提高寫作能力的方法-

1、提高英語寫作能力方法楊景萍怎樣提高英語寫作能力:作文并不難初學(xué)者普遍認(rèn)為,英文作文很難。每年的大學(xué)英語4、6級(jí)考試,作文部分的平均得分率歷來是最低的,比聽力部分的得分率還要低。以15分為滿分計(jì)算,作文的平均得分一般都在6分以下,得分率低于40%。這就加深了人們認(rèn)為作文難的印象。為了使各校重視培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的寫作能力,大學(xué)英語4、6級(jí)考試中心規(guī)定,作文分?jǐn)?shù)如果低于6分,每少一分,從總成績中倒扣一分。如果作文為0分,即使答卷總分超過60分,也作不及格論處。其實(shí),“寫”和“說”一樣,是主動(dòng)行為。題目雖然是老師出的,但寫什么,怎樣寫,主動(dòng)權(quán)完全掌握在考生手里。在有準(zhǔn)備的基礎(chǔ)上,考生完全可以專挑自己熟悉的句型

2、,自己熟悉的詞匯來寫作文。應(yīng)試作文,只要具有一定英語基礎(chǔ),再稍加訓(xùn)練,就有可能在比較短的時(shí)間內(nèi),得到大幅度的提高,比如說,從5、6分提高到10分以上。這方面的成功事例是很多的。有一位青年教師,準(zhǔn)備參加出國英語考試,考試前一個(gè)月,把他的兩篇作文交給英語教師批改,作文中各種錯(cuò)誤成堆,最多只能打4、5分。英語教師給他逐一改正了錯(cuò)誤,還給他講了一些注意事項(xiàng)。過一星期,青年教師再拿來兩篇短文,這一回,作文中的語法錯(cuò)誤已經(jīng)少了一些,英語教師又給他講了一些應(yīng)試作文的竅門。以后又連續(xù)批改了兩次,前后總共批改了8篇短文。接著那位青年教師參加英語出國考試,作文部分得了12分。從這個(gè)例子可以看出,由于平時(shí)練得太少,

3、所以考生對(duì)英文應(yīng)試作文顯得生疏。但是,只要有人稍加指點(diǎn),認(rèn)真練習(xí)幾次,就會(huì)立竿見影,成績會(huì)迅速大幅度提高。寫英語作文最忌諱的是先想好一個(gè)中文句子,然后把它硬譯成英文。這樣做的結(jié)果是一堆用英文字母寫的中文,完全不符合英語的習(xí)慣。寫英語作文最好的辦法是自己掌握一些常用的英語動(dòng)詞的用法,有一些常用的句套子。對(duì)于寫作文來說,掌握幾百個(gè)常用動(dòng)詞的用法,再有100個(gè)常用句套子,就足以應(yīng)付各種日常寫作及應(yīng)試作文的需求了。其實(shí),不光是我們中國學(xué)生,即使是美國人,除了作家之外,他們?cè)趯懽鲿r(shí)使用的詞匯也是不多的。前不久,美國總統(tǒng)布什在聯(lián)合國大會(huì)發(fā)表一個(gè)演講,全文9頁,2651個(gè)詞。用計(jì)算機(jī)統(tǒng)計(jì)后發(fā)現(xiàn),所使用的詞匯

4、共有783個(gè),其中人名、地名等有29個(gè)。如果去掉人名、地名,所使用的詞匯只有754個(gè),其中643個(gè)(占85%屬于我國大學(xué)英語4級(jí)考試大綱范圍之內(nèi),也就是在常用的4200詞之內(nèi)。美國總統(tǒng)在聯(lián)合國大會(huì)的演講稿,必定有寫作水平很高的撰稿人代為撰稿,所用詞匯尚且如此有限,一般平頭百姓日常書信或作文,有20003000詞,就足以應(yīng)付各種寫作需求了。還有一個(gè)事實(shí)可以說明這個(gè)問題。大家知道,有一本英語詞典叫“Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English”,這部詞典全部詞匯釋義和舉例所使用的詞匯只有2000個(gè),就附在該詞典的后面。既然用2000個(gè)詞可以解釋所有其他幾萬個(gè)

