2010屆高考二輪復(fù)習(xí)閱讀表達(dá)策略1

1、2010屆高考二輪復(fù)習(xí)閱讀表達(dá)策略【考綱展現(xiàn)】該題型的測(cè)試目的是從多方位多角度考查考生通過(guò)閱讀獲取信息、處理信息并進(jìn)行書面表達(dá)的能力。比傳統(tǒng)的閱讀理解題型更具綜合性和主觀性，更能體現(xiàn)對(duì)考生的 綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力的考查。【真題評(píng)析】（2009.天津卷原創(chuàng)解析）第一節(jié):閱讀表達(dá)（共5小題;每小題2分,滿分10分）閱讀下面短文,并按照題目要求用英語(yǔ)回答問(wèn)題.Almost everybody in America will spend a part of his or her life behind a shopping cart（購(gòu)物手推車）. They will, in a lifetime, pu

2、sh the chrome-plated contraptions many miles. But few will knowor even think to askwho it was that invented them.Sylvan N. Goldman invented the shopping cart in 1937. At that time he was in the supermarket business. Every day he would see shoppers lugging（吃力地?cái)y帶） groceries around in baskets they had

3、to carry.One day Goldman suddenly had the idea of putting baskets on wheels. The wheeled baskets would make shopping much easier for his customers, and would help to attract more business.On June 4, 1937, Goldmans first carts were ready for use in his market. He was terribly excited on the morning o

4、f that day as customers began arriving. He couldnt wait to see them using his invention.But Goldman was disappointed. Most shoppers gave the carts a long look, but hardly anybody would give them a try.After a while, Goldman decided to ask customers why they werent using his carts. “Dont you think th

5、is arm is strong enough to carry a shopping basket?” one shopper replied.But Goldman wasnt beaten yet. He knew his carts would be a great success if only he could persuade people to give them a try. To this end, Goldman hired a group of people to push carts around his market and pretend they were sh

6、opping! Seeing this, the real customers gradually began copying the phony（假冒的） customers.As Goldman had hoped, the carts were soon attracting larger and larger numbers of customers to his market. But not only did more people comethose who came bought more. With larger, easier-to-handle baskets, cust

7、omers unconsciously bought a greater number of items than before.Todays shopping carts are five times larger than Goldmans original model. Perhaps thats one reason Americans today spend more than five times as much money on food each year as they did before 1937before the coming of the shopping cart

8、.1. The underlined words “chrome-plate contraptions” in Paragraph 1 refer to _.（No more than 3 words）【答案】 shopping carts【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。由上句-a part of his or her life behind a shopping cart（購(gòu)物手推車）可以得出談的是.購(gòu)物手推車。2. What was the purpose of Goldmans invention? （No more than 10 words）【答案】It was to make shopping

9、 easier and attract more business.【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解表達(dá)。由二段的Every day he would see shoppers lugging（吃力地?cái)y帶） groceries和第三段可知他做購(gòu)物手推車的目的。3. Why was Goldman disappointed at first? （No more than 10 words）【答案】Because few customers used his carts.【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解表達(dá)。由第五段可知。4. Why did Goldman hire people to push carts around hi

10、s market? （No more than 10 words）【答案】 Because he wanted to promote his shopping carts.【解析】細(xì)節(jié)推理表達(dá)題。由第七段關(guān)鍵詞-persuade people to give them a try.可知。5. What do you think of Goldman? Please give your reasons. （No more than 20 words）【答案】He was a smart businessman. He invented the shopping cart and made it

11、accepted by customers.Or: He was smart but he shouldnt have used tricks to attract customers.【解析】主旨大意表達(dá)題。通讀全文把握大意，本文主要介紹Goldman和他的購(gòu)物手推車?！緦ｎ}預(yù)測(cè)】此題型與閱讀理解相比，既有相同點(diǎn)也存在著區(qū)別。其相同點(diǎn)在于兩者都是對(duì)語(yǔ)篇閱讀能力的考查，考生需對(duì)文章有較好的理解。區(qū)別主要表現(xiàn)在以下三個(gè)方面：1. 閱讀理解題目的題型是客觀的，而閱讀表達(dá)的題型則是主觀的，這不僅需要考生將文章理解，還需要將自己對(duì)文章的理解通過(guò)自己的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)出來(lái)，而且要受到字?jǐn)?shù)的限制。這就是說(shuō)閱讀理解

