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1、 主謂一致主謂一致 在英語(yǔ)句子里,謂語(yǔ)受主語(yǔ)支配,其動(dòng)詞必須和主語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致,這就叫主謂一致。尋其規(guī)律,大致可歸納為三個(gè)原則,即語(yǔ)法一致、邏輯意義一致和就近一致原則。 一、語(yǔ)法一致原則一、語(yǔ)法一致原則 語(yǔ)法上一致就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)在單、復(fù)數(shù)形式上保持一致。 1. 以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式;主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very importa

2、nt for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. 注意:由what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句,后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式,但若表語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)或what從句是一個(gè)帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you. 2. 由連接詞and或both and連接起來(lái)的合成主

3、語(yǔ)后面,要用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。如:Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers. 注意:(1)若and所連接的兩個(gè)詞是指同一個(gè)人或物時(shí),它后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。如:The writer and artist has come. (2)由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語(yǔ)前如果分別有no, each, every more than a

4、(an) , many a (an)修飾時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。如:Every student and every teacher was in the room. / No boy and no girl likes it. 3. 主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)名詞或代詞,盡管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式;若主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:Mr. Green, together w

5、ith his wife and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall. 4. either, neither, each, every 或no +單數(shù)名詞和由some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞,都作單數(shù)看待。如:Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter. 注意:(1)在口語(yǔ)中當(dāng)either或neith

6、er后跟有“of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞(或代詞)”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如:Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. (2)若none of后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞,它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就要用單數(shù);若它后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù),它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可以。如:None of us has (have) been to America. 5. 在定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),關(guān)系代詞that, who, which等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。如:He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the on

7、ly one of my friends who is working hard. 6. 如果集體名詞指的是整個(gè)集體,它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);如果它指集體的成員,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。這些詞有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如:Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor. 注意:people, police, cattle等名詞一般都用作復(fù)數(shù)。如:The police are looking for

8、the lost child. 7. 由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)以及由“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語(yǔ)中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。如:There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls. 注意:a number of“許多”,作定語(yǔ)修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞,謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)

9、數(shù);the number of“的數(shù)量”,主語(yǔ)是number,謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。 8. 在倒裝句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語(yǔ)一致。如:There comes the bus. / On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts. 二、邏輯意義一致原則二、邏輯意義一致原則 邏輯意義一致就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)必須和主語(yǔ)的意義一致(因有時(shí)主語(yǔ)形式為單數(shù),但意義為復(fù)數(shù);有時(shí)形式為復(fù)數(shù),但意義為單數(shù))。 1. what, who, which, any, more, all等代詞可以是單數(shù),也可是復(fù)數(shù),主要靠意思來(lái)

10、決定。如:Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing. 2. 表示“時(shí)間、重量、長(zhǎng)度、價(jià)值”等的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式,這是由于作主語(yǔ)的名詞在概念上是一個(gè)整體,如:Thirty minutes is enough for the work. 3. 若英語(yǔ)是書(shū)名、片名、格言、劇名、報(bào)名、國(guó)名等的復(fù)數(shù)形式,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。如:“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book. 4. 表

11、數(shù)量的短語(yǔ)“one and a half”后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)形式(也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如:One and a half apples is (are) left on the table. 5. 算式中表示數(shù)目(字)的主語(yǔ)通常作單數(shù)看待,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用單數(shù)形式。如:Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven. 6. 一些學(xué)科名詞是以 ics 結(jié)尾,如:mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等,都屬于形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的名詞,實(shí)際意義為單數(shù)名詞,它們

12、作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。如:The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isnt easy to study. 7. trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù),但如果這些名詞前有a (the) pair of等量詞修飾時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如:My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his. 8. “定冠詞the + 形容詞或分詞”,表示某一類人時(shí),動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 三、就近一致原則三、就近一致原

13、則 在英語(yǔ)句子中,有時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)與最近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。 1. 當(dāng)兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)由either or, neither nor, whether or , not only but also連接時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和鄰近的主語(yǔ)一致。如:Either the teacher or the students are our friends. / Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right? 2. there be句型be動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于其后的主語(yǔ)。如果其后是由and連接的兩個(gè)主語(yǔ),則應(yīng)與靠近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)