5、詞條,如果我們能夠熟練運(yùn)用它們,也就能夠表達(dá)我們想表達(dá)的各種思想。記住一條:對(duì)于寫和說,“兵不在多而在于精”。怎樣提高英語寫作能力:建房先備料(一建造一所房屋,首先得準(zhǔn)備必要的建筑材料。寫一篇作文,也是一項(xiàng)小小的工程。要寫文章,需要有一些詞匯和語法的儲(chǔ)備。作為一門外語,我們所能積極掌握的英語詞匯數(shù)量是有限的。所謂積極掌握的詞匯,也就是自己能夠在“寫”和“說”的過程中使用的詞匯。其實(shí),除了文學(xué)家之外,以英語為母語的大多數(shù)人,他們?cè)跁姹磉_(dá)和口語中使用的詞匯數(shù)量也很有限,最常用的也就是20003000個(gè)詞。19341952年間,英、美的一批知名學(xué)者,經(jīng)過對(duì)500萬詞語料的詞頻及用法統(tǒng)計(jì),曾經(jīng)編寫并

6、公布了一個(gè)英語常用2000詞表(A General Service List of English Words。該詞表的編者們認(rèn)為,以英語作為外語的人,只要掌握這2000個(gè)詞的主要用法,也就可以應(yīng)付一般性的“寫”和“說”的詞匯需要了。這2000個(gè)單詞,絕大部分在我國現(xiàn)行的中學(xué)英語課本中都出現(xiàn)過。因此,從理論上講,我們的高中畢業(yè)生就已經(jīng)具備了寫一般性英語作文所必須的詞匯儲(chǔ)備,問題是他們還缺乏必要的寫作訓(xùn)練。在龐大的英語詞匯體系中,幾百個(gè)常用英語動(dòng)詞處于核心地位。我們學(xué)習(xí)英語詞匯,關(guān)鍵是要掌握常用動(dòng)詞的基本用法。任何一篇文章,都是由若干個(gè)句子構(gòu)成的。因此,作文的基礎(chǔ)是造句。任何一個(gè)英文句子,都離不

7、開謂語動(dòng)詞。謂語動(dòng)詞是句子的核心,它的前面有主語,它的后面有賓語、補(bǔ)語、狀語等等。謂語動(dòng)詞有時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣等種種變化。所以說,我們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)英語的初級(jí)及中級(jí)階段,學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn),毫無疑問應(yīng)該是英語常用動(dòng)詞,特別是那些不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的基本用法。好在這部分動(dòng)詞并不多,只要能夠積極掌握300400個(gè)動(dòng)詞,其中包括100多個(gè)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞,那么,你寫文章的時(shí)候,自由度就很大了,足以應(yīng)付各種水平的應(yīng)試作文和平時(shí)寫作的需要。所謂積極掌握一個(gè)動(dòng)詞,意思是:1、掌握這個(gè)動(dòng)詞的準(zhǔn)確發(fā)音、拼寫,做到能聽能說,如果是不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞,知道它的過去時(shí)和過去分詞形式;2、知道這個(gè)動(dòng)詞的基本詞義、常用轉(zhuǎn)義及主要用法,每個(gè)主要用法都能自己造至

8、少一個(gè)句子;3、知道這個(gè)動(dòng)詞的主要搭配要求,每種搭配關(guān)系都能自己造至少一個(gè)句子;4、知道這個(gè)動(dòng)詞的一些常用的派生詞,每一個(gè)常用派生詞都能自己造至少一個(gè)句子;5、知道由這個(gè)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的一些常用短語動(dòng)詞,每一個(gè)短語動(dòng)詞都能自己造至少一個(gè)句子;6、以上造句,至少有一半能夠在自己的口語和書面表達(dá)中正確使用。按照上述標(biāo)準(zhǔn),我們以動(dòng)詞give為例,加以說明:1. 該動(dòng)詞為不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞,其變化形式為:give, gave, given, giving。2. give 的基本詞義為“給”,可以有“給予”、“授予”、“提供”、“轉(zhuǎn)交”、“產(chǎn)生”、“支付”等多種涵義。例如:a He gave me a book ye

9、sterday.(要求雙賓語,間接賓語在前,直接賓語在后,無需介詞。b The firm gives a generous discount to companies that place large order.(“對(duì)于下大筆定單的公司,這個(gè)商號(hào)給予慷慨的折扣?！敝苯淤e語在前,用介詞to接間接賓語。 c He gives generously to the church.(“他經(jīng)常給教會(huì)慷慨捐贈(zèng)。”省略直接賓語。d Please give me some advice on this matter.(請(qǐng)就此事給我提一些建議。e Ive given him the letter you sen

10、t him.(我已經(jīng)把你的信轉(zhuǎn)交給他。f Cows give milk.(母牛產(chǎn)奶。g I gave him 1,500 Yuan for this old computer.(我付給他1500元,買了這臺(tái)舊電腦。h 動(dòng)詞后加一名詞,表示該名詞的意思:give a smile(微微一笑,give support(支持, give lecture(授課,give a speech(發(fā)言,give birth to.(生孩子i 由該動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的常用短語動(dòng)詞有: give away, give back, give in, give off, give out, give over, give up