12、只是要求學(xué)生將文章及題目中的信息理解了，就能作對(duì)題目，而閱讀表達(dá)不僅要求學(xué)生理解文章和題目而且要把文章中的信息用自己的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)出來(lái)，是一種信息的輸出。 2. 閱讀理解的文章難度較大，片幅較長(zhǎng)，生詞較多；閱讀表達(dá)的文章較為簡(jiǎn)單，生詞少。3. 在于閱讀理解中的題型是選擇題，問(wèn)題類型及所考查的方式差別很大，所供選擇的答案只有一項(xiàng)是正確的；但在閱讀表達(dá)中，題型和題目的設(shè)置是比較固定的，包括：主旨概括、填空、翻譯句子、同意句替換、封閉性問(wèn)題、開放性問(wèn)題（個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)描述）、其他類型等七種類型，答案往往是不唯一的。這七種類型在題目設(shè)置上的考查如下：?jiǎn)栴}類型常見問(wèn)題主旨概括Whats the best titl

13、e of the passage? What is the purpose of the writers writing this passage? Whats the main idea of the passage/article?填空Please fill in the blank in the passage with a proper sentence / proper words or phrases.翻譯句子Translate the underlined sentence in the paragraph into Chinese.同意句替換Please find out th

14、e sentence in the passage which can be replaced by the following one.封閉性問(wèn)題Regular close-ended wh-questions based on the passage.開放性問(wèn)題What would you do if you ? What other suggestions would you give? How would you settle the problem if you?其他類型每年的高考題將會(huì)從以上的七種類型中選出五類，問(wèn)題的順序也會(huì)結(jié)合問(wèn)題的信息點(diǎn)在文章種出現(xiàn)的順序進(jìn)行排列。其他類型的題

15、目屬于不確定題型，是根據(jù)文章題材和體裁的具體特點(diǎn)設(shè)計(jì)的與以上六種題型不同的問(wèn)題類型。還有就是為了控制考生在該試題上所化肥的時(shí)間，在每一個(gè)需要考生回答的 問(wèn)題后面都有具體字?jǐn)?shù)的要求（翻譯句子和句子填空題除外）?！緦ｎ}技巧】1、主旨概括：這類問(wèn)題要求考生歸納文章的要點(diǎn)，了解題目，速讀全文，了解大意和主題，概括中心思想，考查考生對(duì)文章內(nèi)容的整體把握能力。要想答好該題，考生必須有很強(qiáng)的概括能力或歸納能力，標(biāo)題要簡(jiǎn)潔,要善于尋找能夠概括全文的主題段落或者主題句，剔除文中的細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)或者作者所用的論據(jù)，即要分清主旨和細(xì)節(jié)，概括出來(lái)的中心意思一定要能夠覆蓋全文或整個(gè)段落，絕對(duì)不可太籠統(tǒng)離題太遠(yuǎn)或者以偏概全，可

16、以抓住文章開頭的主題句或文章最后的結(jié)論，尤其要注意文章的首段的首末句，這里往往是文章的主旨所在；文中標(biāo)題格式可以是完整的句子，簡(jiǎn)潔的短語(yǔ)，也可以用問(wèn)題的形式，同時(shí)要注意字?jǐn)?shù)要求。具體的表達(dá)可以先根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容找出關(guān)鍵詞，其中主要看題目的第2、3、5小題，抓住重點(diǎn)考查信息，再在此基礎(chǔ)上搜尋關(guān)鍵詞、主題句，捕捉時(shí)空、順序、情節(jié)、人物、觀點(diǎn)，并且理清文章脈絡(luò)，確定文章標(biāo)題或者文章的main idea，把握語(yǔ)篇實(shí)質(zhì)。 2、同意句替換：這種題型在英語(yǔ)中也常說(shuō)被成“paraphrase”。此類型比較簡(jiǎn)單，只要對(duì)句子的意義進(jìn)行正確的理解，弄透所給句子的意思，然后根據(jù)語(yǔ)句中的關(guān)鍵詞，迅速找出在文中相對(duì)應(yīng)的意義相