14、保持一致。如:There are two chairs and a desk in the room. 注意:Here引導(dǎo)的句子用法同上。 倒裝句倒裝句 英語(yǔ)最基本的語(yǔ)序是主語(yǔ)在前,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在后。但有時(shí)由于句子結(jié)構(gòu)的需要或表示強(qiáng)調(diào),就要采用倒裝形式。將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞完全移到主語(yǔ)之前稱為完全倒裝,只將助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞放到主語(yǔ)之前稱為部分倒裝。強(qiáng)調(diào)性倒裝和以so, neither, nor開(kāi)頭的句子是高考例題的熱點(diǎn)。 一、倒裝句的意義一、倒裝句的意義 1. 適應(yīng)一定的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要,主要是指疑問(wèn)句句型結(jié)構(gòu)的需要。 e.g. May I come in? Was the Peoples Liberatio

15、n Army founded in 1927? 2. 為了強(qiáng)調(diào)某一部分,而把這部分放到句首,構(gòu)成倒裝。 e.g. Never have I been late for school this term. So early did he come to school that no other students came. 二、倒裝的使用情況二、倒裝的使用情況 1. 在“there be”結(jié)構(gòu)里,there是引導(dǎo)詞,主語(yǔ)在be后。 e.g. There is a box on the table. 2. 在疑問(wèn)句中。 e.g. Is she singing in the classroom? W

16、hat does your mother do? 3. 在here, there等副詞開(kāi)頭的某些句子里(要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài))。如果主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞,主語(yǔ)和主要?jiǎng)釉~的詞序不變。(完全倒裝) e.g. There goes the bell. Here is an apple for you. There she comes. 4. 重復(fù)倒裝句型,用在以so, nor, neither開(kāi)頭,表示謂語(yǔ)所述的情況也適用于另一個(gè)人或一事物的肯定或否定句中。so用于肯定句,表示“也一樣”“也這樣”;nor, neither用于否定句,表示“同樣也不,也不這樣”。 e.g. I am watching TV.

17、So is she. My parents didnt watch TV last night. Neither (Nor) did I. 5. 直接引語(yǔ)的全部或一部分放在句首時(shí),主句中的主謂也常直接倒裝。(完全倒裝) e.g. Very well, said the French student. Bring me two eggs and a cup of tea, please. said he. 6. 在以never, little, hardly, not only, few, not, seldom等否定副詞開(kāi)頭的句子中,采用部分倒裝。如不放在句首就不要倒裝。 e.g. Littl

18、e did he say at the meeting. Never shall I forget the day when I joined the Army. 比較:I shall never forget the day when I joined the Army. 7. 用于以only所修飾的副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句的句子中。 e.g. Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to wrk. Only in this way can we learn English well. 注意:如果o

19、nly后的詞組不是狀語(yǔ),不需倒裝。 e.g. Only Wang Lili knows this. 8. 為了表達(dá)生動(dòng),有時(shí)把表地點(diǎn)、方位的副詞,如 up, down, out, away, in等放在句首,同時(shí)把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)之前。若主語(yǔ)為人稱代詞,主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的位置不變,只將副詞放在句首。(完全倒裝) e.g. Away hurried the boy. Out rushed the girl. 9. 在虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)中,條件從句的謂語(yǔ)含有were, had 和should這三個(gè)詞是,可省去if,將這些詞移至主語(yǔ)之前。 e.g. Had I time (= If I had time), I

20、 would go and help you. Were I you (= If I were you), I would go abroad. Should he come (=If he should come), tell him to ring me up. 10. as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)要倒裝(形容詞/ 副詞/ 名詞/ 動(dòng)詞 + as + 主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ))。 e.g. Proud as they are, they are afraid to see me. Child as he is, he seems to know everything.(child前不加冠詞) Hard a