11、等等。j 該動(dòng)詞的派生詞有:give,作名詞用,例如:The rope has quite a bit of give in it. (這繩子彈性很好。;given,可作形容詞或介詞用,例如:The distance from the center of a circle to the edge is the same at any given point.(從圓心到圓周任何一點(diǎn)的距離都是一樣的。Given that there was so little time, I think they have done a good job.(考慮到時(shí)間緊迫,我認(rèn)為他們干得不錯(cuò)。當(dāng)然,一個(gè)人不可能一

12、次把一個(gè)常用動(dòng)詞的所有用法都學(xué)會(huì),最初只能記住它的基本詞義和一兩個(gè)用法,然后隨著學(xué)業(yè)的進(jìn)展,像滾雪球似的,逐步擴(kuò)大,到中級(jí)階段結(jié)束時(shí),做到基本上掌握300400個(gè)動(dòng)詞的大部分用法。中國學(xué)生應(yīng)該熟練掌握的最常用的英語動(dòng)詞由于計(jì)算機(jī)的普及,人們把大量的英語文獻(xiàn)、資料收集到一起,建成語料庫,利用專用程序?qū)@些語料進(jìn)行詞頻統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,從而得到每一個(gè)詞在語言中出現(xiàn)的頻率及出現(xiàn)的語境。拿動(dòng)詞來說,我們可以統(tǒng)計(jì)出每一個(gè)動(dòng)詞可能有哪些支配關(guān)系,每一個(gè)支配關(guān)系在語言中出現(xiàn)的頻率等等。下面,我們根據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),列出我國學(xué)生在達(dá)到中級(jí)階段水平時(shí)應(yīng)掌握的120個(gè)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞,請(qǐng)讀者花幾分鐘時(shí)間檢查一下,如果還有沒記住的,要

13、設(shè)法記住它們的3種形式。同時(shí),每個(gè)動(dòng)詞都要能夠造一兩個(gè)句子。對(duì)于打星號(hào)的動(dòng)詞(只有50個(gè),請(qǐng)分期分批,逐個(gè)查一查詞典,記住它們的主要支配關(guān)系和由它們構(gòu)成的短語動(dòng)詞?；?0天半個(gè)月時(shí)間,如果能夠熟練掌握所列舉的這120個(gè)動(dòng)詞及其用法,您的英語學(xué)習(xí)就有了很好的基礎(chǔ)。怎樣提高英語寫作能力:建房先備料(二中國考生應(yīng)該熟練掌握的300個(gè)常用規(guī)則動(dòng)詞除了上期介紹的120個(gè)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞之外,我們還推薦讀者掌握大約300個(gè)常用規(guī)則動(dòng)詞。我們挑選這些動(dòng)詞的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是:1使用頻率高;2搭配力強(qiáng);3構(gòu)詞能力強(qiáng)。例如規(guī)則動(dòng)詞work,它的出現(xiàn)頻率為AA級(jí)(屬于出現(xiàn)頻率最高等級(jí)的詞匯。作為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞,它有許多常用搭

14、配;work可以構(gòu)成多個(gè)短語動(dòng)詞,如work at, work out等等。通過加不同后綴,還可以派生出其它一些單詞,如workable, worker, working等。我們所推薦的300個(gè)規(guī)則動(dòng)詞,讀者在中學(xué)階段大部分都已經(jīng)學(xué)過。但是,你千萬別小看它們,學(xué)過是一回事,熟練掌握又是另一回事。如果一個(gè)人能熟練應(yīng)用本文所推薦的300個(gè)規(guī)則動(dòng)詞和120個(gè)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞,并能用每個(gè)動(dòng)詞造一兩個(gè)符合英語語言規(guī)范的句子,那么你的英語表達(dá)能力就很強(qiáng)了。甚至可以說,我們所推薦的總共420個(gè)動(dòng)詞,便是現(xiàn)代英語詞匯的核心,是牛鼻子。牢牢抓住這個(gè)牛鼻子,你就能夠把英語這條大“?！瘪Z服住,讓它聽你使喚。建議讀者找一部