17、同的句子即可。另外還應(yīng)注意這種替換中數(shù)字表達(dá)形式的變化，與主動(dòng)句與被動(dòng)句的邊化。需要注意的是：考生在文章中準(zhǔn)確找到原句后要將其完整的抄寫在答題紙所給定的位置上，切不可只是寫上第“某某”個(gè)句子（The XX sentence in paragraph XX. ）了事，這樣是不能得分的！3、填空：回答此類問(wèn)題時(shí)，一定首先注意弄清楚語(yǔ)境和上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系，如遞進(jìn)、轉(zhuǎn)折、并列、對(duì)比、因果等等，注意上下文，前后句的聯(lián)系；然后根據(jù)上下文的含義猜測(cè)出空白處該填句子還是短語(yǔ)或者單詞，再讀上下文，看上下文是否通順，最后確定答案。 上下文之間的關(guān)系通常有下列幾種，這些關(guān)系通常通過(guò)一些連詞表示出來(lái)： A同位關(guān)系

18、（并列關(guān)系） 標(biāo)志詞：and, also, likewise, similarly, too, eitheror, neithernor, notbut, not onlybut also, in the same way, equally, B遞進(jìn)關(guān)系 標(biāo)志詞：then; besides; in addition; additionally; what is more; moreover, further, C對(duì)比關(guān)系（轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系） 標(biāo)志詞：but, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, in any case, unfortunately, w

19、hile, on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, conversely, on the other hand, D因果關(guān)系 標(biāo)志詞：because, since, as, for; now that, so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result, E讓步關(guān)系： 標(biāo)志詞：although; though; even though; even if; nevertheless; despite; in spite of; F時(shí)間關(guān)系

20、 標(biāo)志詞：when, while, as, after, before, since, until, as soon as, once, G條件關(guān)系： 標(biāo)志詞：if, suppose（that）, supposing（that）, unless, in case, so（as）long as, so far, on condition（that）, provided（that）, providing（that）,without, I. 表示目的（意圖） 標(biāo)志詞：to, in order to, so as to, so that, in order that, lest, for fear t

21、hat, as, H解釋與被解釋關(guān)系 標(biāo)志詞：is, that is, that is to say, means, the meaning is（that）, 例如: The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association is working with companies and government officials on setting rules for use of portable music devices. The group says the best way to protect your hearing is to, limi

22、t listening time and use earphones that block out foreign noises. 根據(jù)橫線后面句意及連詞“and”；限制聽的時(shí)間“和”利用可以阻止外部噪音的耳機(jī)，可判斷前面與后面一致，故應(yīng)是reduce the volume/turn down the player。 4、翻譯句子：本題主要考查考生理解英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)句的基本能力，是對(duì)學(xué)生綜合語(yǔ)言知識(shí)理解和運(yùn)用的考察，而且需要將其轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)，因此又是對(duì)漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)水平的一種檢測(cè)。在該類題目中要求翻譯的句子往往是結(jié)果較為復(fù)雜或者包括一些特定習(xí)語(yǔ)的句子。因此，翻譯時(shí)一定要先分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，找準(zhǔn)句子的主干成分，然后

23、確定一些附屬的部分，如定語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)、插入語(yǔ)等等，并結(jié)合文章中心思想以及上下文弄清句子所在的語(yǔ)境，同時(shí)還要注意英、漢兩種語(yǔ)言及其問(wèn)題特征的差異，最后在忠實(shí)于原文的基礎(chǔ)上，可以適當(dāng)應(yīng)用增詞、減詞、詞性轉(zhuǎn)化、語(yǔ)序轉(zhuǎn)化等技巧把英語(yǔ)中的從句（定語(yǔ)從句及名詞性從句）和較長(zhǎng)的短語(yǔ)往往單獨(dú)翻譯，從而把畫線部分的長(zhǎng)句翻譯成符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣的句子。 5、封閉性問(wèn)題：封閉性問(wèn)題是指答案是固定或唯一的問(wèn)題，一般可在文章中找到明確的答案或依據(jù)。每篇文章的作者會(huì)運(yùn)用事實(shí)、分析原因或?qū)Ρ仁挛镩g的關(guān)系等加以論證自己的觀點(diǎn)，本題型就是結(jié)合文中某個(gè)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行解答，首先要仔細(xì)地看懂問(wèn)題，明確問(wèn)題問(wèn)的是什么，然后按照題意進(jìn)行尋讀，找到文