21、s he worded, he made little progress. 11. 用于某些表示祝愿的句子里。 e.g. May you succeed! Long live the Peoples Republic of China! 12. So + 形容詞、副詞及such 置于句首時(shí)要倒裝。 So happy did he feel. Such was me. 倒裝句倒裝句 英語(yǔ)最基本的語(yǔ)序是主語(yǔ)在前,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在后。但有時(shí)由于句子結(jié)構(gòu)的需要或表示強(qiáng)調(diào),就要采用倒裝形式。將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞完全移到主語(yǔ)之前稱為完全倒裝,只將助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞放到主語(yǔ)之前稱為部分倒裝。強(qiáng)調(diào)性倒裝和以so, neithe

22、r, nor開(kāi)頭的句子是高考例題的熱點(diǎn)。 一、倒裝句的意義一、倒裝句的意義 1. 適應(yīng)一定的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要,主要是指疑問(wèn)句句型結(jié)構(gòu)的需要。 e.g. May I come in? Was the Peoples Liberation Army founded in 1927? 2. 為了強(qiáng)調(diào)某一部分,而把這部分放到句首,構(gòu)成倒裝。 e.g. Never have I been late for school this term. So early did he come to school that no other students came. 二、倒裝的使用情況二、倒裝的使用情況 1. 在

23、“there be”結(jié)構(gòu)里,there是引導(dǎo)詞,主語(yǔ)在be后。 e.g. There is a box on the table. 2. 在疑問(wèn)句中。 e.g. Is she singing in the classroom? What does your mother do? 3. 在here, there等副詞開(kāi)頭的某些句子里(要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài))。如果主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞,主語(yǔ)和主要?jiǎng)釉~的詞序不變。(完全倒裝) e.g. There goes the bell. Here is an apple for you. There she comes. 4. 重復(fù)倒裝句型,用在以so, nor, ne

24、ither開(kāi)頭,表示謂語(yǔ)所述的情況也適用于另一個(gè)人或一事物的肯定或否定句中。so用于肯定句,表示“也一樣”“也這樣”;nor, neither用于否定句,表示“同樣也不,也不這樣”。 e.g. I am watching TV. So is she. My parents didnt watch TV last night. Neither (Nor) did I. 5. 直接引語(yǔ)的全部或一部分放在句首時(shí),主句中的主謂也常直接倒裝。(完全倒裝) e.g. Very well, said the French student. Bring me two eggs and a cup of tea

25、, please. said he. 6. 在以never, little, hardly, not only, few, not, seldom等否定副詞開(kāi)頭的句子中,采用部分倒裝。如不放在句首就不要倒裝。 e.g. Little did he say at the meeting. Never shall I forget the day when I joined the Army. 比較:I shall never forget the day when I joined the Army. 7. 用于以only所修飾的副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句的句子中。 e.g. Only when

26、the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to wrk. Only in this way can we learn English well. 注意:如果only后的詞組不是狀語(yǔ),不需倒裝。 e.g. Only Wang Lili knows this. 8. 為了表達(dá)生動(dòng),有時(shí)把表地點(diǎn)、方位的副詞,如 up, down, out, away, in等放在句首,同時(shí)把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)之前。若主語(yǔ)為人稱代詞,主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的位置不變,只將副詞放在句首。(完全倒裝) e.g. Away hurried the boy. Ou

27、t rushed the girl. 9. 在虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)中,條件從句的謂語(yǔ)含有were, had 和should這三個(gè)詞是,可省去if,將這些詞移至主語(yǔ)之前。 e.g. Had I time (= If I had time), I would go and help you. Were I you (= If I were you), I would go abroad. Should he come (=If he should come), tell him to ring me up. 10. as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)要倒裝(形容詞/ 副詞/ 名詞/ 動(dòng)詞 + as + 主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ))。

28、 e.g. Proud as they are, they are afraid to see me. Child as he is, he seems to know everything.(child前不加冠詞) Hard as he worded, he made little progress. 11. 用于某些表示祝愿的句子里。 e.g. May you succeed! Long live the Peoples Republic of China! 12. So + 形容詞、副詞及such 置于句首時(shí)要倒裝。 So happy did he feel. Such was me.