15、例句豐富的英英詞典,每天查5個(gè)動(dòng)詞,把其中的例句都看明白,然后仿照例句,自己造幾個(gè)句子。堅(jiān)持2個(gè)月,把這300個(gè)動(dòng)詞掌握了,今后說話、寫文章,一輩子都受用不盡。學(xué)習(xí)英語,有沒有捷徑?少走彎路就是捷徑。兩點(diǎn)之間,直線距離為最短?；ㄒ欢螘r(shí)間,把現(xiàn)代英語的核心詞匯掌握住,這便是走捷徑。以下便是我們所推薦的常用規(guī)則動(dòng)詞表(在下列的300個(gè)規(guī)則動(dòng)詞中,標(biāo)注星號(hào)的共有100個(gè),這些動(dòng)詞每一個(gè)都有一些特點(diǎn):有的要求以動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(如want to do sth.,有的要求動(dòng)名詞作賓語(如avoid doing sth.,有的常接賓語從句(如He suggested that.,還有一些不及物動(dòng)詞后要求某

16、個(gè)特定介詞(如laugh at sb.; talk about sth.等。值得強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,記住每個(gè)動(dòng)詞后要求什么樣的搭配關(guān)系應(yīng)是學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)詞的重點(diǎn)。:怎樣提高英語寫作能力:建房要有構(gòu)件(基本句型初學(xué)者寫作文,最大的錯(cuò)誤便是句子結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤。所謂結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤,主要就是句型錯(cuò)誤。記得有一次大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試,作文題目是:“Womens Role in Society”,有個(gè)同學(xué)開頭第一句是:“In old society heavy men light women.”居然一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞也沒有。當(dāng)然,中國人大概差不多都能猜出他想說什么,可是,這不是英文句子。閱卷老師看了這樣一個(gè)“句子”,恐怕不會(huì)再往下看,打2分算了

17、(滿分為15分。另一個(gè)例子:有個(gè)男同學(xué)給女朋友寫信,為了露一手,開頭寫了一句英文:Dear Ming Ming: I now very thinking you. (可以說:I miss you very much.這根本不是個(gè)英語句子,沒有謂語,狀語放得也不是地方。許多人先想好一個(gè)中文句子,然后逐個(gè)字譯成英文,以為那就是英文句子了。這是大錯(cuò)特錯(cuò)的絕對(duì)行不通的做法。我們寫英文作文,每一個(gè)句子都必須符合英語規(guī)范的格式。英語雖然有無數(shù)的句子,但為了學(xué)習(xí)方便起見,不妨歸納為下面6個(gè)基本句型:1Mr. Wang is a teacher. (S V C2 He works at a universit

18、y. (S V A3 He has taught English for ten years. (S V O A4 He asks us to study hard. (S V O C5 He gives us English lessons. (S V Oi Od 6 There are 30 students in our class. (There “be” S A說明:Oi為間接賓語(Indirect Object,Od為直接賓語(Direct Object,C為表語或補(bǔ)語(Complement。用我們中國學(xué)生習(xí)慣的說法:例1為:主系表句型(名詞性謂語:系詞 + 表語;例2為:主謂狀句

19、型(謂語為不及物動(dòng)詞;例3為:主謂賓狀句型(謂語為及物動(dòng)詞,介詞短語作狀語;例4為:主謂賓補(bǔ)句型(主語做的動(dòng)作叫謂語,賓語做的動(dòng)作叫賓語補(bǔ)足語,本句謂語動(dòng)詞asks要求復(fù)合賓語,不定式短語to study hard作賓語補(bǔ)足語;例5為:主謂雙賓語句型(該謂語動(dòng)詞要求間接賓語及直接賓語;例6為:There be + 主語 + 地點(diǎn)狀語句型(存在句:表示“在某處有某人或某物”。英語的一切句子都可以分解為上述6個(gè)基本句型,或這些基本句型的演化、擴(kuò)展及組合。掌握這6個(gè)基本句型,對(duì)于我們分析和理解英語的句子結(jié)構(gòu),以及我們自己寫英文作文,保證句子結(jié)構(gòu)的完整,具有極其重要的意義。說明:句型2和句型3中,狀語

20、(A在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中有時(shí)可省略。怎樣提高英語寫作能力:掌握常用句套子本刊第一期發(fā)表了楊匡漢教授關(guān)于“怎么提高英語寫作能力:作文并不難”的文章后,許多讀者紛紛來信要求楊教授提供更多的句套子,以方便他們學(xué)習(xí)。為此,我們特請(qǐng)楊教授撰文如下:英語有許多固定的句式。對(duì)于一些常用句式,寫作文的時(shí)候,應(yīng)該做到能夠“信手拈來”,而且用得“恰到好處”。達(dá)到這個(gè)“火候”,您就有了“自由”,可以初步自由地用英語表達(dá)自己的思想和觀點(diǎn)了。下面介紹60個(gè)常用句式和10個(gè)短語,供讀者練習(xí)使用。1. John is two years older than Helen. Bill is three months older th

21、an John.2. Bill is the oldest among the three children, and Helen is the youngest one.3. This room is as big as that one. Both of them are of the same size.4. The production of this year is twice as much as that of 1990.5. I told professor Wang that I didnt know how to translate that sentence.6. He

22、asked me if I wanted a cup of coffee? ( I said I would rather have a cup of tea.7. When I was young, I used to work 14 hours a day.8. When I came in, he was reading a book.9. There have been a lot of changes here in the last 20 years.10. There used to be many old houses in this district of the city.

