句子成分詳解

1、句子成分v （一）句子成分的定義：v 構(gòu)成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。v 句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；v 主要成分有主語和謂語；v 次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補足語、同位語和插入語。v 主語 (Subject) 表示句子說的是什么人或什么事. 是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當主語不疑問詞時）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如：1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and m

2、ore popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. 7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to ma

3、ster a foreign language.v 謂語 (Predicate) 說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：v 1、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。如： He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock.v 2、復合謂語：（1）由情態(tài)動詞加動詞原形構(gòu)成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. （2）由助動詞加動詞原形,現(xiàn)在分詞,過去分詞構(gòu)成(隨謂語動詞的時態(tài)而改變）。如： Do you speak E

4、nglish？ They are working in a field. He has caught a bad cold. （3）由系動詞加表語構(gòu)成。如： We are students.注意：謂語與主語在人稱與數(shù)方面要保持一致。v 表語(Predicative)用以說明主語的性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)與身份，它一般位于系動詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。v 表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、 副詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語及表語從句表示。例如： 1.Our teacher of English is an American.2.I

5、s it yours?3.The weather has turned cold.4.The speech is exciting.5.Three times seven is twenty one?6.His job is to teach English.7.His hobby is playing football.8.The meeting is of great importance.9.Time is up. The class is over.10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.注意：系動詞（Linking verb)用于連

6、接主語和表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。1）狀態(tài)系動詞用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，例如： He is a teacher. 2）持續(xù)系動詞用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：He always kept silent at meeting.  The passengers remained stuck at the airport due to the bad weather3）表像系動詞用來表示“看起來像”這一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：He seems (to

7、be) very sad.  4）感官系動詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 5）變化系動詞表示主語變成什么樣，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：The river was beginning to run dry.   6）終止系動詞表示主語已終止動作，主要有prove, turn out, 表達"結(jié)果是;證明是 "，之意，例如：The rumor proved

8、false. His plan turned out a success.  v 賓語（Object）表示動作的對象或承愛者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。例如： 1.He is doing his homework.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5.He pretended not t

9、o see me.6.I enjoy listening to popular music.7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.To: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如： He sent the novel to William yesterday.For: leave, buy, build, choose,

10、 cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如： She bought a gift for her mother.（2）復合賓語（賓語+賓補），例如：They elected him their monitor.下列動詞只能接不定式做賓語： ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire等

11、，如： He refused to lend me his bike.v 下列動詞只能接動名詞做賓語 admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest等，如： John has admitted breaking the window .v 下列動詞既可接不定式，也可接動名詞做賓語，但意義不同，如mean, try, remember, forget, regret等。v forget to do表示“未發(fā)生的動作”，forget doing表示“已完成

12、的動作”。如：v Don't forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(還沒來)v I forgot returning the book to him.(書已還給他了)v 賓語補足語（Object Complement）用于補充說明賓語的動作，一般位于賓語之后，賓語與賓語補足語一起構(gòu)成復合賓語。需接復合賓語的動詞有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等?！百e補”一般可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當。例如：1.His father named him Xiaoming. （名

13、詞）2.They painted their boat white. （形容詞）3.Let the fresh air in. （副詞）4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. （不定式短語）5.We saw her entering the room. （現(xiàn)在分詞）6.We found everything in the lab in good order. （介詞短語）7.We will soon make our city what your city is now. （從句）v 定語(Attribute)修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或

14、從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞）2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞） 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名詞）4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞）5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語）6.The te

15、aching plan for next term has been worked out.（動名詞）7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語）8.She is the girl who sings best in my class.(定語從句)v 狀語（Adverbial）修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎?：1.Light travels most quickly. （副詞及副詞性詞組）2.He has lived in the city for ten y

16、ears. （介詞短語）3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. （不定式短語）4.He is in the room making a model plane. （分詞短語）5.Wait a minute. （名詞）6.Once you begin, you must continue. （狀語從句）9種狀語種類如下： 1. How about meeting again at six? （時間狀語）2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party b

17、ecause of the rain. （原因狀語）3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. （條件狀語）4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. （地點狀語）5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care. （方式狀語）She came in with a dictionary in her hand. （伴隨狀語）6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. （目的狀語）7.He was so ti

18、red that he fell asleep immediately. （結(jié)果狀語）8.She works very hard though she is old. （讓步狀語）9.I am taller than he is. （比較狀語）v 同位語（Appositive）對前面的名詞或代詞做進一步的解釋，通常由名詞、數(shù)詞、代詞或從句擔任，如：This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster.v 插入語（Parenthesis）對一句話做一些附加的解釋，通常有to be honest , I think (suppose, believe-)等，如：To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.句子成分詳解表句子成分意義充當詞類例句主語表示句子說的是什么人或什么事名，代，數(shù)，不定式，動名詞，短語或句子We study in HuangQiao Middle School.謂語說明主語做什么，是什么或怎么樣動詞或動詞詞組She is dancing under the tree.賓語表示動作行為的對象同主語Both of us like English.表語與聯(lián)系動詞連用，一起構(gòu)成謂語，說明主語的性質(zhì)或特征同主語Her fath