環(huán)球雅思入學(xué)測(cè)試題5高分班

1、環(huán)球雅思小班入學(xué)測(cè)試題READING:NUMBEROFQUESTIONS:40TIMEALLOWED:60minutes新-11版ReadingREADINGPASSAGE1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-14whicharebasedonReadingPassage1onpages9and10.SpidersilkcutsweightofbridgesAstrong,lightbio-materialmadebygenesfromspiderscouldtransformconstructionandindustryAScientistsha

2、vesucceededincopyingthesilk-producinggenesoftheGoldenOrbWeaverspiderandusingthemtocreateasyntheticmaterialwhichtheybelieveisthemodelforanewgenerationofadvancedbio-materials.Thenewmaterial,biosilk,whichhasbeenspunforthefirsttimebyresearchersatDuPont,hasanenormousrangeofpotentialusesinconstructionandm

3、anufacturing.BTheattractionofthesilkspunbythespiderisacombinationofgreatstrengthandenormouselasticity,whichman-madefibreshavebeenunabletoreplicate.Onanequal-weightbasis,spidersilkisfarstrongerthansteelanditisestimatedthatifasinglestrandcouldbemadeabout10mindiameter,itwouldbestrongenoughtostopajumboj

4、etinflight.Athirdimportantfactoristhatitisextremelylight.Armyscientistsarealreadylookingatthepossibilitiesofusingitforlightweight,bullet-proofvestsandparachutes.CForsometime,biochemistshavebeentryingtosynthesizethedrag-linesilkoftheGoldenOrbWeaver.Thedrag-linesilk,whichformstheradialarmsoftheweb,iss

5、trongerthantheotherpartsofthewebandsomebiochemistsbelieveasyntheticversioncouldprovetobeasimportantamaterialasnylon,whichhasbeenaroundfor50years,sincethediscoveriesofWallaceCarothersandhisteamusheredintheageofpolymers.DTorecreatethematerial,scientists,includingRandolphLewisattheUniversityofWyoming,f

6、irstexaminedthesilk-producingglandofthespider.Wetookouttheglandsthatproducethesilkandlookedatthecodingfortheproteinmaterialtheymake,whichisspunintoaweb.WethenwentlookingforcloneswiththerightDNA,"hesays.EAtDuPont,researchershaveusedbothyeastandbacteriaashoststogrowtherawmaterial,whichtheyhavespu

7、nintofibres.RobertDorsch,Dupont&directorofbiochemicaldevelopment,saystheglobulesofprotein,comparablewithmarblesinanegg,areharvestedandprocessed.Webreakopenthebacteria,separateouttheglobulesofproteinandusethemastherowstartingmaterial.Withyeast,thegenesystemcanbedesignedsothatthematerialexcretesth

8、eproteinoutsidetheyeastforbetteraccess,“hesays.FThebacteriaandtheyeastproducethesameprotein,equivalenttothatwhichthespiderusesinthedraglinesoftheweb.Thespidermixestheproteinintoawater-basedsolutionandthenspinsitintoasolidfibreinonego.Sincewearenotascleverasthespiderandwearenotusingsuchsophisticatedo

9、rganisms,wesubstitutedman-madeapproachesanddissolvedtheproteininchemicalsolvents,whicharethenspuntopushthematerialthroughsmallholestoformthesolidfibre.”GResearchersatDuPontsaytheyenvisagemanypossibleusesforanewbiosilkmaterial.Theysaythatearthquake-resistantsuspensionbridgeshungfromcablesofsynthetics

10、pidersilkfibresmaybecomeareality.Strongerropes,saferseatbelts,shoesolesthatdonotwearoutsoquicklyandtoughnewclothingareamongtheotherapplications.BiochemistssuchasLewisseethepotentialrangeofusesofbiosilkasalmostlimitless.Itisverystrongandretainselasticity,therearenoman-madematerialsthatcanmimicboththe