23、11. I will stay at home if it rains. ( I would stay at home if it should rain this afternoon./ I would have stayed at home if it had rained yesterday.12. If I have time, I will go to see him. (If I buy that car, Ill have to borrow some money. 13. If I had time, I would go to see him now. (If you wer

24、e a very rich person, howwould you spend all your money?14. If I should have time, I would go to see him tomorrow. (If it should rain tomorrow,I would stay at home.15. If I had had time, I would have gone to see him yesterday. (If I had known you wanted to go, I would have called you.16. Had I had t

25、ime, Id have gone to see him yesterday. (Had I known you didnt have a key, I wouldnt have locked the door.17. Its difficult (for sb to do sth . (for us to do this. /for me to make a decision without knowing all the fact. / for me to answer all your questions right now. /for the students to remember

26、all these new words in such a short time.18. It is necessary (for sb to do sth . ( for us to know how to use a computer. / for him to come on time. / for our students to learn some history.19. How long does it take (for sb to do sth . (for you to do your homework everyday? / for the bus to get to th

27、e next stop?/ for a graduate student to get a master degree in this university?20. It took me . (three hours to finish all my homework. / a long time to make up my mind. / half an hour to solve that problem./ three months to write this book.21. Im sure / confident / . (Ive made a good decision. / yo

28、ull win. / he can do his job very well.22. Its faster to go . (by air than by sea./ by plane than by ship / by train / by bus / by car.23. Im interested . (in learning English. / in buying a new car. /in starting my own business./ to hear your opinion. / to see what will happen next./ to know all th

29、e details of this matter.24. Which would you rather have /prefer/ - fish or chicken? ( Id rather have fish. / Id prefer fish to chicken.25. Which would you rather do - go dancing or go to a play? / stay at home or go to a party with me? / wash the dishes or sweep the floor?26. I would rather (do sth

30、. than do sth. . (stay at home than go out this evening. / do it myself than to ask him for help.27. Id rather (sb. did sth. . (you went now./ you didnt smoke here.28. Id like to (do sth. . ( have a rest for a while. / take a bath right now. / make an appointment to see Dr. Zhang. / change these sho

31、es because they are too small for me.29. Would you mind (doing sth.? . (opening the window, please?/ calling me back sometime tomorrow? / waiting me here for a while?30. I dont mind . (that you were late as long as you are here now. / if you dont come to my class. / whether we see the film or not.31

32、. How long has it been since you began to do this project? (It has been three months.32. It has been years since . (I enjoyed so much. / I left my home town. / I becamea teacher.33. Weve been friends ever since we met at school.34. Since you are unable to answer my question, perhaps I should ask som

33、eone else.35. She has been learning English since 1998.36. We used to (do sth. . (have a lot of fun when we were young. / take a walk in the woods in the evening when we lived in the countryside.37. There used to be . (a lot of trees behind our house. / a swimming pool in front of that building. / a

34、 supermarket over there.38. I need (sth. . (some money./ a good sleep./ your advice.39. I dont need (sth. . (your money. / your advice./ your approval.40. My car needs . (painting./ cleaning./ fixing./ washing.41. You need to (do sth. . (work hard if you want to pass the exam.42. You dont need to (d

35、o sth. . (go abroad. You can learn English well at home.43. You neednt (do sth. . ( worry about him. He can take care of himself.44. Youd better (do sth. . (put on your coat. It is cold outside. / take your umbrella with you. It seems that itll rain this afternoon.45. As you know . (there are always

36、 two sides to everything./ China is a developing country./ English is widely used all over the world.46. Im afraid . (I cant agree with you on this matter./ you are wrong. / I cant go with you.47. It goes without saying that . (young teachers need to work hard. / science and technology play importan

37、t role in our society.48. In my opinion . (English is one of the most important subjects in our school programs. / everyone can learn English well by himself.49. I dont want to argue with you. (You have your point of view, and I have mine.50. What would you say if . (I told you I couldnt agree with

38、you./ you were absolutely wrong.51. Im looking forward to . (hearing from you as soon as possible./ meeting you again.52. Please dont hesitate (to do sth. . (to contact me if you need any more information./ to send me email messages if you have any questions to ask me. 53. I would appreciate it if y