29、強(qiáng)調(diào)句強(qiáng)調(diào)句 一、強(qiáng)調(diào)句句型一、強(qiáng)調(diào)句句型 1. 陳述句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型:It is/ was + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分(通常是主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ))+ that/ who(當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)且主語(yǔ)指人)+ 其他部分。 e.g. It was yesterday that he met Li Ping. 2. 一般疑問(wèn)句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型:同上,只是把is/ was提到it前面。 e.g. Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping? 3. 特殊疑問(wèn)句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型:被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分(通常是疑問(wèn)代詞或疑問(wèn)副詞)+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其他部分? e.g. When and w

30、here was it that you were born? 4. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句例句:針對(duì)I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)。 強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ):It was I that (who) met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday. 強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ):It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday. 強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ):It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.

31、 強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station. 5. 注意:構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句的it本身沒(méi)有詞義;強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的連接詞一般只用that, who,即使在強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)也如此,that, who不可省略;強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的時(shí)態(tài)只用兩種,一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)。原句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)和過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí),用It was ,其余的時(shí)態(tài)用It is . 二、二、not until not until 句型的強(qiáng)調(diào)句句型的強(qiáng)調(diào)句1. 句型為:It is/ was not until + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that + 其他部

32、分 e.g. 普通句:He didnt go to bed until/ till his wife came back. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句:It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed. 2. 注意:此句型只用until,不用till.但如果不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型,till, until可通用;因?yàn)榫湫椭蠭t is/ was not 已經(jīng)是否定句了,that后面的從句要用肯定句,切勿再用否定句了。 三、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的強(qiáng)調(diào)三、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的強(qiáng)調(diào)1. It is/ was that 結(jié)構(gòu)不能強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ),如果需要強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)時(shí),用助動(dòng)詞do/ does或did. e

33、.g. Do sit down. 務(wù)必請(qǐng)坐。 He did write to you last week. 上周他確實(shí)給你寫了信。 Do be careful when you cross the street. 過(guò)馬路時(shí),務(wù)必(千萬(wàn))要小心??! 2. 注意:此種強(qiáng)調(diào)只用do/ does和did,沒(méi)有別的形式;過(guò)去時(shí)用did,后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用原形。 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句和原因狀語(yǔ)從句地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句和原因狀語(yǔ)從句 一、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句一、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句 1.引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞where, wherever指具體地點(diǎn)時(shí),從句可用于主句之前或之后;表示抽象條件的含義時(shí),從句須放在主句之前。 I have a

34、 simple philosophy: Fill whats empty. Empty whats full. Scratch(撓) where it itches. 我有一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的哲學(xué):空即添滿,滿即清空,哪兒癢癢撓哪兒。 注:一切隨緣的哲學(xué)。 2.區(qū)分where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句與狀語(yǔ)從句: Youd better make a mark where you have any questions.(狀語(yǔ)從句) Youd better make a mark at the place where you have any questions.(定語(yǔ)從句)二、原因狀語(yǔ)從句二、原因狀語(yǔ)從句 1.引導(dǎo)

35、原因狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有:because, as, since, now that, seeing that, considering that,每個(gè)連詞的含義不盡相同。(because用得最多) Doctor: Your pulse is as steady as a clock. Patient: Because you have your hand on my wristwatch. 醫(yī)生:你的脈搏象鐘表一樣穩(wěn)。 病人:因?yàn)槟惆咽址旁诹宋业氖直砩稀?The elephant didnt wear green sneakers(運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋)because his red ones were i

36、n wash. 大象沒(méi)穿綠運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋,因?yàn)樗募t鞋正洗呢。 Chef wanted me to inform you that, as you never leave a tip, you may as well know that he never washes his hands. 廚師想讓我告訴你因?yàn)槟銖牟涣粜≠M(fèi),你最好知道他從不洗手。 Bruised(渾身是傷) and bandage(纏著繃帶), a worker arrived at the office. Since he was an hour late, his boss yelled and wanted him to exp