11、seproperties.Itisalsoabiologicalmaterialwithalltheadvantagesthathasoverpetrochemicals,“hesays.HAtDuPont?laboratories,Dorschisexcitedbytheprospectofnewsuper-strongmaterialsbuthewarnstheyaremanyyearsaway.Weareatanearlystagebuttheoreticalpredictionsarethatwewillwindupwithaverystrong,toughmaterial,witha

12、nabilitytoabsorbshock,whichisstrongerandtougherthantheman-madematerialsthatareconventionallyavailabletous,“hesays.IThespiderisnottheonlycreaturethathasarousedtheinterestofmaterialscientists.Theyhavealsobecomeenviousofthenaturaladhesivesecretedbytheseamussel.Itproducesaproteinadhesivetoattachitselfto

13、rocks.Itistediousandexpensivetoextracttheproteinfromthemussel,soresearchershavealreadyproducedasyntheticgeneforuseinsurrogatebacteria.Questions1-5ThepassagehasnineparagraphsA-IWhichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?WritethecorrectletterA-Iinboxes1-5onyouranswersheet.1 acomparisonofthewaystwom

14、aterialsareusedtoreplacesilk-producingglands2 predictionsregardingtheavailabilityofthesyntheticsilk3 on-goingresearchintoothersyntheticmaterials4 theresearchintothepartofthespiderthatmanufacturessilk5 thepossibleapplicationofthesilkincivilengineeringQuestions6-11Completetheflowchartbelow.ChooseNOMOR

15、ETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes6-11onyouranswersheet.Syntheticgenegrowthin6.or7globulesof8dissolvedin9passedthrough10toproduce11Questions12-14DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1?TRUEFALSEInboxes12-14onyouranswersheetwriteifthestate

16、mentagreeswiththeinformationifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis12 Biosilkhasalreadyreplacednyloninparachutemanufacture.13 Thespiderproducessilkofvaryingstrengths.14 LewisandDorschco-operatedinthesyntheticproductionofsilk.READINGPASSAGE2Youshouldspendabout20min

17、utesonQuestions15-27whicharebasedonReadingPassage2onpages13and14.TEACHINGINUNIVERSITIESInthe19thcentury,anAmericanacademic,Newman,characterisedauniversityas:aplaceofteachinguniversalknowledge(aplacefor)thediffusionandextensionofknowledgeratherthanitsadvancement.”Newmanarguedthatifuniversitieswerenot

18、forteachingbutratherforscientificdiscovery,thentheywouldnotneedstudents.Interestingly,duringthiscentury,whilestillteachingthousandsofstudentseachyear,theresourcesofmostuniversitieshavebeensteadilychannelledawayfromteachingintoresearchactivities.Mostrecently,however,therehavebeenstrongmovesinbothNort

19、hAmericaandtheUnitedKingdomtodevelopinitiativesthatwouldenhancetheprofileoftheteachinginstitutionsofhighereducation.Inthenearfuture,therefore,aswellastheintrinsicrewardsgainedfromworkingwithstudentsandthesensethattheyarecontributingtotheiroverallgrowthanddevelopment,thereshouldsoonbeextrinsicrewards

20、,intheformofjobpromotion,forthosepursuingacademicexcellenceinteachinginuniversities.Inthefuture,therewillbemorefocusinuniversitiesonthequalityoftheirgraduatesandtheirprogressionrates.Currentdegreecourses,whoseassessmentstrategiesrequirestudentstolearnbyroteandreiteratethecoursematerial,andwhichdonot

21、requirethestudenttointeractwiththematerial,orconstructapersonalmeaningaboutitoreventounderstandthediscipline,areresultinginpoorlearningoutcomes.Thistraditionalteachingapproachdoesnottakeintoaccountmoderntheoriesofeducation,theindividualneedsofthelearner,norhisorherpriorlearningexperience.Inorderforu

22、niversitiestoraiseboththequalityandstatusofteaching,itisfirstnecessarytohavesomekindofunderstandingofwhatconstitutesgoodpractice.A1995report,compiledinAustralia,listseightqualitiesthatresearchersagreeareessentialtogoodteaching.Goodteachers-Aarethemselvesgoodlearners-resultinginteachingthatisdynamic,