39、ou would (do sth. . (keep quiet./ turn out the lights./explain this sentence to me.54. According to . (the news report, there was a traffic accident in front of the shopping center this morning. / the statistics published in the newspaper yesterday, the industrial production has increased by 8.3 % c

40、ompared with that of last year. 55. I graduated from . (Beijing University. / Tsinghua University. / Harbin Institute of Technology HIT. I majored in . (Civil Engineering./ Electric Engineering./ Mechanical Engineering./ Communication Engineering./ Management Engineering. / Environmental Engineering

41、./ Chemical Engineering./ English./ Mathematics / Physics.56. Is it true that . (you are writing a new book for the beginners?/ manufacturing of automobiles has become a major industry in your country?57. Why don't you (do sth. . ( come in and have a cup of tea with us? / put an advertisement in

42、 the paper to sell your apartment? / stay with us and watch the Opening Ceremony of the Olympic Games on TV?58. Have you ever thought about becoming . (an English teacher?/ an engineer?/ a professional musician?59. Sorry to (do sth./ have done sth. . (trouble you./ have bothered you so much. / have

43、kept you waiting for so long.60. I am writing to (do sth. . (inform you that my wife and I are pleased to accept your invitation to visit your beautiful country this summer. / apologize for our not being able to accept your kind invitation.Some useful phrases for writing compositions1. for example2.

44、 firstly,. secondly,. thirdly.3. In the first place,. then,. finally4. In my opinion5. In conclusion6. As a matter of fact7. In fact8. On the contrary9. On the one hand,. on the other hand10. According to.怎樣提高英語寫作能力:基本句型的演化和擴(kuò)展作為初學(xué)者,我們首先要掌握英語的基本句型。同時(shí),我們也要學(xué)會(huì)把這些基本句型演化或擴(kuò)展成比較復(fù)雜的句子。基本句型的演化,主要是指謂語動(dòng)詞的變化。謂語動(dòng)

45、詞可有各種不同時(shí)態(tài)。及物動(dòng)詞作謂語,還可有主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)之分。下面看幾個(gè)演化的例子:1 Mr. Wang was an English teacher two years ago.2 Mr. Wang has been an English teacher since 1998.3 He has been working at our university for three years.4 He was asked to give us a lecture on how to prepare for Band-4 Test.5 There seem to be many students

46、 who want to pass Band-4 English in our university.擴(kuò)展句子的手段有如下幾種:1在名詞前加修飾語:例如“Mr. Wang is a teacher.”可擴(kuò)展為:Mr. Wang is an experienced English teacher.2 在名詞后加修飾語:Mr. Wang is one of the experienced English teachers of our department.3 在動(dòng)詞前后加狀語:例如“He works at a university.”可以通過加狀語擴(kuò)展為: He has been working

47、 continuously at our university for twenty years.4 加各種短語: One of my best friends, Mr. Wang is an experienced English teacher. /Having taught English for more than twenty years, Mr. Wang is an experienced English teacher.5 加各種從句: He works at a university that is famous for its computer science progra

48、ms.6 加并列分句: He works at a university but his wife stays at home without a job.以上6個(gè)基本句型,通過演化和擴(kuò)展,組成英語文獻(xiàn)中無數(shù)的句子。區(qū)分不同句型的關(guān)鍵是其中的謂語動(dòng)詞?！爸飨当砭湫汀敝械闹^語動(dòng)詞為系動(dòng)詞;“主謂狀句型”的謂語動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞,有時(shí)候也可不帶狀語,成為S V結(jié)構(gòu);“主謂賓狀句型”的謂語動(dòng)詞為及物動(dòng)詞,有時(shí)候也可不帶狀語,成為S V O結(jié)構(gòu);“主謂賓補(bǔ)句型”的謂語動(dòng)詞為要求復(fù)合賓語的及物動(dòng)詞;“主謂雙賓語句型”的謂語動(dòng)詞為要求雙賓語的及物動(dòng)詞;“There be句型”的謂語動(dòng)詞為系動(dòng)詞“be”的各種

49、變化形式。6個(gè)基本句型的謂語動(dòng)詞都可有時(shí)態(tài)和語氣的變化,及物動(dòng)詞做謂語時(shí),可演化成被動(dòng)語態(tài)。我們?cè)趯懽鬟^程中,所寫的任何一個(gè)句子,必須屬于某一個(gè)基本句型。學(xué)習(xí)每一個(gè)常用動(dòng)詞的時(shí)候,也一定要弄清楚,該動(dòng)詞屬于哪一個(gè)基本句型。例如,動(dòng)詞give主要用于“S V Oi Od”句型;動(dòng)詞ask可以是S V Oi Od句型(He asked me a question.,也可以是S V O C句型(He asked me to give him some food.;動(dòng)詞work則常用于S V A句型(He works hard.。(請(qǐng)讀者任意找一段文章分析一下每個(gè)句子的句型。通過上述的分析,我們應(yīng)該深

