gives tear jerking descriptions of the cruel opponents victims in order to arouse sympathy from the reader.6. False Analogy（錯誤類比）Since we have moon cakes in the M

29、oon Festival, why dont we have spring cakes in the Spring Festival? Before the founding of the Peoples Republic, eating rotten vegetables and bran was so common to the people. So I dont think it is unbearable to eat the remains of the meal. .False Analogy (Cont.)l High school should not require a fr

30、eshman writing course . Harvard doesnt require a freshman writing course, and the students get along fine without it.l- The analogy is false because the two items dont have strong enough similarities to predict that what happens in one will happen in the other.7. Hypothesis Contrary to Fact（與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)

31、）If the gunpowder hadnt been invented, there wouldnt have been so many wars in the world.How could you have passed the exam what if I hadnt told you the answer in advance? .8. Poisoning the Well（井下投毒）- “speaking against the man” This fallacy makes a personal attack on a person who holds some thesis,

32、 instead of offering grounds showing why what he says is false.Dont listen to any word from him, for he is most shameful cheating around the world. The defendant killed the victim cruelly, I suggest Lord sentence him guilty. .SettingPlotConflictCharactersPoint of viewTheme Elements of a storyAn Amer

33、ican university Dobie Gillis intends to marry Polly Espy, who is his roommate, Petey Burchs girlfriend through his suitable re-education. Protagonist: Dobie Gillis Antagonist: Petey Burch & Polly EspyThe first person point of viewLogics & Love.Structure of the storyPart I (4-59):Part II (60-61):Part

34、 III (62-98):Part IV (99-123):Part V (124-125):Part VI (126-154):the deal between Dobbie and Peteythe first date between Dobbie and Pollythe second datethe third datethe transitional paragraph the final date. The function of the first 3 paras.The authors idea about this story: this essay is even fre

35、er, even more informal than the ones Lamb wrote. The authors notesThe authors idea about the purpose of this story: logic is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion and trauma.Key words(1) Pedantic: Characterized by a narrow, often ostentatious concern for book learning and formal rules 迂

36、腐的， 乏味 a pedantic attention to details. 學(xué)究式地注意細(xì)枝末節(jié) a pedantic style of writing; 學(xué)究式的寫作風(fēng)格； an academic insistence on precision; 一種學(xué)院式的苛求精神； donnish refinement of speech; 學(xué)究式的雅語； (2) of Sundays (colloquial) A long time.Part I (paras 4-59)NarratorPeteyPollyroommatesloversCool; logical; keen; calculatin

37、g; perspicacious; acute; astute; as powerful as a dynamo; as precise as a chemists scaleDumb as an ox; nice but nothing upstairs; emotional; unstable; impressionable; a faddistBeautiful; gracious; an erectness of carriage; an ease of bearing; the best of breeding; exquisite manners; unintelligent.Wh

38、at did they want respectively? What happened among them?They made a dealIs a bargain? Will you take the coat?.What is the topic sentence of Para. 50? How does the writer develop the idea expressed in the topic sentence? He was a torn man. The writer develops the paragraph by illustrative example of

39、the behavior of the torn man. .Examples of Ellipsis and Inversion Examples of Antithesis Para. 27, 50 Example of HyperbolePara. 4,50Para. 5, 14, 16, 21, 25, 36. American Colloquialism and Slang (1) nothing upstairs (slang):(2) pin-up (colloquialism):(3) keen (slang):(4) kid (colloquialism):(5) go st

40、eady (colloquialism):(6) causal kick (colloquialism or slang):empty-headed; the corresponding British slang is “unfurnished in the upper storey”.designating a girl whose sexual attractiveness makes her a subject for the kind of pictures often pinned up on wallsgood, fine, excellenta young personto d

41、ate someone of the opposite sex regularly and exclusivelyan occasional pleasure; not a serious commitment.Key Sentences1. Charles Lamb, as merry and enterprising a fellow as you will meet in a month of Sundays, unfettered the informal essay with his memorable Old China and Dreams Children.古瓷和夢中的孩子像C

42、harles Lamb這樣快樂和富有創(chuàng)新精神的人物并不常見，他寫了古瓷和夢中的孩子這兩篇文章，這兩篇文章可以說解放了散文。.2. Fads, I submit, are the very negation of reason. (Para 5)Suggest; proposeThe complete lack of some positive characterSound thoughtI believe following passing crazes shows a complete lack of sound judgment.Fad stresses the impulsive ent

43、husiasm with which a fashion is taken up for a short time.Fashion is the prevailing custom in dress, manners, speech, etc. of a particular place or time.3. One afternoon I found Petey lying on his bed with an expression of such distress on his face that I immediately diagnosed appendicitis. (Para 6)

44、闌尾炎闌尾炎One afternoon, when I went back to my dorm, Petey was lying on his bed. He wore such a depressed look that I came to the conclusion at once that he was suffering from appendicitis.4. My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear. (Para 20)began to work at high speed or efficiency

45、My brain, which is as precise as a chemists scales, began to work at high speed.Mixed metaphorBraina machine that has gearsBrainprecision instrument.5. She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions, but I was not one to let my heart rule my head. I wanted Polly for a shrewdly calculated, enti