23、reflectiveandconstantlyevolvingastheylearnmoreandmoreaboutteaching;Bdisplayenthusiasmfortheirsubjectanddesiretoshareitwiththeirstudents;Crecognizetheimportanceofcontextandadjusttheirteachingaccordingly;Dencouragedeeplearningapproachesandareconcernedwithdevelopingtheirstudents?criticalthinkingskills,

24、problem-solvingskillsandproblem-approachbehaviours;Edemonstrateanabilitytotransformandextendknowledge,ratherthanmerelytransmitit;Frecogniseindividualdifferencesintheirstudentsandtakeadvantageofthese;Gsetcleargoals,usevalidassessmenttechniquesandprovidehigh-qualityfeedbacktotheirstudents;Hshowrespect

25、for,andinterestin,theirstudentsandsustainhighexpectationsofthem.Inadditiontoaimingtoengagestudentsinthelearningprocess,thereisalsoaneedtoaddressthechangingneedsofthemarketplace.Becauseinmanyacademicdisciplinesthebodyofrelevantknowledgeisgrowingatanexponentialrate,itisnolongerpossible,orevendesirable

26、,foranindividualtohaveacompleteknowledgebase.Rather,itispreferablethatheorsheshouldhaveanunderstandingoftheconceptsandtheprinciplesofthesubject,havetheabilitytoapplythisunderstandingtonewsituationsandhavethewherewithaltoseekouttheinformationthatisneeded.Astheworldcontinuestoincreaseincomplexity,univ

27、ersitygraduateswillneedtobeequippedtocopewithrapidchangesintechnologyandtoentercareersthatmaynotyetbeenvisaged,withchangeofprofessionbeingcommonplace.Toproducegraduatesequippedforthisworkforce,itisessentialthateducatorsteachinwaysthatencouragelearnerstoengageindeeplearningwhichmaybebuiltuponinthelat

28、eryearsoftheircourse,andalsobetransferredtotheworkplace.Thenewroleoftheuniversityteacher,then,isonethatfocusesonthestudents?learningratherthantheinstructor?teaching.Thesyllabusismorelikelytomovefrombeingasetoflearningmaterialsmadeupoflecturenotes,toasetoflearningmaterialsmadeupofprint,cassettes,disk

29、sandcomputerprograms.Classcontacthourswillceasetobethemajordeterminantofanacademicworkload.Theteacherwillthenbereleasedfrombeingthesolesourceofinformationtransmissionandwillbecomeinsteadmorealearningmanager,abletopaymoreattentiontothedevelopmentanddeliveryofeducationratherthancontent.Student-centred

30、learningactivitieswillalsorequireinnovativeassessmentstrategies.Traditionalassessmentandreportinghasaimedtoproduceasinglemarkorgradeforeachstudent.Themarkisintendedtoindicatethreethings:theextenttowhichthelearnedmaterialwasmasteredorunderstood;thelevelatwhichcertainskillswereperformedandthedegreetow

31、hichcertainattitudesweredisplayed.Adeeplearningapproachwouldtestastudent?abilitytoidentifyandtacklenewandunfamiliar,realworld?problems.Amajorassessmentgoalwillbetoincreasethesizeandcomplexityofassignmentsandminimisewhatcanbeachievedbymemorizingorreproducingcontent.Whereverpossible,studentswillbeinvo

32、lvedintheassessmentprocesstoassistthemtolearnhowtomakejudgementsaboutthemselvesandtheirwork.Questions15-18DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage2?Inboxes15-18onyouranswersheetwriteTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTG

33、IVENifthereisnoinformationonthis15 Newmanbelievedthattheprimaryfocusofuniversitieswasteaching.16 Jobpromotionisalreadyusedtorewardoutstandingteaching.17 Traditionalapproachestoassessmentatdegreelevelarehavinganegativeeffectonthelearningprocess.18 Universitystudentshavecomplainedaboutbadteachingandpo