50、信不疑:英語的所有句子確實(shí)是由非常有限的幾個(gè)基本句型演化或擴(kuò)展而來的,因此,我們寫作文時(shí),就得按英文的規(guī)矩辦,不能寫一些無頭無尾的東西。你想說“舊社會(huì)重男輕女”,變成英文,就得按英文的規(guī)矩說:“Men and women were not equal in the old days.”當(dāng)然,還可以有多種說法,但這個(gè)“主系表句型”是最簡單的了,所有的單詞都是初中階段就學(xué)過的。怎樣提高英語寫作能力:從模仿開始前面說過,我們既然要用英文寫作文,就得按照英文的習(xí)慣來表述。要掌握英文的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,最簡便快捷的途徑就是通過模仿英美人士的書面表達(dá)方式。模仿的辦法有以下3種:1.套用樣板句在學(xué)習(xí)課文的過程中,把

51、一些自己認(rèn)為比較好的句子分門別類地抄到自己的筆記本上或卡片上。這些句子應(yīng)符合以下3條標(biāo)準(zhǔn):1意思相對(duì)完整,脫離上下文還能獨(dú)立存在。2其詞匯和結(jié)構(gòu)難度符合你當(dāng)前的英語水平。3作為一個(gè)句套子,值得你去模仿套用。假如你現(xiàn)在是大學(xué)1年級(jí)學(xué)生,那么下面這個(gè)句子就值得做一個(gè)卡片。With the increase in road traffic in the cities traffic lights have become more common.(隨著城市道路交通車輛的增加,交通信號(hào)燈也就變得更加普遍了。這個(gè)句子是個(gè)主系表句型的簡單句,但是前面那個(gè)介詞短語with the increase.值得套用。

52、如果我們想說 “隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,計(jì)算機(jī)已經(jīng)變得越來越普遍了” 我們就可以套用這個(gè)句型:With the development of science and technology computers have become more and more com-mon.我們要表達(dá),“隨著生產(chǎn)的增加,老百姓的生活也逐步得到改善”這句話,也可以這么說:With the increase in production the life of ordinary people has been gradually improved.2.聽寫聽寫主要是解決拼寫錯(cuò)誤的問題。初學(xué)者寫作文時(shí),往往出現(xiàn)大量拼寫錯(cuò)

53、誤。如果你有學(xué)過的課文的錄音磁帶,不妨經(jīng)常選1、2段來做聽寫練習(xí)。聽一句,按暫停鍵,寫下來,再聽下一句。聽寫完之后,拿原文來對(duì)照,改正所出現(xiàn)的拼寫錯(cuò)誤。不要用結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的、很難的段落;要選比較容易的,句子比較短的段落。有些初學(xué)者誤以為,句子寫得越長越有水平,有時(shí)候30、40個(gè)詞才有一個(gè)句號(hào),這是絕對(duì)錯(cuò)誤的。以一個(gè)初學(xué)者的英文水平,能夠正確寫出11、12個(gè)詞的帶一個(gè)從句的復(fù)合句就很了不起。千萬別學(xué)那些專業(yè)教科書的文體,一大段文章才一個(gè)句子。即使你現(xiàn)在正在做博士后研究工作,也盡量不要用很長的句子。3.默寫由于漢語和英語的發(fā)音體系有很大區(qū)別,中國人學(xué)英語,在初、中級(jí)階段,免不了要大聲朗讀。當(dāng)你把某一段

54、課文朗讀若干遍能夠背誦之后,不妨再前進(jìn)一步,把它默寫下來。你是否已經(jīng)全面掌握該段課文,默寫是最有效的檢查手段。本來自認(rèn)為已經(jīng)掌握了的課文,一旦默寫,就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)各種遺漏:某個(gè)名詞是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù),它前面有沒有冠詞,某個(gè)單詞的拼寫對(duì)不對(duì)。把一段課文看懂了,會(huì)朗讀了,會(huì)背誦了,這都是在耕耘,都需要花費(fèi)很多勞動(dòng)。然而,只有會(huì)默寫了,才是學(xué)到手了,才是你的收獲階段。世界上只有最愚蠢的人才會(huì)只管耕耘,不問收獲。怎樣提高英語寫作能力:英文應(yīng)試作文作為一個(gè)學(xué)生,我們需要用英文寫的東西大體上有3類:1應(yīng)試作文,2英文書信,3科技論文摘要(abstract、概要(summary以至整篇論文。關(guān)于后兩類文字的寫法,由于