24、中的重要事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)，常與what, when, where, who, which, why等有關(guān)。常見題的提問(wèn)方式： What cause? What does the writer really mean by saying? Why does the author mention? What are the reasons why? Which is the result of? Where in the passage does the author describe？ 6、開放性問(wèn)題：是閱讀表達(dá)中主觀性最強(qiáng)的試題，解答比較容易，要根據(jù)文章提供的線索，調(diào)動(dòng)自己所學(xué)的綜合英語(yǔ)知識(shí)，結(jié)合個(gè)

25、人的觀點(diǎn)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)選擇較容易回答的點(diǎn)回答相關(guān)問(wèn)題。這類題會(huì)有字?jǐn)?shù)要求，回答必須完整，即怎么問(wèn)，怎么答。如：要回答“which is the ”，不要只是說(shuō)“The first/ second one.”要把句子寫完整；回答“why”的問(wèn)題時(shí)最好用上“because”。常見題的提問(wèn)方式： What would you do if you were？ What other suggestions would you give? How would you settle the problem if you were ? 7、其他類型：該題是結(jié)合文章的不同題材和體裁給出的除以上6種類型以外的類型的題，比

26、如設(shè)計(jì)圖表題，推理判斷題等，問(wèn)題的順序也會(huì)結(jié)合問(wèn)題所問(wèn)的信息點(diǎn)在文章中出現(xiàn)的順序進(jìn)行排列。 還有，答題字?jǐn)?shù)要求（Please answer within 10/15/20 words）：一般情況下，考生回答問(wèn)題所書寫的英文會(huì)限制在50個(gè)以下（句子替代和句子翻譯除外），以控制考生在該試題上所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間；每一個(gè)需要考生用英語(yǔ)回答的問(wèn)題在后面都有具體的字?jǐn)?shù)要求。新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提高了對(duì)高中生英語(yǔ)閱讀及寫作能力的要求，但在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中存在的一些不利因素仍制約著學(xué)生這些能力的提高，要提高學(xué)生閱讀表達(dá)能力，首先要克服影響做閱讀表達(dá)題的不利因素。 影響閱讀表達(dá)的因素可分為知識(shí)性障礙和非知識(shí)性障礙。知識(shí)性障礙包括：詞

27、匯障礙、語(yǔ)法障礙、背景知識(shí)障礙；非知識(shí)性障礙包括：心理障礙、閱讀習(xí)慣、閱讀速度、閱讀技巧。下面就如何克服影響閱讀表達(dá)的不利因素，提高學(xué)生的閱讀表達(dá)能力談幾點(diǎn)應(yīng)對(duì)策略： 1、克服詞匯障礙，提高閱讀能力。 重視英語(yǔ)詞匯和習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)的積累。英語(yǔ)詞匯大約有100萬(wàn)到120萬(wàn)，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)靈活運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞記憶法。構(gòu)詞法包括：派生、合成和轉(zhuǎn)化。掌握常用的前綴（un / dis / ir / super.）、后綴（less / ful / ment.）的含義和用法，就可以根據(jù)已知的前、后綴猜出它的派生詞的意思，從而達(dá)到擴(kuò)大詞匯量的目的。如：前綴super有“超過(guò)、超越”的含義，可以猜出supertanker（超級(jí)輪船）、 superglue（超強(qiáng)力膠水）、 supermarket（超級(jí)市場(chǎng)）等詞的含義?！癟o read well, you need a strong vocabulary. to build a strong vocabulary, you need to read well.”這句名言指出了閱讀和詞匯量的關(guān)系，因此，只有多讀，多記憶單詞，擴(kuò)大詞匯量，真正把文章弄懂，弄明白，并會(huì)用自己的語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行表達(dá)，才能有的放矢地把這種題型做好。 2、牢固掌握語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，破解長(zhǎng)、難句。 閱讀表達(dá)短文的句式結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜，語(yǔ)法知識(shí)在閱讀中的作用已經(jīng)突顯出