34、orresults.Questions19-23LookattheeightqualitiesA-Hofgoodteachers'inReadingPassage2andthestatementsbelow(Questions19-23).Matcheachqualitytothestatementwiththesamemeaning.WritethecorrectletterA-Hinboxes19-23onyouranswersheet.Goodteachers19 canadapttheirmaterialstodifferentlearningsituations.20 ass

35、iststudentstounderstandtheaimsofthecourse.21 areinterestedindevelopingthestudentsaslearners.22 treattheirstudentswithdignityandconcern.23 continuallyimprovetheirteachingbymonitoringtheirskills.Questions24-27Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD.Writeyouranswersinboxes24-27onyouranswersheet.24 Inthefuture,

36、universitycourseswillfocusmoreonAdevelopingstudents?skillsandconcepts.Bexpendingstudents?knowledge.Cprovidingworkexperienceforstudents.Dgraduatinglargernumbersofstudents.25 Accordingtotheauthor,universitycoursesshouldpreparestudentstoAdoaspecificjobwell.Bentertraditionalprofessions.Cchangejobseasily

37、.Dcreatetheirownjobs.26 TheauthorbelievesthatnewlearningmaterialsinuniversitieswillresultinAmoreworkforteachers.Banewroleforteachers.Cmoreexpensivecourses.Dmorechoicesforstudents.27 TheauthorpredictsthatuniversityassessmenttechniqueswillincludemoreAin-classgroupassignments.Btheoreticalexams.Cproblem

38、-solvingactivities.Dstudentseminarpresentations.READINGPASSAGE3Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions28-40whicharebasedonReadingPassage3onpages18and19.Questions28-32ReadingPassage3hassixsectionsA-F.ChoosethecorrectheadingforsectionsA-Efromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethecorrectnumberi-xinboxes28-32o

39、nyouranswersheet.ListofHeadingsiContraryindicationsiiEurope®AlpineglaciersiiiGrowingconsensusonsealevelivIcecapobservationvCausesofrisingsealevelsviPanelonClimateChangeviiSealevelmonitoringdifficultiesviiiGroupresponsetoalarmingpredictionsixStockholmandScandinaviaxTheworld130,000yearsago28 Sect

40、ionA29 SectionB30 SectionC31 SectionD32 SectionERisingSeaLevelsADuringthenightof1February1953,adeadlycombinationofwindsandtideraisedtheleveloftheNorthSea,brokethroughthedykeswhichprotectedtheNetherlandsandinundatedfarmlandandvillagesasfaras64kmfromthecoast,killingthousands.Forpeoplearoundtheworldwho

41、inhabitlow-lyingareas,variationsinsealevelsareofcrucialimportanceandthescientificstudyofoceanshasattractedincreasingattention.Towardstheendofthe1970s,somescientistsbegansuggestingthatglobalwarmingcouldcausetheworld&oceanstorisebyseveralmetres.Thewarming,theyclaimed,wasaninevitableconsequenceofin

42、creasingcarbondioxideintheatmospherewhichactedlikeagreenhousetotrapheatintheair.Thegreenhousewarmingwaspredictedtoleadtorisesinsealevelsinavarietyofways.Firstly,heatingtheoceanwaterwouldcauseittoexpand.Suchexpansionmightbesufficienttoraisethesealevelby300mminthenext100years.Thentherewastheobservatio

43、nthatinEurope?sAlpinevalleysglaciershadbeenshrinkingforthepastcentury.Meltwaterfromthemountainglaciersmighthaveraisedtheoceans50mmoverthelast100yearsandtherateislikelytoincreaseinfuture.AthirdthreatisthatglobalwarmingmightcauseastoreoffrozenwaterinAntarcticatomeltwhichwouldleadtoacalamitousriseinsea

44、levelofuptofivemetres.BThechallengeofpredictinghowglobalwarmingwillchangesealevelsledscientistsofseveraldisciplinestoadoptavarietyofapproaches.In1978JHMercerpublishedalargelytheoreticalstatementthatathickslaboficecoveringmuchofWestAntarcticaisinherentlyunstable.Hesuggestedthatthisinstabilitymeanttha