46、rely cerebral reason. (Para 23)metonymyHeart-Feelings and emotionsHead-Reason and good senseShe was beautiful and attractive enough to arouse the desires and passions of men, but I would not let feelings or emotions get the upper hand of reason or good sense. I wanted Polly entirely for a carefully

47、thought out reason.requiring the use of the intellect.6. She was not yet of pin-up proportions, but I felt sure that time would supply the lack. (Para 25)lines or shape of the bodySupply what is wantingShe was not yet fully developed like pin-up girls but I felt sure that, given time, she would fill

48、 up and become just as glamorous. glmrs . 富有魅力的;迷人的 .7. In fact, she veered in the opposite direction. (Para 27)To change direction; to shiftIn fact, she went in the opposite direction. This a sarcastic way of saying that she was rather stupid.8. If you were out of the picture, the field would be op

49、en. (Para 34)Metaphor?Comparing the competing for friendship to an athletic event.not considered as involved in a situationAn area where games are heldIf youre no longer involved with her (if you stop dating her) others would be free to compete for her friendship.9. Back and forth his head swiveled,

50、 desire waxing, resolution waning. (Para 50)His head turned back and forth (looking at the coat then looking away from the coat). Every time he looked, his desire for the coat grew stronger and his resolution not to give away Polly became weaker.Distinguish WordsKeen 敏捷的，敏銳的Acute五官，感受，智力Astute 狡猾的；詭

51、計(jì)多端Perspicacious敏銳，穎悟,敏于判斷與了解， 敏捷Calculating有心計(jì)，精明的A vigorous and forceful ability to grapple with complex or obscure problems. e.g. a keen mind for distinctionA sensitivity to nuances that might escape other. E.g. an acute awareness of sthA thorough and profound understanding. E.g. an astute assess

52、ment/evaluation of sthThe most formal of these words; it stresses intensity of perception. E.g. a perspicacious remarkShrewd and cunning. Distinguish the following words1. (of the feelings) intense, strong, deep(感情）熱烈的，強(qiáng)烈的，深刻的 a keen desire, interst, sense of loss 強(qiáng)烈的愿望、興趣、失落感keen3. (of the mind) qu

53、ick to understand （頭腦）敏捷的，精明的 intelligence 敏捷的智力He exercised keen judgment to rescue the drowning.他當(dāng)機(jī)立斷，救出了那個溺水兒童2. （of the sense) highly developed.(感覺） 靈敏的，很強(qiáng)的理解力 sight 敏銳的視力Dogs have keen sense of smell. .calculating -lIt means coldly planning and thinking about future actions and esp. whether the

54、y will be good or bad for oneself 有心計(jì)，精明的He was regarded as a calculating man.To Kate, calculating and cold, the most important thing was power. .perspicacious - fml. lThese were the fundamental difficulties, but few men were perspicacious enough to appreciate them. 這些是基本的困難，但是沒有幾個人能敏銳地意識到它們。l Toms

55、understanding to the matter is . 湯姆對這件事的理解很透徹、敏銳。 More example:It was very perspicacious of you to find the cause of the trouble so quickly.Having or showing great insight or judgement,有洞察力的，判斷力強(qiáng)的，有識別力的e.g. a perspicacious analysis of the problem對問題的精辟分析.acute - 1（of feelings or the senses) keen, sh

56、arp, penetrating （感覺或感官）敏銳的，深刻的，劇烈的 劇烈的疼痛，極度的尷尬，深深的懊悔2. shrew, perceptive, 精明的，有觀察力的Dogs have an acute sense of smell.Suffer acute pain, embarrassment, remorseHe is an acute observer and thinker.His judgement is very acute.他的判斷力很強(qiáng).astute - shrewd , quick at seeing how to gain an advantage 精明的，機(jī)敏的，狡詐

57、的l He is astute and capable. 他精明強(qiáng)干。They are astute financiers. 他們是一些詭計(jì)多端的金融家。An lawyer， elligent 聰明，明智 理解力，認(rèn)識，學(xué)習(xí)lHe was intelligent enough to turn off the gas when he was out.lHe was intelligent enough to understand my meaning form my gestures.bright -（學(xué)習(xí)，理解力）聰明，心思靈敏，反應(yīng)快lHe is a brigh

58、t child, as you can tell when you talk with him.fads- a style etc that interests many people for a short time, passing fashion enjoy very brief popularity, which, has a pejorative connotation. a cheap sort of fashion, somewhat debased. to be swayed by fads is to show a weakness for sudden and brief

59、trends.fashions are likely to be longer-lastingas fashionable is a complimentfadsfashion.Part II (60-61): the 1st dateThe result of the 1st datePollys languageDisheartening. He found out how dumb she really was. Polly was more ignorant than he had expected. The narrator realized that he had to make

60、a great effort to make Polly smart enough to be his wife. exclamatory words like “Gee, Oo, wow-dow” and clipped vulgar forms like “delish, marvy, sensaysh”, etc. to create the impression of a simple and rather stupid girl.This contrasts strongly with the language of the narrator, thus increasing the