55、篇幅關(guān)系,我們不能逐一詳細(xì)介紹。本文只著重討論一下應(yīng)試作文的寫法問題。1. 應(yīng)試作文的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)我國目前大部分英語考試,寫作的分?jǐn)?shù)大約占15%。按滿分為100分計(jì),作文滿分為15分。一般把作文分為5個(gè)檔次,3分一檔。一等文為1513分,二等文為1210分,三等文為97分,四等文為64分,五等文為31分。閱卷過程中,閱卷員對(duì)作文先定檔,后給分。一篇作文如果定為三等文,那么就只能在7、8、9分之間給分,如果閱卷員認(rèn)為該文屬于三等下,就給7分;三等中,給8分;三等上,給9分。大學(xué)英語四級(jí)、六級(jí)考試,每次參加考試的都有幾十萬甚至上百萬人,客觀性選擇題通過光電掃描的辦法,由專用的計(jì)算機(jī)軟件統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果,速度非

56、常之快。但是作文部分為主觀性試題,目前只能人工評(píng)分。每次考完試之后,把作文試卷集中到幾個(gè)閱卷點(diǎn),每個(gè)點(diǎn)從各大專院校抽調(diào)一、二百名有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的教師前去閱卷。在開始大規(guī)模閱卷之前,考試中心從試卷中選出每一個(gè)檔次的樣板作文若干篇,分發(fā)全國各個(gè)考點(diǎn)。每位閱卷員都以這些樣板作為尺子,來量度自己所評(píng)閱的每一份考卷。英文應(yīng)試作文的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大體上有6條: 1切題, 2通順, 3句式, 4錯(cuò)誤, 5字?jǐn)?shù), 6卷面。下面對(duì)每一條標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作一些解釋。1切題:考生所寫文章必須符合試題的要求。例如,有一次考研的作文題是:Which Do You Prefer: Urban Life or Country Life?(你喜歡城市

57、生活還是鄉(xiāng)村生活?有個(gè)山西考生卻寫了一篇“我為什么要考研究生”的作文。雖然文章本身沒有什么語法錯(cuò)誤,也只好給零分,因?yàn)槲牟粚?duì)題。有些考生在準(zhǔn)備考試的過程中,背過幾篇所謂“范文”,不管出什么樣的試題,一律照抄范文,結(jié)果自然很不理想。2通順:文章應(yīng)是上下文語氣和邏輯連貫的整體。不能東一句、西一句,語無倫次。3句式:句式不能過于單調(diào),要多樣化。我們上一節(jié)說到要掌握一定數(shù)量的句套子,就是為了使句式多樣化。如果整篇文章都是主系表句型的簡單句,就會(huì)很乏味,得分自然不會(huì)高。4錯(cuò)誤:主要是指語法和拼寫錯(cuò)誤。當(dāng)然是錯(cuò)誤越少越好。5字?jǐn)?shù):有些作文要求寫120個(gè)詞,有些作文要求寫150個(gè)詞,還有要求寫200個(gè)詞的。

58、應(yīng)該基本上按試題的要求寫,字?jǐn)?shù)不夠,按比例扣分。但是,也不必多寫,多寫不會(huì)多給分。寫多了會(huì)出現(xiàn)更多的語法和拼寫錯(cuò)誤,反而要扣分。最策略的做法是比要求的字?jǐn)?shù)多寫不超過10個(gè)詞。6卷面:字跡要清楚,卷面要干凈。字跡不清楚,卷面不干凈,會(huì)給閱卷員一個(gè)不好的印象。而閱卷員的印象好壞,直接影響作文的得分。評(píng)卷教師閱卷時(shí),按照以上6條標(biāo)準(zhǔn),再參照考試中心提供的樣板,先給所閱試卷“定級(jí)”,如該篇作文為“三等”或“四等”,然后再確定它屬于該檔次的上、中、下。因此,定級(jí)是最重要的,因?yàn)樯?、下一個(gè)等級(jí)就差3分。而定級(jí)之后,在一個(gè)等級(jí)之內(nèi),上、下只差1、2分。而這1、2分,很大程度上決定于閱卷員的印象。2. 應(yīng)試作文的命題方式目前的命題作文,大體上有以下幾種命題方式:1給出作文題,并給出每一段的第一個(gè)句子,要求考生接著所給的句子寫下去。這種命題方式對(duì)考生的限制很大,不容你按自己的思路來寫文章。大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試常用這個(gè)辦法命題。2只給一個(gè)作文題?？忌砂醋约?/p>