45、t,givenjust5degreesCelsiusofgreenhousewarminginthesouthpolarregion,thefloatingiceshelvessurroundingtheWestAntarcticicesheetwouldbegintodisappear.Withoutthesebuttressesthegroundedicesheetwouldquicklydisintegrateandcoastlinesaroundtheworldwouldbedisastrouslyflooded.InevidenceMercerpointedoutthatbetwee

46、n130,000and110,000yearsagotherehadbeenjustsuchaglobalwarmingaswehavehadinthepast20,000yearssincethelasticeage.Inthegeologicalremainsofthatearlierperiodthereareindicationsthatthesealevelwasfivemetresabovethecurrentsealevel-justthelevelthatwouldbereachediftheWestAntarcticicesheetmelted.Thepossibilityo

47、fsuchadisastrousriseledagroupofAmericaninvestigationstoformSeaRISE(Sea-levelResponsetoIceSheetEvolution)in1990.SeaRISEreportedthepresenceoffiveactiveibestreams“drawingicefromtheinteriorofWestAntarcticaintotheRossSea.TheystatedthatthesechannelsintheWestAntarcticicesheetmaybemanifestationsofcollapseal

48、readyunderway.”CButdoubtwascastonthosedirewarningsbytheuseofcomplexcomputermodelsofclimate.Modelsofatmosphericandoceanbehaviourpredictedthatgreenhouseheatingwouldcausewarmer,wetterairtoreachAntarctica,whereitwoulddeposititsmoistureassnow.Thus,theseaicesurroundingthecontinentmightevenexpandcausingsea

49、levelstodrop.OtherobservationshavecausedscientistsworkingonAntarcticatodoubtthatsealevelswillbepushedupwardseveralmetresbysuddenmelting.Forexample,glaciologistshavediscoveredthatoneofthelargesticestreamsstoppedmovingabout130yearsago.EllenMosley-Thompson,questioningtheSeaRISEtheory,notesthaticestresm

50、sseemtostartandstop,andnobodyreallyknowswhy.HerownmeasurementsoftherateofsnowaccumulationneartheSouthPoleshowthatsnowfallshaveincreasedsubstantiallyinrecentdecadesasglobaltemperaturehasincreased.DMostresearchersarenowwillingtoacceptthathumanactivitieshavecontributedtoglobalwarming,butnoonecansaywith

51、anyassurancewhethertheAntarcticicecapisgrowingorshrinkinginresponse.AsatellitebeingplannedbytheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministrationwilluselasterrangefinderstomapchangesintheelevationofthepolaricecaps,perhapstowithin10millimetres,andshouldendthespeculation.EWhateverthefateofthepolaricecapsmaybe,

52、mostresearchersagreethatthesealeveliscurrentlyrising.That,however,isdifficulttoprove.Tidegaugesinportsaroundtheworldhavebeenmeasuringsealevelsfordecadesbutthedataareflawedbecausethelandtowhichthegaugesareattachedcanitselfbemovingupanddown.InStockholmthedatafromthesealevelgaugeshowthesealeveltobefall

53、ingatfourmillimetersayear,butthatisbecauseallScandinaviaisstillreboundingafterbeingcrushedbymassiveglaciersduringthelasticeage.Bycontrast,thegaugeatHonolulu,whichismorestable,showsthesealeveltoberisingatarateofoneandahalfmillimetersayear.Unstableregionscannotbeomittedfromthedatabecausethatwouldelimi

54、natelargeareasoftheworld.MostoftheeasternseaboardofNorthAmericaisstillsettlingafteragreaticesheetwhichcoveredEasternCanada20,000yearsagotilteditup.Andthenthereisbucklingoccurringattheedgesofthegreattectonicplatesastheyarepressedagainsteachother.Thereisalsolandsubsidenceasoilandundergroundwateristapped.InBangkok,forexample,wheretheresidentshavebeenusinggroundwater,landsubsidencemakesitappearasiftheseahasrisenbyalmostametreinthepast30years.FUsingcomplexcalculationsonthesealevelgaugedata,PeltierandTushinghamfoundthattheglobalsealevelhasbeenris