37、lain. “I fell down a flight of stairs.” “And that took a whole hour?” 一名工作人員渾身是傷,纏著繃帶來(lái)到辦公室,因?yàn)樗t到了一個(gè)小時(shí),老板沖他大喊大叫要他作出解釋。 “我從樓梯上掉了下來(lái)”。 “那需要整整一個(gè)小時(shí)嗎”? The modern French duel( 決斗)is one of the most dangerous traditions of our day. Since it is fought in the open air the combatants are sure to catch cold. 現(xiàn)代

38、法國(guó)決斗是當(dāng)代最危險(xiǎn)的風(fēng)俗之一。因?yàn)樵诼短爝M(jìn)行,決斗者肯定要得感冒。 注:“決斗的危險(xiǎn)”和“感冒”聯(lián)系起來(lái)思維是發(fā)散的。 Since were both working on the same marriage, I thought it should be a good idea to get together and compare notes. 因?yàn)槲覀兘?jīng)營(yíng)的是同一個(gè)婚姻,我認(rèn)為我們一起比較一下便條是個(gè)好主意。 注:夫妻間在打冷戰(zhàn),誰(shuí)也不跟誰(shuí)說(shuō)話,丈夫提議用便條來(lái)交流。 2.其他表示原因的方式 除了狀語(yǔ)從句外,一些介詞短語(yǔ)同樣可以表示原因,這樣的短語(yǔ)有:because of, thank

39、 to, due to, owing to等。 Teacher: Why are you late, Joseph? Joseph: Because of a sign on the road. Teacher: What does a sign have to do with your being late? Joseph: The sign said, School Ahead, Go Slow! 老師:你為什么遲到? 學(xué)生:因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)路標(biāo)。 老師:路標(biāo)和你遲到有什么關(guān)系? 學(xué)生:路標(biāo)上寫著,“前面有學(xué)校,慢行”。 Thanks to my failure to learn shorthan

40、d.(速記) It probably saved me from a lifetime of hard work. 感謝我沒(méi)有學(xué)會(huì)速記,可能省了我一生的艱苦工作。 注:有些技能不學(xué)可能更好。 Due to recent cutbacks, the light at the end of the tunnel隧道 has been turned off. 最近為了減少開(kāi)支,已經(jīng)關(guān)掉了隧道盡頭的燈。 注:The light at the end of the tunnel隧道盡頭的燈是指“黑暗中的希望”,這句話的意思是最后的希望都放棄了。 Many a mans wonderful self-co

41、ntrol is due to the fact that he has a wife. 很多男人具有極強(qiáng)的自我控制能力是因?yàn)樗幸粋€(gè)太太。 注:男人在家里養(yǎng)成了控制自己,尊敬太太的習(xí)慣。 此外,并列連詞for加分詞也可表原因,for與后面的分句可對(duì)前面的分句起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的作用。 他以無(wú)知著稱,他只有一個(gè)想法,還是錯(cuò)的。 He was distinguished著名的 for ignorance; for he had only one idea and that was wrong. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 一、概念一、概念:“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”是由名詞或代詞作為邏輯主語(yǔ),加上分詞、形容詞、副詞

42、、動(dòng)詞不定式或介詞短語(yǔ)作為邏輯謂語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在形式上與主句沒(méi)有關(guān)系,通常稱為“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”。 二、功能二、功能:“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”實(shí)質(zhì)就是帶有自己主語(yǔ)的非限定狀語(yǔ)從句。眾所周知非限定性從句通常以主句的某一成分作為自己的邏輯主語(yǔ),從而依附于主句。而有些非限定性從句和無(wú)動(dòng)詞從句帶有自己的主語(yǔ),在結(jié)構(gòu)上與主句不發(fā)生關(guān)系,因此成為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。其實(shí),雖然叫做獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),并不是真正的獨(dú)立,它還是一種從屬分句,在句中有多種作用。如:表原因、表?xiàng)l件、表方式、表伴隨、表時(shí)間等,在句中通常起狀語(yǔ)作用。 三、形式三、形式:獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在形式上有兩部分組成:第一部分有名詞或代詞擔(dān)任,第二部分由分詞、動(dòng)詞不定式

43、、形容詞、副詞、或介詞短語(yǔ)擔(dān)任。按其結(jié)構(gòu)形式分為:ing 分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu);ed分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu);無(wú)動(dòng)詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)等。 四、舉例四、舉例: 1、There being nothing else to do, they gone away.由于無(wú)事可做,他們離開(kāi)了。(代詞ing; 表原因) 2、Miss Wang come into the classroom, books in hand.王老師走進(jìn)教室,手里拿著書(shū)。(無(wú)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu);表伴隨) 3、The old man sat in his chair, his eyes closed.老人坐在椅子上,閉著眼睛。(名詞ed; 表狀態(tài)) 4、Cl

44、ass over, we began to play basketball.放學(xué)了,我們開(kāi)始玩籃球。(名詞副詞;表時(shí)間) 5、Without a word more spoken, he picked up the paper.沒(méi)再多說(shuō)一個(gè)字,他拾起那張紙。(介詞結(jié)構(gòu);表伴隨) 6、The last guest to arrive, our party was started.最后一位客人到了,我們的晚會(huì)開(kāi)始了。(名詞不定式;表時(shí)間) 五、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)的異同五、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)的異同:1、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與分詞短語(yǔ)都可以轉(zhuǎn)化成狀語(yǔ)從句。但是,獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成狀語(yǔ)從句后

45、,有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ),與主句的主語(yǔ)不一致;而分詞短語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)化為狀語(yǔ)從句后,從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)相同。例: If time permit, wed better have a rest at this weekend. Time permitting,wed better have a rest at this weekend.如果時(shí)間允許,本周末我們最好休息一下。 When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful. Seeing from the top floor, we can find the gard

46、en more beautiful. 從頂樓上看,花園更漂亮。 2、 還應(yīng)該注意,分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)不是總和主句的主語(yǔ)一致,而是主句的其他成分。語(yǔ)法上稱作“依著原則”;有些分詞結(jié)構(gòu)在句子上找不到它的邏輯主語(yǔ),語(yǔ)法上稱作“懸垂分詞”。例: Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long time. 在屋里找表,用了我很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。(依著原則) When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root. (我們)種花時(shí)必須小心,不能碰壞花根。(懸垂分詞)

47、 六、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與獨(dú)立成分的異同六、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與獨(dú)立成分的異同: 1、有的分詞短語(yǔ)可以獨(dú)立存在,在句子中沒(méi)有邏輯上的主語(yǔ),實(shí)際上已經(jīng)成了習(xí)慣短語(yǔ)。這些短語(yǔ)有:generally speaking; frankly speaking; judging from; supposing等等。 例: Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.總的來(lái)說(shuō),這個(gè)規(guī)則很容易懂。 Judging from what he said, she must be an honest girl. 根據(jù)他所說(shuō)的,她一定很誠(chéng)實(shí)。 2、有些固定短語(yǔ)是帶

48、to的不定式,表明說(shuō)話人的立場(chǎng)和態(tài)度,在句中作獨(dú)立成分。這些短語(yǔ)有:to be honest; to be sure; to tell you the truth; to cut a long story short; to be frank; to make the matter worse等等。例: To tell you the truth, what I said at the meeting was not my opinion. 說(shuō)實(shí)話,我在會(huì)上說(shuō)的并不是我的意見(jiàn)。 To make the matter worse, he locked his keys in the car. 更糟糕的是,他把鑰匙鎖在車?yán)锪?名詞性從句名詞性從句 名詞性從句相當(dāng)于名詞,可分別作主句的主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。因此,名詞性從句可分為主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和同位從句。 一、引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞一、引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞 1. 連接代詞:who, whose, whom, what, which.有詞義,在從句中擔(dān)任成分,如主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、或定語(yǔ)等。 2. 連接副詞:when, where, why, how.有詞義,在從句中擔(dān)任成分,作狀語(yǔ)。 3. 連接詞:that, whether, if, as if.that 無(wú)詞義,在從句中

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